the declaration of independedse (1776) 1st japanese translation (1866) by yukichi fukuzawa

7/28/2019 The Declaration of Independedse (1776) 1st Japanese Translation (1866) by Yukichi Fukuzawa

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4/21/13 Fukuzawa Yukichi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Musum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, 1862.

Born January 10, 1835

Osaka, Japan

Died February 3, 1901 (aged 66)

Tokyo, Japan

Influenced by Shzan Shiraishi, Ogata Kan

Fukuzawa YukichiFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In this Japanese name, the family name is "Fukuzawa".

Fukuzawa Yukichi ( , January 10, 1835 February 3, 1901) was a Japanese author, Enlightenmentwriter, teacher, translator, entrepreneur and journalist who

founded Keio-Gijuku University, the newspaperJiji-Shinpoand the Institute for Study of Infectious Diseases. His ideasabout government and social institutions made a lastingimpression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji Era.He is regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan. Heis called a Japanese Voltaire.

Contents

1 Early life2 Works

2.1 English-Japanese dictionary2.2 All the countries of the world, forchildren written in verse2.3 An Encouragement of Learning2.4 An Outline of a Theory of Civilization

3 Criticism4 Legacy5 Bibliography

5.1 Original Japanese Books5.2 English translations

6 Notes7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External links

Early life

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished low-ranking samurai family of the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu in

1835. His family lived in Osaka, the main trading center for Japan at the time. [1] His family was poor following theearly death of his father, who was also a Confucian scholar. At the age of 5 he started Han learning, and by the timhe turned 14 had studied major writings such as theAnalects, Tao Te Ching,Zuo Zhuan andZhuanguzi.Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by his lifelong teacher, Shzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of Confucianism andHan learning. When he turned 19 in 1854, shortly after Commodore Matthew C. Perry's arrival in Japan,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Chinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#An_Outline_of_a_Theory_of_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#An_Encouragement_of_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#All_the_countries_of_the_world.2C_for_children_written_in_versehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#English-Japanese_dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio-Gijuku_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuo_Zhuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Chinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_note-unesco-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#English_translationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Original_Japanese_Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Criticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#An_Outline_of_a_Theory_of_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#An_Encouragement_of_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#All_the_countries_of_the_world.2C_for_children_written_in_versehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#English-Japanese_dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medical_Science_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio-Gijuku_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogata_K%C5%8Danhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dzan_Shiraishi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpg


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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi 2

Monument of NAKATSU-Han

warehouse and FUKUZAWA

YUKICHI birthplace, at

Hotarumachi, Fukushima-ku,

Osaka City, Japan.

Sailors of theKanrin Maru,

members of the Japanese

Embassy to the United States

(1860). Fukuzawa Yukichi sits onthe right.

Fukuzawa Yukichi with Theodora

Alice in San Francisco, 1860.

Fukuzawa's brother (the family patriarch) asked Yukichi to travel to Nagasaki, where the Dutch colony at Dejimawas located, in order to enter a school of Dutch studies (rangaku). He instructed Yukichi to learn Dutch so that hmight study European cannon designs and gunnery.

Although Fukuzawa did travel to Nagasaki, his stay was brief as he quickly began to outshine his host in NagasakiOkudaira Iki. Okudaira planned to get rid of Fukuzawa by writing a letter saying that Fukuzawa's mother was ill.

Seeing through the fake letterFukuzawa planned to travel to Edo

and continue his studies there becausehe knew he would not be able to inhis home domain, Nakatsu, but uponhis return to Osaka, his brother

persuaded him to stay and enroll atthe Tekijuku school run by physicianand rangaku scholar Ogata Kan.Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku forthree years and became fully

proficient in the Dutch language. In

1858, he was appointed officialDutch teacher of his family's domain,

Nakatsu, and was sent to Edo toteach the family's vassals there.

