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The definitive source for lab products, news and developments

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ICE A N D SANDCanadian-led team finds proof camel lived in Arctic

Your Career Path

ChromatograPhY

Dr. hani el-gabalawY

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contents


standards 5 Editor’s NotE

6 NEws

7 suzuki

18 tEch watch

20 LaB warE

Beast of BurdenPioneering collagen fingerprinting and cosmogenic dating techniques allows canadian-led team to identify the bones of a descendant of the dromedary camel in the high arctic.

inside14 Professional Development

with no set path for career development, lab professionals usually have to travel off the beaten path to further their careers. Find out the best way forward.

22 Scientist Profile dr. hani El-Gabalawy was recently hired as the scientific director for cihr’s institute of Musculoskeletal health and arthritis. he talks to Lab Business about his work with canada’s First Nations population, his goals in his new position and collaboration.

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FroNt coVEr Photo crEdit Pliocene camel illustration by Julius csotonyi

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editor’s note

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ICE A N D SANDCanadian-led team finds proof camel lived in Arctic

Your Career Path

ChromatograPhY

Dr. hani el-gabalawY

LB_MayJune13_KT.indd 1 6/4/13 1:36 PM

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After speaking with Dr. John Gosse for a good 45 minutes about everything from the camel discovery he was a part of in the Arctic, to collaboration

between scientists and to basic research, he ended our conversation by thanking me.

I was a little taken aback. That’s not usually how the process works. He took time out of his busy day to speak to me. Usually I’m the one doing all the thanking. Nevertheless he said, “We really appreciate it. It’s not every time that we get a chance to… well, be heard. So thank you very much.”

And therein lies the problem. On top of the muzzle being put on Canadian researchers, government has shifted the focus of science toward innovation and busi-ness. In and of itself that’s not a problem. It becomes an issue when that shift comes at the expense of basic science – the type of science that is done just to further human understanding and knowledge. The hammer blow came with the conservative government’s announcement that the National Research Council (NRC) will focus only on large-scale projects directed “by and for” Canadian indus-try. Gosse’s lab has been one of many to be hit by the cuts to the NRC.

Gosse also raised the issue of who’s going to inspire the next generation of kids to be creative and innovative and to use the lessons from science in other spheres of life. It got me thinking back to when I was a kid. When I was younger, I wanted to be a scientist. It all dated back to Grade 2 and being enraptured by something as simple as making a vinegar and baking soda volcano erupt. I loved it. But sometimes you have to hold your hands up and realize that if you’re having trouble with Grade 11 biology and chemistry, making a career out of it might not be the best life choice. So now I have the privilege to write about science. I guess that’s the next best thing.

But when you see a discovery like the one Gosse was a part of – 3.4 million-year-old camel bones in the Arctic – and pardon me for not being eloquent here, but it’s so cool. It took me back to being a kid again.

So, thank you Dr. Gosse.

6 May/June 2013 lab buSineSS

news beat

Canadian Cancer Society Funds Focus on Aggressive Cancers

a thunDer Bay sCientist has garnered the single largest research grant awarded by the Canadian Cancer Society in Ontario’s northwest region to develop an innovative imaging method that could significantly improve survival for patients with aggressive cancers.

Dr. Christopher Phenix of the Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute has been awarded a $190,494 Innovation Grant to develop a new imaging method that could not only detect whether a tumour is present but also how likely it is to spread. This is

Phenix’s first research grant from the Society.

A total of 37 grants representing a $7.2 million investment were awarded across the country earlier this year.

Gamma-Dynacare Open Winnipeg Lab

Winnipeg mayor sam Katz and Gamma-Dynacare President and CEO Naseem Somani recently cut the ribbon at a ceremony to mark the official opening of Gamma-Dynacare’s new medical laboratory in

Winnipeg.

The laboratory’s employees perform and report about eight million medical diagnostic tests annually at the King Edward Street facility, serving about 2,000 healthcare providers and their patients.

Waterloo Tops Canadian Universities for Statistics and Operational Research

the university of Waterloo ranks as the top university in Canada for Statistics and Operational Research and amongst the top 30 institutions in the world for Computer Science and Information Systems, and Mathematics.

The rankings, published by UK firm Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), put Waterloo 32nd in the world for its statistics work - the highest among Canadian universities. Waterloo is ranked 27th globally for computer science and 29th for mathematics.

“I am extremely proud that Waterloo leads Canadian institutions in statistics and operational research in these rankings,” says Feridun Hamdullahpur, President and Vice Chancellor of Waterloo. “The impact of research and discoveries in computer science and mathematics are well recognized and respected globally. These results affirm our commitment of delivering outstanding scholarship of consequence. We are determined to our goal of achieving a level of academic and research excellence that is consistent with being one of the world’s leading universities. We will build on these positive results to achieve that goal.”

RCM Among Five Teams to Receive Brain Canada Funding

a group of montréal researChers is one of five teams in Canada to receive a grant from The W. Garfield Weston Foundation – Brain Canada Multi-Investigator Research Initiative (MIRI), supported by the government of Canada. The scientists will obtain $1.5 million over three years to accelerate novel neuroscience research.

The project will be conducted by the IRCM’s neuroscience experts – Drs. Michel Cayouette (Director of the Cellular Neurobiology research unit), Frédéric Charron (Director of the Molecular Biology of Neural Development research unit), and Artur Kania (Director of the Neural Circuit Development research unit) – as well as their colleague in the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at

McGill University, Dr. Keith K. Murai.

