telecommunications and networking 1866
TRANSCRIPT
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TelecommunicationsTelecommunicationsand Networkingand Networking
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1.1. Understand the concept of a network.Understand the concept of a network.
2.2.Apply Metcalfes law in understanding theApply Metcalfes law in understanding the
value of a network.value of a network.3.3. Identify several major developments andIdentify several major developments and
trends in the industries, technologies, andtrends in the industries, technologies, and
business applications ofbusiness applications oftelecommunications and Internettelecommunications and Internet
technologies.technologies.
4.4. Examples of the business value of Internet,Examples of the business value of Internet,
intranet, and extranet a lications.intranet, and extranet a lications.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
5.5. Identify the basic components, functions,Identify the basic components, functions,
and types of telecommunications networksand types of telecommunications networks
used in business.used in business.6.6. Explain the functions of major componentsExplain the functions of major components
of telecommunications network hardware,of telecommunications network hardware,
software, media, and services.software, media, and services.
7.7. Explain the concept of client/serverExplain the concept of client/server
networking.networking.
8.8. Understand the two forms of peerUnderstand the two forms of peer--toto--peerpeer
networkin .networkin .
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
10.10.Identify the various transmission mediaIdentify the various transmission media
and topologies used in telecommunicationsand topologies used in telecommunications
networks.networks.11.11.Understand the fundamentals of wirelessUnderstand the fundamentals of wireless
network technologies.network technologies.
12.12.Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.13.13.Understand the seven layers of the OSIUnderstand the seven layers of the OSI
network model.network model.
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Network ConceptsNetwork Concepts
NetworkNetwork
An interconnected chain, group or systemAn interconnected chain, group or system
Number of possible connections on aNumber of possible connections on a
network is N * (Nnetwork is N * (N--1)/21)/2
WhereN
= number of nodes (points ofWhereN
= number of nodes (points ofconnections on the network)connections on the network)
Example, if there are 10 computers on aExample, if there are 10 computers on a
network, there are 10 * 9/2 = 45 possiblenetwork, there are 10 * 9/2 = 45 possible
connectionsconnections
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TelecommunicationsTelecommunications
TelecommunicationsTelecommunications
Exchange of information in any form (voice,Exchange of information in any form (voice,
data, text, images, audio, video) over networksdata, text, images, audio, video) over networks
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Basic conceptsBasic concepts Communication protocols (TCP/IP)Communication protocols (TCP/IP)
Data transmission methodsData transmission methods
AsynchronousAsynchronous
SynchronousSynchronous
ConnectingConnecting ModemModem
Hardwired and remoteHardwired and remote
Data transmission channels (bps)Data transmission channels (bps)
narrow bands: 5narrow bands: 5--3030
voice bands: 1,000voice bands: 1,000--9,6009,600 broad bands: 100,000broad bands: 100,000
Types of communication linesTypes of communication lines
simplexsimplex
half half--duplexduplex
duplexduplex
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NetworksNetworks ConceptConcept
"a group of interconnected computers, workstations, or computer devices"a group of interconnected computers, workstations, or computer devices
(such as printers and data storage systems).(such as printers and data storage systems).
Network topologyNetwork topology
busbus
star star
ringring
LocalLocal--area networksarea networks bus: Ethernet, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)bus: Ethernet, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
ring: token passing methodring: token passing method
Distributed data processingDistributed data processing
"interconnects sites of one organization not only for communication of data"interconnects sites of one organization not only for communication of data
and messages but also forand messages but also for
the sharing of resources."the sharing of resources."