The following year, Japan opened upthree of its ports to American andEuropean ships, and Fukuzawa,intrigued with Western civilization,traveled to Kanagawa to see them.

When he arrived, he discovered thatvirtually all of the European merchants

there were speaking English rather than Dutch. He then began to studyEnglish, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were rare anddictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were slow.

In 1859, the Shogunate sent the first diplomatic mission to the United States.Fukuzawa volunteered his services to Admiral Kimura Yoshitake. Kimura'sship, theKanrin Maru, arrived in San Francisco, California in 1860. Thedelegation stayed in the city for a month, during which time Fukuzawa had

himself photographed with an American girl, and also found a Webster's Dictionary, from which he began seriousstudy of the English language.

Upon his return in 1860, Fukuzawa became an official translator for the Tokugawa bakufu. Shortly thereafter hebrought out his first publication, an English-Japanese dictionary which he called "Kaei Tsgo" (translated from aChinese-English dictionary) which was a beginning for his series of later books. In 1862, he visited Europe as oneof the two English translators in bakufu's 40-man embassy, the First Japanese Embassy to Europe. During its yearin Europe, the Embassy conducted negotiations with France, England, the Netherlands, Prussia, and finally RussiaIn Russia, the embassy unsuccessfully negotiated for the southern end of Sakhalin (in Japanese Karafuto).
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Fukuzawa Yukichi was a member

of the Japanese Embassy to the

United States (1860). (Washingtonshipyard).

The information collected during these travels resulted in his famous workSeiy Jij (, "Things western"), which he published in ten volumein 1867, 1868 and 1870. The books describe western culture andinstitutions in simple, easy to understand terms, and they became immediate

best-sellers. Fukuzawa was soon regarded as the foremost expert on allthings western, leading him to conclude that his mission in life was to educathis countrymen in new ways of thinking in order to enable Japan to resistEuropean imperialism.

In 1868 he changed the name of the school he had established to teachDutch to Keio Gijuku, and from then on devoted all his time to education.While Kei's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies

(Keio-gijuku), it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890. Under the name Keio-GijukuUniversity, it became a leader in Japanese higher education.

In 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi was buried at Zenpuku-ji, in the Azabu area of Tokyo. Alumni of Keio-GijukuUniversity hold a ceremony there every year on February 3.

Works

Fukuzawa's writings may have been the foremost of the Edo period and Meiji period.

English-Japanese dictionary

On 1860, he publishedEnglish-Japanese dictionary ("Ztei Kaei Tsgo"). It was his first publication. He boughtEnglish-Chinese dictionary ("Kaei Tsgo") at San Francisco on 1860. He translated it to Japanese and he addedthe Japanese translations to the original textbook. In his book, he invented the new Japanese characters VU () t

represent the pronunciation of VU and VA () to represent the pronunciation of VA. For example, the nameBeethoven is written by in Japanese now.

All the countries of the world, for children written in verse

His famous textbookSekai Kunizukushi ("All the countries of the world, for children written in verse", 1869)became a best seller and was used as an official school textbook. His inspiration for writing the books came whenhe tried to teach world geography to his sons. At the time there were no textbooks on the subject, so he decided twrite one himself. He started by buying a few Japanese geography books for children, namedMiyakoji ("Cityroads") andEdo hgaku ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them aloud. He then wrote Sekai Kunizukushi

six volumes in the same lyrical style. The first volume covered Asian countries, the second volume detailed Africancountries, European countries were discussed in the third, South American countries in the fourth, and NorthAmerican countries and Australia in the fifth. Finally, the sixth volume was an appendix that gave an introduction toworld geography.