With this grant, the team of researchers will use innovative molecular and cellular approaches to study neuronal

polarity. Neurons are cells that send information from one part of the nervous system to another using electrical signals. The process of cell polarity is required for neurons to normally relay these signals, as it ensures that cellular components are sent to and kept in the correct location within each neuron.


suzuki matters

Access to information is a basic foundation of democracy. Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms also gives us “freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression,

including freedom of the press and other media of communica-tion.”

We must protect these rights. As we alter the chemical, physical and biological properties of the biosphere, we face an increasingly uncertain future, and the best information we have to guide us comes from science. That scientists — and even librarians — are speaking out against what appear to be increas-ing efforts to suppress information shows we have cause for concern. The situation has become so alarming that Canada’s Information Commissioner is investigating seven government departments in response to a complaint that they’re “muzzling” scientists.

The submission from the University of Victoria’s Environmental Law Centre and Democracy Watch alleges that “the federal government is preventing the media and the Canadian public from speaking to government scientists for news stories — especially when the scientists’ research or point of view runs counter to current Government policies on matters such as environmental protection, oil sands development, and climate change” and that this “impoverishes the public debate on issues of significant national concern.”

The complaint and investigation follow numerous similar charges from scientists and organizations such as the Canadian Science Writers’ Association and the World Federation of Science Journalists, and publications such as the science journal Nature. Hundreds of scientists marched on Parliament Hill last July to mark ‘the death of evidence’.

The list of actions prompting these grievances is long. It includes shutting the world-renowned Experimental Lakes Area, axing the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, eliminating funding for the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences and prohibiting federal scientists from speaking about research on subjects ranging from ozone to climate change to salmon.

All of this has been taking place as the federal government guts environmental laws and cuts funding for environmental departments through its omnibus budget bills. It has justified

Muzzling scientists is an assault on democracy

those massive environmental policy changes in part by saying the review process was slow and inefficient, but research by sci-entists at the University of Toronto, published in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, “found no evidence that regulatory review in Canada was inefficient, even when regulators had an ongoing load of over 600 projects for review at any given time.”

The government appears determined to challenge any infor-mation, person or organization that could stand in the way of its plans for rapid tar sands expansion and transport and sale of raw resources as quickly as possible to any country with money.

The results have been astounding. An Environment Canada document leaked to the Climate Action Network states, “Media coverage of climate change science, our most high-profile issue, has been reduced by over 80 per cent.”

In the environmental movement, we’ve become accustomed to attacks and attempts by government and its proxies to silence us. We’ve been called everything from ‘radicals’ to ‘un-Canadian’ to ‘money-launderers’ Federal Treasury Board President Tony Clement even blamed the David Suzuki Foundation and me for opposition to the proposed TransCanada west-to-east pipeline, a project we have yet to say a word about! Some of the ongoing media slurs have been even sillier. Are they that threatened by credible scientific research that might stand in the way of their current liquidation policies?

Canada is a large country with the longest coastline in the world, and is particularly sensitive to climate fluctuations, espe-cially in economic sectors like agriculture, fisheries, forestry and tourism. We aspire to be an “energy superpower”. Surely, under-standing the effects of climate change should be at the top of our agenda.

In a truly open and democratic society, ideas, policies and legislation are exposed to scrutiny, debate and criticism. Information is shared freely. Governments support research that makes the country stronger by ensuring its policies are in the best interests of the people. A government that values its citizens more than its industrial backers does not fear information and opposition.

Countries where governments hold a tight rein on informa-tion, shut down or stifle research that runs counter to their pri-orities, and demonize and attack opponents are never good places to live. We have to make sure Canada doesn’t become one.

Dr. David Suzuki is a scientist, broadcaster, author, and co-founder of the David Suzuki Foundation. Ian Hanington is communications manager. Learn more at www.davidsuzuki.org.

By David Suzuki with contributions from Ian Hanington


lab profile

Pioneering collagen fingerprinting and dating techniques prove the modern camel descended

from relatives in the arctic

By Nicolas Heffernan

THe LONG JOURNEyH O M e

Photo Credits: Martin Lipman, Canadian Museum of Nature and the University of Manchester


When you’re working in the Canadian Arctic, lab sophistica-tion goes straight out the win-

dow… Or maybe the front flap. In early 2006, Dr. Natalia Rybczynski

led a team that found and studied the first fossil evidence of a camel in the Canadian Arctic. The 30 fragments of the tibia of an extinct giant camel from the Pliocene Epoch were found on Ellesmere Island, about 1,200 km further north than the previously discovered Yukon Camel. The results were published in a recent edition of the online journal, Nature Communications. The environment meant the group’s laboratory wasn’t exact-ly state-of-the-art.

“In the Arctic, what we tend to do, we have what we sort of call our lab/kitchen/meeting area. It’s a tent,” Rybczynski laughs. The tent wasn’t big enough to fit tables so the team had to improvise, with makeshift layout spots for the fossils, and field notebooks to organize all the mate-rial so no data was lost during collection and transfer. “All happened in our kitchen – in our kitchen-tent.”

The bones and the anatomy show the Arctic camel is of the lineage that gave rise to the modern camel. Finding that lineage in the Arctic at that time period is signifi-cant because it was always assumed camels had originated in Eurasia. But the new evidence shows this high latitude special-ized camel was already in North America and some members of that population would have dispersed into Eurasia via Beringia. “It’s tying the evolutionary his-tory of modern camels to high latitude origin in North America,” says Rybczynski.