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Open SystemsOpen Systems
Information systems that use common standardsInformation systems that use common standards
for hardware, software, applications and networksfor hardware, software, applications and networks
Internet networking technologies are a commonInternet networking technologies are a common
standard for open systemsstandard for open systems
ConnectivityConnectivity::
Ability of networked computers to easily access andAbility of networked computers to easily access and
communicate with each other and share informationcommunicate with each other and share information InteroperabilityInteroperability::
The ability of an open system to enable end userThe ability of an open system to enable end user
applications to be accomplished using differentapplications to be accomplished using different
varieties of computer systems, software packages,varieties of computer systems, software packages,
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MiddlewareMiddleware
Any programming that serves to glueAny programming that serves to glue
together two separate programstogether two separate programs
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Internet Service ProviderInternet Service Provider
ISPISP
A company that specializes in providing easyA company that specializes in providing easy
access to the Internetaccess to the Internet For a monthly fee, you get software, user name,For a monthly fee, you get software, user name,
password and accesspassword and access
ISPs are connect to one another throughISPs are connect to one another through
network access pointsnetwork access points
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An Intranet Also look at fig 6.8An Intranet Also look at fig 6.8
A network inside an organizationA network inside an organization
That uses Internet technologies (such as WebThat uses Internet technologies (such as Web
browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML,browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML,etc.)etc.)
To provide an InternetTo provide an Internet--like environment withinlike environment within
the organizationthe organization
For information sharing, communications,For information sharing, communications,collaboration and support of businesscollaboration and support of business
processesprocesses Protected by security measuresProtected by security measures
Can be accessed by authorized users through the InternetCan be accessed by authorized users through the Internet
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Extranet (also look at fig 6.9)Extranet (also look at fig 6.9)
Network links that use Internet technologiesNetwork links that use Internet technologies
To connect the Intranet of a businessTo connect the Intranet of a business
With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers orWith the Intranets of its customers, suppliers orother business partnersother business partners
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GPSGPS
1.1. The global positioning system (GPS) is a majorThe global positioning system (GPS) is a major
technological achievement that has broadtechnological achievement that has broad--
reaching implications for business. Using thereaching implications for business. Using the
Internet,Internet,
Can find other innovative uses forGPS.Can find other innovative uses forGPS.
Good places to start familiarizing yourself withGood places to start familiarizing yourself with
current accomplishments arecurrent accomplishments are The GPSWorld site atThe GPSWorld site at
http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/
The GPS Overview atThe GPS Overview at
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/
gps_f.htmlgps_f.html
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Telecommunications networkTelecommunications network
Any arrangement where a sender transmitsAny arrangement where a sender transmits
a message to a receiver over a channela message to a receiver over a channel
consisting of some type of mediumconsisting of some type of medium
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Types ofNetworksTypes ofNetworks
WANWAN
LANLAN
VPNVPN C/SC/S
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VPNVPN
Basically, a VPN is a private network that uses aBasically, a VPN is a private network that uses a
public network (usually the Internet) to connectpublic network (usually the Internet) to connect
remote sites or users together. Instead of using aremote sites or users together. Instead of using a
dedicated, realdedicated, real--world connection such as leasedworld connection such as leasedline, a VPN uses "virtual" connectionsline, a VPN uses "virtual" connections routedrouted
through the Internet from the company's privatethrough the Internet from the company's private
network to the remote site or employee.network to the remote site or employee.
Source: computer.Howstuffworks.comSource: computer.Howstuffworks.com
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VPNVPN
I
c
rt s
is c
s t
s , I
c .
A ty i l V P i h t h v i L A N t th r r th q rt r f y , th r L A N s t r t ff i s r
f ilit i s i iv i l s e rs e c t i fr t i th e f ie l .
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Internetwork ProcessorsInternetwork Processors
SwitchSwitch makes connections betweenmakes connections between
telecommunications circuits in a networktelecommunications circuits in a network
RouterRouter intelligent communicationsintelligent communicationsprocessor that interconnects networksprocessor that interconnects networks
based on different protocolsbased on different protocols
HubHub a port switching communicationsa port switching communicationsprocessorprocessor
GatewayGateway connects networks usingconnects networks using
different communications architecturesdifferent communications architectures
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ROUTERSROUTERS
Routers are specialized computers that sendRouters are specialized computers that send
your messages and those of every otheryour messages and those of every other
Internet user speeding to their destinationsInternet user speeding to their destinationsalong thousands of pathways.along thousands of pathways.
Fujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strengt routerFujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strengt router
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ROUTERSROUTERS
configuration tableconfiguration table. A configuration table is a collection of. A configuration table is a collection ofinformation, including:information, including:
Information on which connections lead to particular groupsInformation on which connections lead to particular groupsof addressesof addresses
Priorities for connections to be usedPriorities for connections to be used Rules for handling both routine and special cases of trafficRules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic
A router, then, has two separate but related jobs:A router, then, has two separate but related jobs:
The router ensures that information doesn't go where it'sThe router ensures that information doesn't go where it'snot needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes ofnot needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes ofdata from clogging the connections of "innocentdata from clogging the connections of "innocentbystanders."bystanders."
The router makes sure that information does make it to theThe router makes sure that information does make it to theintended destination.intended destination.
Computer.howstuffworks.comComputer.howstuffworks.com
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Distributed data processingDistributed data processingTSS - Time Sharing Systems
CSS - Client Server Systems
PC
MAINFRAME
PC PC PC
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Client/Server networksClient/Server networks
ClientsClients: End user personal computers: End user personal computers
or networked computersor networked computers
Interconnected by LANsInterconnected by LANs
ServersServers: manage networks: manage networks
Processing shared between clients andProcessing shared between clients and
serversservers
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CSS arc itectureCSS arc itecture
PC PC PC PC
L A N
FileServer
PrintServer
Communica-tions Server
Remote
Server
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PeerPeer--toto--peer networks (p 209)peer networks (p 209)
Networks that connect from one PC to another PCNetworks that connect from one PC to another PC
PeerPeer--toto--peer networking enables or en ances t epeer networking enables or en ances t efollowing scenarios:following scenarios:
RealReal--time communications (RTC)time communications (RTC) CollaborationCollaboration
Content distributionContent distribution
Distributed processingDistributed processing
Impro ed Internet tec nologiesImpro ed Internet tec nologies
Source: www.microsoft.comSource: www.microsoft.com
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Wireless TechnologiesWireless Technologies
Terrestrial microwaveTerrestrial microwave
Earthbound microwave systems that transmitEarthbound microwave systems that transmit
highhigh--speed radio signals in a linespeed radio signals in a line--ofof--sight pathsight path
Between relay systems spaced approximatelyBetween relay systems spaced approximately
3030--miles apartmiles apart
Communications satellitesCommunications satellites
Satellite serves as relay stations forSatellite serves as relay stations for
communications signalscommunications signals
Uses microwave radio signalsUses microwave radio signals
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Wireless TechnologiesWireless Technologies
Cellular and PCS telephone and pagerCellular and PCS telephone and pager
systemssystems
Divide the geographic area into small areas orDivide the geographic area into small areas orcellscells
Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antennaEach cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna
to send message from one cell to anotherto send message from one cell to another
Wireless LANsWireless LANs Radio signals within an office or buildingRadio signals within an office or building
Connect PCs to networksConnect PCs to networks
BluetoothBluetooth
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BluetoothBluetooth
Bluetooth is a standard developed by a group ofBluetooth is a standard developed by a group of
electronics manufacturers that allows any sort ofelectronics manufacturers that allows any sort of
electronic equipmentelectronic equipment ---- from computers andfrom computers and cellcell
phonesphones toto keyboardskeyboards and headphonesand headphones ---- to maketo makeits own connections, without wires, cables or anyits own connections, without wires, cables or any
direct action from a user.direct action from a user.