An Encouragement of Learning

Between 1872 and 1876, he published 17 volumes ofGakumon no Susume ("An Encouragement of Learning" o

more idiomatically "On Studying"[2]). In these texts, Fukuzawa outlines the importance of understanding theprinciple of equality of opportunity and that study was the key to greatness. He was an avid supporter of educatio
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First print of "Gakumon no

susume" (1872), written by

Fukuzawa Yukichi and Obata

Tokujir.

and believed in a firm mental foundation through education and studiousness. In the volumes ofGakumon noSusume, influenced byElements of Moral Science (1835, 1856 ed.) by Brown University President FrancisWayland, Fukuzawa advocated his most lasting principle, "national independence through personal independence.Through personal independence, an individual does not have to depend onthe strength of another. With such a self-determining social morality,Fukuzawa hoped to instill a sense of personal strength among the people ofJapan, and through that personal strength, build a nation to rival all others.His understanding was that western society had become powerful relative toother countries at the time because western countries fostered education,individualism (independence), competition and exchange of ideas.

An Outline of a Theory of Civilization

Fukuzawa also published many influential essays and critical works. Aparticularly prominent example isBunmeiron no Gairyaku ("An Outline of

a Theory of Civilization"[3]) published in 1875, in which he details his owntheory of civilization. It was influenced byHistoire de la civilisation en

Europe (1828; Eng. trans in 1846) by Franois Guizot. According toFukuzawa, civilization is relative to time and circumstance, as well in comparison. For example, at the time Chinawas relatively civilized in comparison to some African colonies, and European nations were the most civilized of allColleagues in the Meirokusha intellectual society shared many of Fukuzawa's views, which he published in hiscontributions toMeiroku Zasshi (Meiji Six Magazine), a scholarly journal he helped publish. In his books andournals, he often wrote about the word "civilization" and what it meant. He advocated a move toward "civilization"

by which he meant material and spiritual well-being, which elevated human life to a "higher plane". Because materiand spiritual well-being corresponded to knowledge and "virtue," to "move toward civilization" was to advance an

pursue knowledge and virtue themselves. He contended that people could find the answer to their life or theirpresent situation from "civilization", and furthermore that the difference between the weak and the powerful and

large and small was just a matter of difference between their knowledge and education. He also argued that Japanshouldn't import guns and materials. Instead it should support the acquisition of knowledge, which would eventualltake care of the material necessities. He also talked of the Japanese concept of being practical or pragmatic (itsugaku), and the building of things that are basic and useful to other people. In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization"

essentially meant the furthering of knowledge and education.

Criticism

Fukuzawa was later criticized as a supporter of Japanese imperialism because of his essay "Datsu-A Ron" ("Escapfrom Asia") published in 1885, as well as for his support of the First Sino-Japanese War (18941895). Yet,

"Datsu-A Ron" was actually a response to a failed attempt by Koreans to organize an effective reform faction. Theessay was published as a withdrawal of his support. Nevertheless the assistance provided to radical Koreans durithis era was never intended to lead to complete independence for the peninsula, but on the contrary sought to brinKorea under ever greater Japanese influence. This was amply demonstrated by the power-plays undertaken inKorea by both Koreans supported by Fukuzawa and the Imperial Japanese Army during the First Sino-JapaneseWar.

According toFukuzawa Yukichi no Shinjitsu ("The Truth of Fukuzawa Yukichi", 2004, ISBN 4-16-660394-9)by Y Hirayama, this view is a misunderstanding due to the influence of Mikiaki Ishikawa, who was the author of biography of Fukuzawa (1932) and the editor of his Complete Works (19251926 and 19331934). According
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Fukuzawa Yukichi

(Kinsei Meishi Shashin

(http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/da

tas/185.html). Vol.2.)

Fukuzawa appears on the 10,000

yen banknote engraved by Oshikir

Katsuz.

to Hirayama, Ishikawa inserted anonymous editorials into the Complete Works, and inserted historically inaccuratmaterial into his biography. In fact, says Hirayama, Fukuzawa did criticize the Chinese and Korean governments

but he did not discriminate against the Chinese and Korean people. Discriminatory statements attributed toFukuzawa, he says, were actually due to Ishikawa.