The discovery also challenges precon-ceived notions of how camels live, espe-cially as an arid specialized animal that can walk great distances. Some of the traits that are seen in camels today, that are ideal for living in hot environments, could actually have been originally adapt-ed for living in a northern forested envi-ronment. “When you actually look at all the evidence and include all the fossils, these animals could have a heritage that could be very different,” says Rybczynski.

Traits like the camel’s broad feet, which have been suggested to be good for walk-ing on sand, would also have been good on

snow. The hump on a camel’s back is a fat reserve which would have been a necessity for surviving harsh winters. “There’s some speculation in here for sure but when you look at the skeletons of these earliest cam-els they really do look the same as modern camels,” says Rybczynski.

Rybczynski, a vertebrate paleontologist with the Canadian Museum of Nature, found the bones while collecting samples for some paleo-environmental reconstruc-tion work she was doing near the Strathcona Fiord. “The first piece I found didn’t amount to much,” she says of the sample she thought was initially wood. It wasn’t until she got back to the field lab that she discovered what it really was. Rybczynski and the team collected sam-ples over three summer field sessions in 2006, 2008 and 2010. “Finding bone in the Arctic is very time consuming and tedious work. You can go many days with-out seeing anything,” she says. “We always go back to the same area just to see if it was producing other fragments.”

Making the collection even more dif-ficult was the environment at the Fyles Leaf Bed site, with the area prone to erratic and extreme weather and wolves. Also, all of the fossils were surface col-lected and were found on an unconsoli-dated sandy slope with peat layers and wood that’s over three million years old. “The bones were coming out and sliding

down the side of the hill,” she says. “One of the challenges is that we know roughly where it was coming from but… we didn’t figure out the exact layer that it was com-ing out,” she says. The freeze-thaw cycle meant the ground was getting turned over and moved around, disrupting the layers of sediment. The bones that are within those layers get torn up and broken which could explain why the bones were found in 30 fragments. “When I got to sitting down, I found that almost all of them came together and I could make two pieces of single elements and then figured out that, oh, this is the top and the bottom of the tibia.”

The first sample was so small it was impossible to identify it right away but as Rybczynski was putting it together she realized based on the anatomy that it was an enormous cloven-hoofed animal and “by the end of all the collecting you had enough evidence that it’s consistent with camel,” she says. Rybczynski then used a surface laser scanner to measure the corti-cal thickness of the bones and determined the Arctic camel was about 30 per cent larger than current camels.

It was all still informed guesswork. The confirmation of her theory came out of a chance encounter at a conference in Bristol, England in 2009, while Rybczynski was still working on the corti-cal thickness experiments. Rybczynski was

arctic Camel

OppOsite pageView of unnamed mount on Ellesmere Island shortly after a July snowstorm.

this pageleft: Paleontologist Dr. Natalia Rybczynski, research assistant Marisa Gilbert and geologist Dr. John Gosse secure a tent as the helicopter leaves Camp 2.

below: The fossil bones of the High Arctic camel laid out at Rybczynski’s lab.


lab profile

walking the floor and found a poster by Dr. Mike Buckley describing his work using collagen in fossilized bones for taxo-nomic purposes. Rybczynski new that the bones likely contained collagen since specimens collected during other expedi-tions at the nearby Beaver Pond site did. “I got really excited and that’s where I men-tioned to him, ‘I’ve got this stuff, don’t know what it is, do you want to look at it?’ I had just collected it and I hadn’t done that much work on putting it together at that point,” she says.

For Buckley, the decision was a no-brainer. The oldest material he had worked on at that point was 1.5 million years old and this would give him his best opportu-nity to prove his pioneering “collagen fin-gerprinting” technique worked.

Back at her lab in Ottawa, Rybczynski created a sample from the camel bones and from other related animals, like a lama, and sent them to Buckley at the University of Manchester.

Minute amounts of collagen, the dom-inant protein found in bone, were extract-ed from the fossils. Using chemical mark-ers for the peptides that make up the col-lagen, a collagen profile for the fossil bones was developed. This profile was compared with those of 37 modern mam-mal species, as well as that of a fossil camel found in the Yukon, and it proven to be closely related to the modern camel. “The collagen was really critical in pinning that down because there’s always uncertainty in science,” says Rybczynski. “Someone’s always like, ‘Well maybe it’s just a giant cow.’”

Nevertheless, the results surprised Buckley. “I guess I didn’t have too many

preconceptions,” he says. “We were under the impression it was mammalian bone at the time but it was a complete surprise to me. We had an idea it wasn’t going to be a mammoth but it could’ve been a wide range of different mammals.”

It wasn’t an easy road to get the results. Buckley ran the test three times, including once when the sample was the only thing in the lab so as not to taint the process.

Finally Buckley’s test and Rybczynski’s anatomical work came back as a match. “That’s part of the reason why the study took so long. It’s a big deal for us. We want to make sure we get it right,” she says.

When the end was in sight, Rybczynski started to realize the enormity of the dis-covery. “The moment where we were zon-ing in on that group I thought, ‘Wow, so if that’s true, Mike, this is huge,’” she says. “You get really excited and there’s that initial rush but then you’re like, step back try to be as clear and objective as possible like what could we have done wrong.”