Bluetooth can connect up toBluetooth can connect up to eig t de iceseig t de ices
simultaneously. With all of those devicessimultaneously. With all of those devices
in the same 10in the same 10--meter (32meter (32--foot) radiusfoot) radius
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http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/globahttp://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/globa
l.aspx/solutions/en/truemobile?c=us&cs=04l.aspx/solutions/en/truemobile?c=us&cs=04
&l=en&s=bsd&l=en&s=bsd
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Cell PhonesCell Phones
GSM (CDMA) vs TDMAGSM (CDMA) vs TDMA
Cell vs MobileCell vs Mobile
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GSMGSM CDMACDMA
DigitalDigital YESYES YESYES
Network T peNetwork T pePP--GSM 900 (primar ) 900MHzGSM 900 (primar ) 900MHz
bandband
CDMA 800 , 800MHz band (X1CDMA 800 , 800MHz band (X1is a ailable.. but is notis a ailable.. but is not
being talked about ere)being talked about ere)
Maximum talk range from a tower (pls. note ou willMaximum talk range from a tower (pls. note ou will
need a carkit for our mobile to ac ie e t eseneed a carkit for our mobile to ac ie e t ese
numbers in some cases)numbers in some cases)
35KM (stock cell) 70KM ER , EER35KM (stock cell) 70KM ER , EER105KM possible wit105KM possible wit
special towersspecial towersApprox 110KMApprox 110KM
Background Noise suppressionBackground Noise suppression YES (Included in EFR)YES (Included in EFR) YESYES
Talk TimeTalk Time
Hig er due toDTX and t eHig er due toDTX and t e
"pulse" nature of TDMA."pulse" nature of TDMA.
ower due toower due to
CDMACDMA transmitting alltransmitting allt e t ime.t e time.
Standb TimesStandb TimesHig er due t e "pulse" nature ofHig er due t e "pulse" nature of
TDMATDMAHigHig
International RoamingInternational Roaming
YES (o er 138 GSM countriesYES (o er 138 GSM countries
world wide)world wide) VERY OW 15?VERY OW 15?
World wide customersWorld wide customers 200 Mil200 Mil 35Mil35Mil
SMSSMS YESYES YESYES
Fax + DataFax + Data YESYES YESYES
Built in "Intelligence"Built in "Intelligence" HIGHHIGH MEDIUMMEDIUM
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EDI ConceptsEDI Concepts
EDI is a mechanism for electronic tradingEDI is a mechanism for electronic trading
EDI replaces paper flow with online transactionsEDI replaces paper flow with online transactions
EDI architectureEDI architecture
--------> see next slide> see next slide
EDI is for trading partnersEDI is for trading partners
Implementation plan is a key factorImplementation plan is a key factor
Obstacles:Obstacles: lack of transaction standardizationlack of transaction standardization
high starthigh start--up costsup costs
EDI thirdEDI third--party suppliersparty suppliers
AT&T, Control Data, EDS, GE, Western Union, IBM, Martin MariettaAT&T, Control Data, EDS, GE, Western Union, IBM, Martin Marietta
Data Systems, etc.Data Systems, etc.
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EDI arc itectureEDI arc itecture
Tradi g art er 1 Tradi g art er 2
system
transactionssystem
transactions
standard
transactions
AcquisitionSystem
Transaction
Converter
Transaction
Converter
Or
derEntrySystem
ORDER ORDER
CONFIRMATIONCONFIRMATION
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Network Topologies (p 219)Network Topologies (p 219)
TopologyTopology: structure of a network: structure of a network
StarStar: ties end user computers to a central: ties end user computers to a centralcomputercomputer
RingRing: ties local computer processors: ties local computer processors
together in a ring on a relatively equal basistogether in a ring on a relatively equal basis BusBus: local processors share the same: local processors share the same
communications channelcommunications channel
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Network Architectures &Network Architectures &
ProtocolsProtocols ProtocolProtocol: standard set of rules and: standard set of rules and
procedures for the control ofprocedures for the control of
communications in a networkcommunications in a network Network Architecture:Network Architecture:
Master plan of standard protocols, hardware,Master plan of standard protocols, hardware,
software and interfaces between end users andsoftware and interfaces between end users and
computer systemscomputer systems
Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, andGoal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and
efficient telecommunications environmentefficient telecommunications environment
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OSI & TCP/IP Models (p 221)OSI & TCP/IP Models (p 221)
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) ModelModel
A sevenA seven--layer model that serves as a standardlayer model that serves as a standard
model for network architecturesmodel for network architectures
Model for how messages should be transmittedModel for how messages should be transmitted
between two points in a networkbetween two points in a network
Each layer adds functionsEach layer adds functions
Transmission Control Protocol / InternetTransmission Control Protocol / InternetProtocol (TCP/IP)Protocol (TCP/IP)
A five layer telecommunications protocol usedA five layer telecommunications protocol used
by the Internetby the Internet
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IPIP
Internet protocolInternet protocol
Each system connected to the internet is identified by a 32Each system connected to the internet is identified by a 32--bit IP addressbit IP address
Four numbers separated by a decimalFour numbers separated by a decimal
Each represented by octal (8 bits; hence 0Each represented by octal (8 bits; hence 0--255)255)
Ex: 168.212.226.204Ex: 168.212.226.204
Binary format:Binary format:10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100.10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100.