The material inFukuzawa Yukichi Complete Works (1958-1964) volumes 1 to 7 must bedistinguished from that in volumes 8 to 16. Volumes 1 to 7 contain signed works, but the JijiShinp editorials in volumes 8 to 16 are almost all unsigned works chosen by Ishikawa. Six of theeditorials in volume 16 were written six months after Fukuzawa's death, and of course cannot have

been written by Fukuzawa.

Legacy

Fukuzawa's most important contribution to the reformation effort, though,came in the form of a newspaper calledJiji Shinpo (, "CurrentEvents"), which he started in 1882, after being prompted by Inoue Kaoru,kuma Shigenobu, and It Hirobumi to establish a strong influence amongthe people through publishing. All agreed the government should take theform of a national assembly, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose famewas already unquestionable, began production ofJiji Shinpo, whichreceived wide circulation, encouraging the people to enlighten themselvesand to adopt a moderate political attitude towards the change that was beinengineered within the social and political structures of Japan. He translatedmany books and journals into Japanese on a wide variety of subjects,including chemistry, the arts, military and society, and published many book(in multiple volumes) and journals himself describing western society, hisown philosophy and change, etc.

Fukuzawa was one of the mostinfluential people ever that helpedJapan modernize into the country it istoday. He never accepted any high

position and stayed a normalJapanese citizen for his whole life. By the time of his death, he was reveredas one of the founders of modern Japan. All of his work was written andwas released at a critical juncture in the Japanese society and uncertainty forthe Japanese people about their future after the signing of the Unequal

treaties, their realization in the weakness of the Japanese government at thetime (Tokugawa Shogunate) and its inability to repel the American and European influence. It should also be notedthat there were bands of samurai that forcefully opposed the Americans and Europeans and their friends throughmurder and destruction. Fukuzawa was in danger of his life as a samurai group killed one of his colleagues foradvocating policies like those of Fukuzawa. Fukuzawa wrote at a time when the Japanese people were undecidedon whether they should be bitter about the American and European forced treaties and imperialism, or tounderstand the West and move forward. Fukuzawa greatly aided the ultimate success of the pro-modernizationforces.
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Yukichi Fukuzawa's former

residence in the city of Nakatsu in

ita Prefecture

Fukuzawa appears on the current 10,000-yen banknote and has been compared to Benjamin Franklin in the UniteStates. Franklin appears on the similarly-valued $100 bill. Although all other figures appearing on Japanese

banknotes changed when the recent redesign was released, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen note.

Yukichi Fukuzawa's former residence in the city of Nakatsu in itaPrefecture is a Nationally Designated Cultural Asset. The house and theYukichi Fukuzawa Memorial Hall are the major tourist attractions of this

city.[4]

Yukichi Fukuzawa was a firm believer that Western education surpassedJapan's. However, he did not like the idea of debates in parliaments. Asearly as 1860, Yukichi Fukuzawa traveled to Europe and the United States.He believed that the problem in Japan was the undervalued mathematics and

science.[citation needed] Also, these suffered from a "lack of the idea ofindependence." The Japanese conservatives were not happy aboutFukuzawa's view of Western education. Since he was a family friend of

conservatives, he took their stand to heart. Fukuzawa admitted that he went a little too far.[5]

One words sums up his entire theme and that is "independence." Yukichi Fukuzawa believed that nationalindependence was the framework to society in the West. However, to achieve this independence, as well as

personal independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western learning. He believed that public virtue would increase as

people became more educated.[1]

Bibliography

Original Japanese Books

1. English-Japanese dictionary (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=1) (Ztei KaeiTsgo, 1860)

2. Things western (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=3) (Seiy Jij, 1866, 1868 and1870)

3. Rifle instruction book (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=13) (Raijy Sh, 1867)4. Guide to travel in the western world (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=16) (Seiy

Tabiannai, 1867)5. Our eleven treaty countries (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=18) (Jyyaku