Rybczynski also received help a little closer to home. Similarly to Buckley, she met Dr. John Gosse from Dalhousie University at a presentation at a university. Rybczynski was having a problem dating the site because the bones were too old for radio carbon dating, there were no ash layers and there was a lot of sand. During a presentation, Gosse spoke about how he could use sand to model the age of a site.

The Arctic camel was about 30 per cent larger than current camels.

“I was amazed and thrilled and I asked if he might join me on an expedition,” says Rybczynski. Gosse couldn’t make it out the first year but he did visit the site twice and took samples. When he first arrived at the site he didn’t believe Rybczynski’s claims about the site’s age. “When he first saw the material he said, ‘this is too young. This has got to be Ice Age material,’” says Rybczynski.

“The leaves [from Halifax and Ottawa] that were left over from last summer, those are completely rotted compared to the leaves that are 3.5 million years old that we’re pulling out of the section,” Gosse says. “The leaves were so well preserved that we could count the microscopic sto-mata and work out what the concentra-tion of carbon dioxide was in the atmo-sphere. That’s how well things are pre-served: cones from trees that are so well preserved they’re still crunchy and the wood, you can still burn it.”

Back at the Dalhousie Geochronology Centre in Halifax, Gosse determined that the bones were 3.4 million years old using a sophisticated technique that involves dating the sands found associated with the bone. It is based on the scientific principle that the ratio of the abundance of rare radioactive isotopes produced in minerals previously exposed to cosmic rays provides a means to measure the duration of time that they have been buried and shielded from cosmic rays. The age determined by the fossil evidence matched Gosse’s results. The findings show that the upper section of the Fyles Leaf Bed site, where

this pageleft: Dr. Natalia Rybczynski visited the Arctic site three times during the project.

right: Dr. Natalia Rybczynski and Dr. Richard Harington, Curator Emeritus of the Canadian Museum of Nature, look at some of the specimens that she found.

OppOsite pageDr. Natalia Rybczynski examines the fossil bones of the High Arctic camel laid out in a lab at the Canadian Museum of Nature.


the camel was found, is the same age as the Beaver Pond fossil site.

The date is significant because it cor-responds to a time period when the Earth was 2 C to 3 C warmer than today, and Ellesmere Island was 14 C to 22 C warmer. This is the magnitude of global warming predicted for the next 100 years so the mid-Pliocene age presents a possi-ble historical parallel for future warming.

Gosse was also able to determine numerous characteristics about the site based on the meticulous field samples he collected, including whether sediment was deposited by a stream or lake and ocean. He also checked for intermittent layers of leaf zones, sand, and peat – finding more than a thousand of them. “We interpret those to be one event that happened in a season,” he says. “So because they’re sea-sonal they represent one year and so the package of a thousand plus of these layers represents a thousand years of time.”

Because everything was so well pre-served, Gosse was able to give some sense not just of the depositional environment but also some sense of climate, ecology, whether it was a forest or tundra. “We can actually even infer the mean annual tem-perature and precipitation, carbon dioxide at the time – all those things are frozen into this sequence,” he says.

The results have opened up new pos-sibilities for Buckley’s research. “What’s remarkable about the camel story is that prior to this we could really only tackle specimens from within the Pliocene peri-od, whereas now we’re realizing we can go much further back in time,” he says. “So we have a much wider range of extinct species potentially,” he says.

Going forward, Rybczynski plans to work with both her collaborators in vary-ing capacities. She knows her research wouldn’t have been as successful without the help she got. “That collaboration, that sort of synthesis, is critical,” she says. “That was probably the [best] part of the project for me, just seeing these different fields, these different expertise coming together and coming up with this amazing story. You just get so much more than individual expertise. You come out with this much bigger story. It’s an amazing process for sure.” LB

CANADA NEEDS TO GO BACK TO THE BASICS wHEN IT COMES TO SCIENCE.

Under the Harper government, funding to more than 40 federal science programs have been slashed, cut or put in jeopardy, chief among which is the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Lab (PEARL) and the closure of the Experimental Lakes Area. Applied research is the new focus in Canada but the country’s research community is urging government not to forget the importance of basic science.

“It’s a basic knowledge that makes us human,” says John Gosse, a professor from the Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University. “We’re able to have this incredible sense of knowledge that we can gain. That’s not all being generated by independent, industry-driven innovation. There’s a lot of innovation that comes from basic research.”

Gosse was part of a team led by Natalia Rybczynski that discovered camel bones in the Arctic from nearly 3.5 million years ago. The find won’t cure cancer or get oil out of the ground but they argue its importance shouldn’t be underestimated. “The work that we do, the camel is part of this story, understanding the history of our world, the history of biodiversity around us,” says Rybczynski, a paleobiologist with the Canadian Museum of Nature. “It lends us perspective.”

A prime example is the work Marie Curie did with radioactivity at the turn of the last century. “There is a lot of time where the innovation, the creativity comes that can move things forward in unexpected ways,” says Rybczynski. “There are a lot of examples from history about how just curiosity-driven work has led to really important innovations.”

Gosse has seen firsthand what the cuts have done, specifically to The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Major Resource Support program, as it has forced him to let lab technicians go and hampers his ability to collaborate on other projects. “I was one of the 20 or so institutions in Canada who was supported by that and [the cuts] have hurt a lot of Canadian researchers who were doing very good research but now they can’t anymore because the cost is prohibitive without that,” Gosse says.