A new protocol IPv6 allows for 128 bit IP addressesA new protocol IPv6 allows for 128 bit IP addresses
to look up an IP address :to look up an IP address :http://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup.phphttp://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup.php
to find info:to find info:
http://www.geobytes.com/IpLocator.htmhttp://www.geobytes.com/IpLocator.htm
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Basic Communications ModelBasic Communications ModelStandards are needed at all LayersStandards are needed at all Layers
User Layer
pplication Layer
omputer (Transport) Layer
Transmission Layer
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Internet TelephonyInternet Telephony
Using an Internet connection to pass voiceUsing an Internet connection to pass voice
data using IPdata using IP
Voice over IP (VoIP)Voice over IP (VoIP) Skips standard longSkips standard long--distance phone chargesdistance phone charges
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VOIP (source www.fcc.gov)VOIP (source www.fcc.gov)
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BandwidthBandwidth
BandwidthBandwidth
Frequency range of a telecommunicationsFrequency range of a telecommunications
channelchannel
Determines transmission rateDetermines transmission rate
Classified in bits per second (bps)Classified in bits per second (bps)
Transmission Rates:Transmission Rates:
NarrowNarrow--bandband lowlow--speedspeed
BroadbandBroadband highhigh--speedspeed
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WiFiWiFi
WIreless FIdelity (WiFi)WIreless FIdelity (WiFi)---- used generically when referringused generically when referringof any type ofof any type of802.11802.11
""WiWi--FiFi CertifiedCertified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi" (a registered trademark) by the Wi--FiFiAlliance areAlliance are interoperableinteroperable with each other,with each other,
even if they are from different manufacturers. A user with aeven if they are from different manufacturers. A user with a"Wi"Wi--Fi Certified" product can use anyFi Certified" product can use any
brand ofbrand ofaccess pointaccess point with any other brand of clientwith any other brand of client
hardwarehardware that also is certifiedthat also is certified
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html
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Additional ReadingsAdditional Readings
Voice o er data networksVoice o er data networks
Networking Hardware QuizNetworking Hardware Quiz
abc of wireless ANabc of wireless AN
ISDN TutoriISDN Tutorialal Et ernet tutorialEt ernet tutorial
Internet ProtocolInternet Protocol
T in clientsT in clients
UNIX/NT integrationUNIX/NT integration Cell p onesCell p ones
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RWC 1: SAIC, HewlettRWC 1: SAIC, Hewlett--Packard, GE, and Ot ers:Packard, GE, and Ot ers:
Wireless, Wireless E er w ereWireless, Wireless E er w ere
W at are some of t e business benefitsW at are some of t e business benefits
associated wit using wireless networks toassociated wit using wireless networks to
collect and transmit data?collect and transmit data?
Benefits would includeBenefits would include
Superfast wireless connections to the Web.Superfast wireless connections to the Web.