Jyichi-kokki, 1867)6. Western ways of living : food, clothes, house (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=19

(Seiy Isyokujy, 1867)7. Handbook for soldiers (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=20) (Heishi Kaicy

Binran, 1868)8. Illustrated book of physical sciences (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=21) (Kinm

Kyri Zukai, 1868)9. Outline of the western art of war (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=24) (Yhei

Meikan, 1869)10. Pocket almanc of the world (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=29) (Shcy

Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869)
http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=29http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=24http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=21http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=20http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=19http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=18http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=16http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=13http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=3http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_note-unesco-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsu,_%C5%8Citahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._one_hundred-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsu,_%C5%8Citahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Residence_of_Yukichi_Fukuzawa.jpg


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11. English parliament (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=30) (Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu1869)

12. Sino-British diplomatic relations (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=32) (EikokuGijiindan, 1869)

13. All the countries of the world, for children written in verse(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=34) (Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869)

14. Daily lesson for children (Hibi no Oshie, 1871)

15. Book of reading and penmanrship for children (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=40) (Keim Tenarai-no-Fumi, 1871)16. Encouragement of learning (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=42) (Gakumon no

Susume, 18721876)17. Junior book of ethics with many tales from western lands

(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=61) (Dm Oshie-Gusa, 1872)18. Deformed girl (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=66) (Katawa Musume, 1872)19. Explanation of the new calendar (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=67) (Kaireki-

Ben, 1873)20. Bookkeeping (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=68) (Chai-no-H, 1873)

21. Maps of Japan for children (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=72) (Nihon ChizuSshi, 1873)

22. Elementary reader for children (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=73) (Moji-no-Oshie, 1873)

23. How to hold a conference (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=76) (Kaigi-Ben, 18724. An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=77)

(Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875)25. Independence of the schplar's mind (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=83)

(Gakusya Anshinron, 1876)

26. On decentalization of power, advocating less centalized government in Japan(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=84) (Bunkenron, 1877)27. Popular economics (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=85) (Minkan Keizairoku,

1877)28. Collected essays of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=87) (Fukuzawa

Bunsy, 1878)29. On currency (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=91) (Tskaron, 1878)30. Popular discourse on people's rights (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=92)

(Tszoku Minkenron, 1878)31. Popular discourse on national rights (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=93) (Tszok

Kokkenron, 1878)32. Transition of people's way of thinking (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=95)

(Minjy Ittushin, 1879)33. On national diet (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=96) (Kokkairon, 1879)34. Commentary on the current problems (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=97) (Jiji

Shgen, 1881)35. On general trends of the times (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=98) (Jiji

Taiseiron, 1882)36. On the imeprial household (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=99) (Teishitsuron,
http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=99http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=98http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=97http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=96http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=95http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=93http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=92http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=91http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=87http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=85http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=84http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=83http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=77http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=76http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=73http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=72http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=68http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=67http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=66http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=61http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=42http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=40http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=34http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=32http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=30


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1882)37. On armament (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=100) (Heiron, 1882)38. On moral training (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=101) (Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882)39. On the independence of learning (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=102)

(Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883)40. On the national conscription (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=103) (Zenkoku

Cyheiron, 1884)

41. Popular discourse on foreighn diplomacy (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=104)(Tszoku Gaikron, 1884)42. On Japanese womanhood (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=105) (Nihon

Fujinron, 1885)43. On men's moral life (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=106) (Shijin Syoseiron,

1885)44. On moral conduct (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=107) (Hinkron, 1885)45. On association of men and women (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=108) (Nanny

Kosairon, 1886)46. On Japanese manhood (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=109) (Nihon Nanshiron

1888)47. On reverence for the Emperor (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=110) (Sonnron

1888)48. Future of the Diet; Origin of the difficulty in the Diet; Word on the public secuity; On land tax

(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=111) (Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-noYurai; Chian-Sygen; Chisoron, 1892)

49. On business (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=112) (Jitsugyron, 1893)50. One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=113)