Not only do these cuts hurt Canadian-based researchers, it damages the country’s reputation internationally, he argues. “There’s no doubt that having control in leadership in certain fields such as high energy physics, cyber computing, nanotechnology, all of those things, really give a country a lot more impact on the international scene,” says Gosse.

He also worries about the long-term consequences of the failure to promote basic research in high school and post secondary school. “Those people are going to be future leaders of Canada and if we’re not fostering innovation and scientific creativity among them, then why would they express that later on in their life?”

With an uncertain future in this country and around the world, a broad knowledge base can only help. “It’s really hard to identify what you need to figure out now that’s going to be helpful in the future but I think in general the more you know about Earth processes and Earth history then you’ll be in better shape to make good decisions moving forward,” says Rybczynski.

Back to BasicsBy Nicolas Heffernan

arctic Camel


lab profile

Collagen was the girl nobody wanted to dance with. Osteocalcin was the prom queen.

Mike Buckley’s pioneering collagen technique was instrumental in the camel discovery in the Canadian high Arctic, allowing the team to accurately decipher what animal the bones they found belonged to. But he only pioneered his “collagen fingerprinting” technique after his first choice failed. “We tried to avoid collagen because we thought it was highly con-served and therefore uninformative when it comes to species identification or recon-structing phylogeny,” he says.

He started his research with a small protein called osteocalcin. Buckley, his supervisor and most of the scientific com-munity, thought osteocalcin was the best way forward in the field because it had been reported to survive in dinosaur remains. But Buckley’s research proved that theory wrong: osteocalcin wasn’t bind-ing to the bone minerals like originally thought and when bone was being bioge-netically altered, the protein lost grit, became soluble and was lost to the envi-ronment.

Buckley didn’t dwell on it and when he looked at what other proteins survived, the most dominant protein was collagen. “When I realized I was pretty much stuck with collagen I then wanted to explore the sequence variation within collagen,” he says.

He did some early sequence analysis work and quite quickly he was able to spot

that although two of the three chains that make up the type one collagen triple helix are highly conserved and they have a very repetitive glycine, proline, hydroxyproline motif, the third chain, the alpha two chain, did not follow quite the same rules and it was actually much more variable. This dis-covery, coupled with earlier work focusing on trying to separate between morphologi-cally similar species for archaeological pur-poses, meant he could prove that collagen could separate animals such as sheep and goats. “That’s when we realized that I had a very useful technique,” he says. “I was able to then use the protein that most people had been avoiding as the source of my species information.”

thE coLLaGEN storyBy Nicolas Heffernan


A SUNBURN IS ALwAyS A GOOD BAROMETER fOR HOw LONG A PERSON HAS BEEN OUTSIDE and according to Dr. John Gosse, it can also apply to the Earth.

Gosse, a professor from the Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, identified the age of the camel bones found in the Canadian Arctic by measuring the Earth’s suntan using a technology called terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating.

“I know most people don’t think of this stuff but it is pretty simple,” he says. “The way it works is just like a suntan.”

Gosse says the Earth’s suntan is similar to the way a person tans but it is measured through cosmic ray damage. Instead of solar rays, these are particles produced from supernova. These supernovas send protons and other larger particles across space and the particles make make it through our magnetic field and our atmosphere, and then break apart atoms that are in their way on Earth.

For example, the atoms that are in quartz, which is really only silicon and oxygen, break apart into smaller pieces when an energetic cosmic ray particle hits them. One such case is silicon 28 where beryllium 10 and aluminum 26 are two isotopes that are produced from cosmic rays interacting with atoms in exposed minerals. “We basically use the ratio of those two isotopes to tell us how long a layer of sand has been buried or shielded from cosmic rays,” says Gosse. “If the camel bone is in that layer then we can say, OK, that’s how long that camel bone has been buried.”

cosmogenicDatingBy Nicolas Heffernan

HOw IT wORKSIn order to extract the protein, Buckley

has to demineralize the bone by removing the calcium phosphate using hydrochloric acid. “We find that hydrochloric acid is the best at getting rid of lots of soluble protein and contamination as well as demineraliz-ing the bone and leaving you with a swol-len and more easily extractable protein palate,” says Buckley.

Then the acid-insoluble collagen is heated to solubilize collagen by converting it into gelatin allowing Buckley to cut up the relatively intact collagen into smaller fragments. Buckley has control over the generated fragments because he’s able to cleave the enzyme at specific amino acids, the arginines and lysines, in a given protein

sequence. After that he does a peptide clean up step. “With this camel we also did a protein clean up step before the cutting up into fragments,” he says. “This included putting it over a molecular weight filter, sending it through and collecting what is held back by the filter, prior to cutting up the proteins.”

The protein fragments, called peptides, are further concentrated and crystallized onto a stainless steel target plate with a light absorbing matrix prior to analysis using a soft ionization mass spectrometer. By crystallizing the sample, energy is passed from the laser onto the target sam-ple and some of that energy is passed on to the analyte. “So basically when the pep-tides get enough energy to break free from this solid – this matrix that it’s embedded in – they are then ionized and drawn toward and into the mass spectrometer for measurements of the size of each peptide. What we produce is a spectrum of masses of peptides present within a sample that can be used to discriminate between differ-ent species” he says.