Cost is about oneCost is about one--fourth of existing costs forfourth of existing costs for
connection to the Web.connection to the Web.
Productivity gains such as a 45% gain at UPS.Productivity gains such as a 45% gain at UPS.
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W at are some of t e c allenges being faced in t is useW at are some of t e c allenges being faced in t is use
of wireless tec nologies? W at solutions can ouof wireless tec nologies? W at solutions can ou
offer?offer?
Having everyone online in a meeting can be toxic toHaving everyone online in a meeting can be toxic toproductivity. No laptop policies for important meetings.productivity. No laptop policies for important meetings.
Enormous pressure within companies to provide WiEnormous pressure within companies to provide Wi--Fi inFi in
all areas of the company. Which employees haveall areas of the company. Which employees havecompelling needs for Wicompelling needs for Wi--Fi accessFi access
Cost exceeds the benefit to be gained by providing WiCost exceeds the benefit to be gained by providing Wi--FiFisuch as in a manufacturing plant that would requiresuch as in a manufacturing plant that would require
numerous additional access points than usual.numerous additional access points than usual.
Security of information available via the WiSecurity of information available via the Wi--Fi system.Fi system.Delay implementation until security assurances are met.Delay implementation until security assurances are met.
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T e use of wireless networking asT e use of wireless networking as
described in t e case is bot inno ati e anddescribed in t e case is bot inno ati e and
useful. W at ot er business uses can ouuseful. W at ot er business uses can ou
en ision for t is approac ?en ision for t is approac ?
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RWC 2: Mar land and Colorado: Ser ingRWC 2: Mar land and Colorado: Ser ing
Its Citizens Wit out Using WiresIts Citizens Wit out Using Wires
1.1. W at is t e business alue of ad anced mobile tec nologies toW at is t e business alue of ad anced mobile tec nologies toMar lands emergenc management ser ices?Mar lands emergenc management ser ices?
Direct agentsDirect agents toward places where their presence is requiredtoward places where their presence is required
GiveGive notice of impending natural disastersnotice of impending natural disasters with forecasts andwith forecasts andinstructions on how to proceed.instructions on how to proceed.
Improve information gatheringImprove information gathering on the extent and magnitude ofon the extent and magnitude ofdevastation.devastation.
Reduce the amount of manual dataReduce the amount of manual data--entryentry, leading to improved, leading to improvedresponse times and reduction of errors (i.e. address is automaticallyresponse times and reduction of errors (i.e. address is automaticallycaptured and popcaptured and pop--up menus limit possible answers).up menus limit possible answers).
In w at ot er go ernment ser ices couldIn w at ot er go ernment ser ices could
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In w at ot er go ernment ser ices couldIn w at ot er go ernment ser ices could
GPS ser e to pro ide business alue?GPS ser e to pro ide business alue?
Gi e some examples.Gi e some examples.
States National Guards, to monitor and direct personnel inStates National Guards, to monitor and direct personnel incase of an emergency.case of an emergency.
Emergency Services, to direct ambulances, firefighters,Emergency Services, to direct ambulances, firefighters,
etc.etc.
Department of Treasury / Federal Reserve, to track theDepartment of Treasury / Federal Reserve, to track thelocation of armored trucks both for regular traffic and inlocation of armored trucks both for regular traffic and incase of a hijacking.case of a hijacking.
The military in general, given that it has one of the largestThe military in general, given that it has one of the largestmanpower and logistics network in the country.manpower and logistics network in the country.
A t di d t i k i t d itA t di d t i k i t d it
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Are t ere disad antages or risks associated witAre t ere disad antages or risks associated wit
t e deplo ment of GPS s stems to monitort e deplo ment of GPS s stems to monitor
t e location of people? Explain.t e location of people? Explain.
Invasions of privacyInvasions of privacy
Limitation on the freedom of movementLimitation on the freedom of movement
Could allow not only the government butCould allow not only the government but
also private individuals to monitor otheralso private individuals to monitor otherpeoples movements.peoples movements.