(Fuku Hyakuwa, 1897)

51. Foreword to the collected works of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=114) (Fukuzawa Zensy Cyogen, 1897)52. Fukuzawa sensei's talk on the worldly life (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=115)

(Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898)53. Discourses of study for success (Sygy Rittishihen, 1898)54. Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=116)

(Fuku Jiden, 1899)55. Reproof of "the essential learning for women"; New essential learning for women

(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=117) (Onnadaigaku Hyron; Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899)

56. More discourses of Fukuzawa (http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=118) (FukuHyakuyowa, 1901)

57. Commentary on the national problems of 1877; Sprit of manly defiance(http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=119) (Meiji Jynen Teicy Kron; Yasegamanno Setsu, 1901)

English translations

The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword by
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiichi_Kiyooka&action=edit&redlink=1http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=119http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=118http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=117http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=116http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=115http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=114http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=113http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=112http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=111http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=110http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=109http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=108http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=107http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=106http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=105http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=104http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=103http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=102http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=101http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=100


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Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia University Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN 0-231-08373-4

The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword byAlbert M. Craig, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-231-13987-8The Thought of Fukuzawa series (http://www.keio-up.co.jp/kup/eng/series/15600.html), (Paperback) KeioUniversity Press

vol.1An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (http://www.keio-up.co.jp/kup/eng/philo/15600.html). 2008. Translation by David A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst,

III. ISBN 978-4-7664-1560-5vol.2An Encouragement of Learning (http://www.keio-up.co.jp/np/isbn/9784766416848/).2012. Translation by David A. Dilworth. ISBN 978-4-7664-1684-8vol.3 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi. 201?. (forthcoming)vol.4Essays on Family and Women. 201?. Revised translation and with an introduction by HelenBallhatchet. (forthcoming)

Notes

1. ^ ab Nishikawa (1993)

2. ^ Dilworth(2012)

3. ^ Dilworth&Hurst(2008)

4. ^ Adas&Stearns&Schwartz(1993), p. 36.

5. ^ Adas&Stearns&Schwartz(1993), p. 37.

See also

Jiji ShinpKeio-Gijuku University

List of motifs on banknotesZenpuku-ji

References

Michael Adas; Peter Stearns, Stuart Schwartz (1993). Turbulent Passage: A Global History of theTwentieth Century. Longman Publishing Group. ISBN 0-06-501039-6.

Nishikawa, Shunsaku (1993), "FUKUZAWA YUKICHI1 (1835-1901)"(http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/fukuzawe.pdf) (PDF),

Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education (UNESCO), vol. XXIII (no. 3/4): 493506

Further reading

Lu, David John (2005),Japan: A Documentary History: The Dawn of History to the Late TokugawaPeriod, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 1-56324-907-3Kitaoka, Shin-ichi (March/April 2003), "Pride and Independence: Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Spirit of theMeiji Restoration (Part 1)"
http://web.archive.org/web/20030331142744/http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200303_019.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20030331142744/http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200303_019.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinichi_Kitaokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-907-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_John_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/fukuzawe.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-501039-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stearnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenpuku-jihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motifs_on_banknoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio-Gijuku_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiji_Shinp%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Adas.26Stearns.26Schwartz1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Adas.26Stearns.26Schwartz1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Dilworth.26Hurst2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#Dilworth2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#CITEREFNishikawa1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_ref-unesco_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi#cite_ref-unesco_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784766416848http://www.keio-up.co.jp/np/isbn/9784766416848/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784766415605http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Cameron_Hurst,_III&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_A._Dilworth&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.keio-up.co.jp/kup/eng/philo/15600.htmlhttp://www.keio-up.co.jp/kup/eng/series/15600.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13987-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_M._Craighttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiichi_Kiyooka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08373-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmen_Blacker&action=edit&redlink=1


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the declaration of independedse (1776) 1st japanese translation (1866) by yukichi fukuzawa

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