In the camel case, the profile was com-pared with those of 37 modern mammal species, including the Yukon camel, and the collagen was found to be most similar to that of modern-day camels, particularly the dromedary or one-humped camel. LB

arctic Camel

clOckwise frOm far left:View of Camp 2 at the Fyles Leaf Bed Site on Ellesmere Island, near Strathcona Fiord.

Rybczynski examines a piece of unidentified bone at the Fyles Leaf Bed site in 2008.

Results from Buckley’s “collagen fingerprinting” technique are interpreted.

One of the 30 pieces of bone fragment, forming the tibia of a camel.

Dr. Mike Buckley holds a sample in his lab at the University of Manchester.


From changing jobs to career paths, there are options for lab professionals

By Lindsay Grummett

fINDINGLAB

PROfESSIONAL

your way as a


Lab professionals are the backbone of the scientific community, providing frontline diagnostic assistance that

eventually moves down the pipeline to be translated into aid, discovery and innova-tion. The work they do has an impact on the progress in health and science, but when it comes to career development, the process for Canadian medical lab profes-sionals can be difficult to navigate.

“People have to find their own way or have a mentor or advisor,” says Christine Nielsen, CEO of the Canadian Society of Medical Laboratory Science (CSMLS). “It doesn’t follow a natural career path like engineering.”

To navigate the uncertain steps of pro-fessional development, it’s important to first understand the landscape of the lab world in Canada as well as the provincial and regulatory variations.

fLUCTUATING fRAMEwORK The first hurdle to overcome is under-

standing Canada’s system of regulation. For those starting in the field of medical laboratory science, there are two general paths available: medical laboratory tech-nologist (MLT) and medical laboratory assistant (MLA).

“The technologists are regulated in all jurisdictions across Canada except B.C., Prince Edward Island and the territories,” says Nielsen.

Medical laboratory science programs vary across the country due to health and education falling under the jurisdiction of each province. This means MLT training in one educational institute could take two

Christine Nielsen

years and in another it could take four. The CSMLS is the national certifying

body for entry-level requirements of MLTs in all regulated provinces with the exception of Quebec, but even in unregu-lated areas, many employers require CSMLS certification.

“It’s up to the school to decide how long they want the program to be as long as they meet our competencies. Our certi-fication exam serves as the entry-to-prac-tice guidelines for the regulators,” Nielsen explains. “If you’ve been certified by us, you can work anywhere in Canada although lab assistants are voluntary certi-

Lab professionals are the backbone of the

scientific community

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professional development

fication right now.”MLAs are the uncertified, unregulated

division where training can range from on-the-job education to a one-year medi-cal laboratory technician program at an accredited school.

With concern over patient safety, orga-nizations like the CSMLS are working to regulate lab assistants. “We’re at the preci-pice right now and the first jurisdiction to go will inspire others to follow. I’d like to think regulation will happen within two years in one jurisdiction in Canada,” says Nielsen.

This could create uncertainty in the value of past accreditation or knowledge once regulation occurs. For those coming up in the field, pursuing the path of a technologist still leaves many options available for the future.

SCHOOL AND CAREER PATHSThere are three types of certification at the technologist level: general medical

technology, diagnostic cytotechnology and clinical genetics. The last two are specialized divisions with clinical genetics being the most competitive category due to the limited availability of programs in the country.

Although MLT professionals most often work in licensed establishments like hospitals or private labs, there are also opportunities outside the lab including research, health informatics and educa-tion.

“Every school that trains technologists has an education department and that’s an area that one can work in if they decide the lab isn’t for them,” she says.

Nielsen herself took general medical laboratory technology and says there are lots of opportunities for people once they’ve taken this program. After gradua-tion she began volunteering at the CSMLS and was eventually hired to work in the Certification and Prior Learning Assessment division.

“I was just finishing a university pro-gram in health admin that coincided with the hiring. My boss understood that the schooling was beneficial and meant a dif-ferent background because we studied things like program evaluation and research methodologies,” she explains.

Although some people find their way into education through the natural chan-nels, others have years of practical clinical experience that they are able to use to support this career change. Nielsen adds, “The schools have a lot of instructional design and have teams in place to help really great bench practitioners become educators of the next generation.”

CONTINUING EDUCATIONFurther schooling can also open up more advanced careers in science and research.

“If you’re a technologist working in a regulated jurisdiction, you have a require-ment under law to maintain your compe-tency and to maintain your learning,”

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says Nielsen. MLTs are expected to maintain and

improve capabilities throughout their career by continually enhancing their knowledge and skills. Ontario’s lab pro-fessionals looking to upgrade their knowledge and company value can visit the College of Medical Laboratory Technologists of Ontario website for a listing of continuing education courses for those in the province. The CSMLS also offers more than 100 courses for further education, although Nielsen says interest has dropped in recent years.

“What we’re finding with genera-tion X and Y is that they want a creden-tial and don’t want to just take a bunch of courses. They want them to be lead-ing somewhere,” she explains. “But there are no guarantees. Just because you studied clinical microbiology at a Master’s level doesn’t mean you’re going to be the head of microbiology—ever.”

ALTERNATE AREAS Laboratory professionals looking for work outside the standard health clinic or hospital can now look to biotechnol-ogy for a career. Agriculture, bioinfor-matics, environment, pharmaceuticals, and genomics are just a few industry sectors where laboratory professionals can find valuable positions.

“One of the challenging things with biotechnology companies is they’re small,” says Nielsen. “Eighty per cent of them have less than 10 employees so the problem is simply trying to get noticed.”

Although the companies are small, the industry is vast and a 2008 study shows that there was a 77.2 per cent growth in the number of biotechnology companies in Canada over the last 20 years. According to the same study, roughly one-third of biotechnology companies have unfilled positions with just over 50 per cent in R&D and pre-clinical research.

BioTalent Canada also offers key resources for those looking to break into the industry. The non-profit organiza-tion is focused on HR and skill develop-ment for biotechnology in Canada. The company website includes beneficial

features tailored to the person’s current job or dream career. BioTalent also helps identify potential career transition points so lab professionals can use their knowl-edge and skills to shift into, for example, scientific writing.

The company website includes an industry-specific job board and detailed information like job-specific skills. BioTalent Canada’s Director of Marketing and Communications, Siobhan Williams, says soft skills such as communication and problem solving will put job-seekers ahead of the competition.

“The science skills are extremely important, as we know, but while talking to employers they’re looking for the soft skills,” says Williams. “These are small companies and you may have to do a PowerPoint presentation to a venture cap-italist. You need to be able to boil down that science to a digestible nugget for a layperson to understand.” LB

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tech watch

Metrohm’s new Combustion Ion Chromatograph (CIC) automates the determination of halogens and sulfur and features a two-in-one autosampler that can run both solid and liquid samples by simply changing the sample head. The flame sensor technology measures the light intensity from the pyrolysis oven during combustion, controls the feed rate of the sample boat and prevents soot formation. Different matrices and sample quantities are automatically combusted by one universal method, providing better sample throughput, accuracy and precision. www.metrohmusa.com

automated halogen and sulfur Determinations

rapid, gentle evaporationThe Horizon XcelVap Automated Evaporation System is a modern compact benchtop laboratory product that provides rapid, gentle evaporation of up to 54 samples in sizes of up to 200mL each. Evaporation is accomplished by combining consistent heat, computer programmable sparge gas flow, and active venting of the solvent vapors. With the XcelVap System, less time and attention are required to prepare reproducible extracts for chromatography analysis (GC/MS, LC/MSn, GC, LC), improving laboratory productivity.www.chromspec.com/evaporation

single protein purificationThe family of NGC medium-pressure chromatography systems offers a single protein purification solution that scales to fit the throughput and automation requirements of any laboratory. Pre-configured systems are available and easily upgradable as application needs expand. The NGC system’s modular design provides user defined configurations to align with the requirements of individual scientists. The system’s small footprint allows the instrument to be used on a lab bench, in a laboratory refrigerator, or in a cold room. The NGC systems include powerful and easy-to-use ChromLab software for simple and rapid system set up through analysis. www.discover.bio-rad.com

ChromatograPhY


The new Tracera gas chromatograph from Shimadzu Scientific Instruments offers a solution to scientists’ most challenging trace analysis needs. Based on the GC-2010 Plus and integrating the new barrier discharge ionization detector (BID-2010 Plus), Tracera makes it possible to reveal trace components not easily detected by other devices. Tracera provides high-sensitivity analysis of organic compounds, permanent gases and light hydrocarbons with the BID-2010 Plus, a novel universal detector that incorporates plasma technology. The BID creates ionization from a helium-based, dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Compounds that elute from the GC column are ionized by the helium plasma energy, detected by the collection electrode and processed as peaks. www.ssi.shimadzu.com

Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.’s next generation of its popular Chromeleon chromatography data system (CDS), now supports mass spectrometry along with mainstream front end separation techniques in the same software package. Thermo Scientific Dionex Chromeleon 7.2 CDS bridges the gap between gas, liquid, or ion chromatography and mass spectrometry to offer gains in laboratory productivity in an enterprise environment. www.thermofisher.com

Developed in collaboration with The Dow Chemical Company, the ACQUITY Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC) System delivers dramatically improved polymer peak resolution, particularly for low molecular weight polymers and oligomers up to 20 times faster than traditional gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The APC System is comprised of an innovative, refractive index detector that has been optimized for low dispersion but with the low noise and drift performance required for accurate integration, even at low polymer concentrations. The precise flow delivery of the isocratic solvent manager ensures that the calibrated system delivers accurate molecular weight data, day after day. Additionally, the system features new column technology based on rigid, sub 3 µm, high-pore-volume bridged-ethyl hybrid (BEH) particles that provide significant gains in stability and faster separations. www.waters.com/apc

improvimg polymer peak resolution

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uniting Chromatography and mass spectrometry


lab ware

liquid handling pumps offer more power and accuracy with less Work

VICI Valco’s Cheminert Model M6 and M50 Liquid Handling Pumps are a new generation of pumps for precision handling of liquids and/or gases, producing a bidirectional pulseless flow with a range of over six orders of magnitude. An excellent replacement for syringe pumps, the Cheminert pumps offer better performance and eliminate the need for refill cycles and syringe changes. The M6 and M50 are positive displacement pumps, which means they are self-priming and tolerant of any gas which may find its way into the fluid lines. There is no separate fill cycle, and the capacity is unlimited. RS-232 and RS-485 communication protocols are incorporated into the microprocessor-driven controller. www.vici.com

monitor offers powerful visual observation of materials in supercritical and high pressure fluids

The SFT Phase Monitor II is a powerful tool for determining the solubility of various compounds and mixtures in supercritical and high-pressure fluids. It provides direct, visual observation of materials under conditions precisely controlled by the researcher. Experiments may be performed

Coulometric titrator ideal for trace Water level Content

JM Science released its new AQUACOUNTER Karl Fischer Coulometric Titrator. This high-end titrator is ideal for the trace level water content determination with its excellent capability and upgraded performance. It is useful when many different kinds of samples must be analyzed, or when KF reagents are frequently exchanged. The titrator allows two titration stations to run parallel with various coulometric/volumetric combinations. This design is economical and ecological because it reduces the use of expensive reagents. The cell design allows for easy assembly and maintenance. The stored data can be read out on the colour display. This titrator comes equipped with a built-in thermal printer with easy paper loading and high-resolution printouts. www.jmscience.com

generate ppB and ppt standards

KIN-TEK’s Span Pac I – SD (secondary dilution) uses readily available Trace Source Permeation Tubes to add a precisely known flow of span vapour into a controlled, adjustable flow of clean matrix gas to create a PPM calibration standard. A second dilution stage then takes an adjustable aliquot of that primary mixture and further dilutes it with matrix gas to create substantially lower concentrations. This two-stage dilution method allows the output concentration to be varied seamlessly over a range of up to 10,000:1 from a single permeation tube. The Standard Additions Technique is used to compensate for residual contamination in the matrix gas. In use, accuracy of the measuring device is achieved by calibration on the differential response due to calibration gas addition. www.kin-tek.com

in liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide or other liquefied gases. The effect of co-solvents on the solubility of compounds of interest may be investigated as well. The Phase Monitor II allows the user direct observation of the dissolution, precipitation and crystallization of compounds over a wide range of pressures and temperatures.www.supercriticalfluids.com


lab ware

portable sanitary mixers feature hand-wheel mounting for easy Changeovers

A line of portable sanitary mixers that can be built to match customer requirements and feature a hand-wheel mounting system which allows easy changeovers, is available from Sharpe Mixers. Sharpe Portable Sanitary Mixers features the M5 Quick-Lock mounting system, which has two ergonomic hand-wheels and interlocking wedge components with enhanced locking force for installation and repositioning without tools. For users who want added leverage, the mount has a hex base that accepts an open-end wrench and these all-stainless steel mixers are built with off-the-shelf motor, shaft, and impeller options to match customer requirements. Suitable for blending liquids from 50 to 5,000 gallons at viscosities from 1.0 to 50,000 cps, Sharpe Portable Sanitary Mixers are USDA-approved and can adapt to a variety of applications. www.sharpemixers.com

safely ship and store high-value Biologics and pharmaceuticals

DURANGroup’s 1,500 ml Stainless Steel Laboratory Bottles come equipped with GL45 stainless steel closures. The two versions of the bottle address the hygienic needs of pharmaceutical, biologics and life science laboratories and are designed for storage applications where glass is impractical due to breakage risks or chemical compatibility. The 1.5-litre bottles are well suited to storage of precious materials, such as high-purity fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics, and light-sensitive materials. Each shipping bottle is marked with the designated UN certification mark and code and is made from corrosion-resistant AISI Type 316L stainless steel, with a smooth inner surface finish. www.us.schott.com/labware

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scientist profile

dr. El-Gabalawy was recently chosen by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) as the Scientific Director for CIHR’s Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis. His main focus will continue to be joint inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, but he will also play a role in guiding the research community with support

and direction. El-Gabalawy has spent 30 years as a rheumatologist and considers himself lucky to have found his interest early on as a student at McGill University where he completed two postdoctoral fellowships. “I’ve always been interested in the immune and inflammatory mechanisms that underlie diseases like RA and I’ve focused almost my entire career on understanding RA.”

wORKING wITH THE fIRST NATIONS“How the First Nations came into this is seeing that they get some of the worse RA and they get it more often than pretty much any other place in the world and there is more familial clustering. As we turned our attention to the risk factors for RA, we started to recognize that this was an important population to study and CIHR agreed with us and has funded us for many years to do this. We obviously had to build some bridges with the First Nations communities and we have been working with them to help increase the knowledge of RA. We have done many things, like regularly had radio-talk call-in shows, and that seems to be one of the best ways of communicating. We’ve engaged the community citizens and most importantly, we have improved the level of care for arthritis in these communities. That’s really how you build bridges and trust with communities. There has to be a give-and-take. It’s not enough to just say these are going to help people one day, some day in the future, which they will, but it’s important to have direct benefits to the community.”

GOALS AS SCIENTIfIC DIRECTOR“You set up to answer specific questions, you design experimental procedures that may involve other people or yourself, or a combination of everything, and then you set out to answer those and then renew the funding. It’s all based on your own questions and curiosities. A scientific director equals change and they become more oriented toward focusing on the research community and supporting and initiating the research direction. It’s kind of related to a common good that would help the entire research community focus their efforts on a certain direction. In general, it involves a process where you find out from the community what’s needed.”

TEAMwORK“Many of the things that have happened to me over the last 30 years have happened by coincidence, serendipitously. Money is hard to come by so you have to recognize how to integrate yourself with teams. I would really probably emphasize this as the most important thing for a young person coming into the health research environment. There is no such thing as the independent researcher anymore, who does their own thing, in their own lab. Everything that you do is connected with teams and a lot of that means that other people may get the credit for things that you do, and you may get the credit for things that other people do and you have to be able to understand how to work in that environment.” LB

dr. hani El-GabalawyNew Scientific Director joins CIHR’s Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis

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