The Crusades “A HOLY WAR”

Why is it that in the middle ages, both religion and violence

often interlocked with one another. Why do you believe

this relationship exists, and do you believe it is still prominent

in today's society.

Brainstorm

Essential Question

What impact did the crusades have on the Christian, Muslim, and Jewish

communities of the Eastern Mediterranean in the past and the

present?

What were the Crusades?

○ Medieval military expedition.■ Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the

Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.■ During the time of Medieval England ■ The concept of a crusade was developed in

the eleventh century.○ Christian forces fighting Muslims in Sicily and

Spain.○ The Holy Land with Muslims since 638,

“Meaning of the Crusades”

○ The crusades were a series of holy wars.■ Called by popes.■ Crusades were characterized by the taking of vows.■ Granting of indulgences to those who fought in them against

enemies of Christendom for the recovery of Christian property or in defense of the Church or Christian people.

■ Basically a Massacre

○ Considered crusades as penitential warfare. ■ combined 2 ideas

○ Been romanticized in today's work. ■ Several military campaigns.

Why Were Europeans Willing To Fight The Crusades?

● “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the [Muslims], shall have immediate [forgiveness] of sins.”

-Pope Urban II, 1095● Besides the promise of forgiveness, there were also political, religious or economic reasons

Reasons

The desire to take control of Jerusalem away from Muslims

The belief that fighting in a crusade would give you forgiveness of sins

The chance to travel and make money

The desire to defend the Byzantine Empire from the Turks

The opportunity for younger sons of European nobles to get new land in the Middle East

The possibility of opening up new trade routes between Europe and the Middle East

Where Were Crusades fought?● “Traditionalists” would limit true

crusades to expeditions aimed at recovering or protecting Jerusalem.

● “Pluralists” regard any expedition preached as a crusade in which the participants took crusading vows and received crusading privileges should be regarded as crusades.

● The crusades were not fought only in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, but in Spain, the Baltic, Italy, Sicily and southern France.

How Many Crusades Were There?The Crusades is often separated into eight parts:

● the first, 1096-1099;● the second, headed by Louis VII, 1145-49;● the third, conducted by Philip Augustus and Richard

Coeur-de-Lion, 1188-92;● the fourth, during which Constantinople was taken,

1204;● the fifth, which included the conquest of Damietta,

1217- 1229;● the sixth, in which Frederick II took part (1228-29);

also Thibaud de Champagne and Richard of Cornwall(1239);

● the seventh, led by St. Louis, 1249-52;● the eighth, also under St. Louis, 1270.

First Crusade

● First major war of conquest launched by western Europe since the decline of the Roman Empire

● The first official crusade began with a call to arms from Pope Urban II in 1095 CE. Armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II’s plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land.

● A major incentive for the First Crusade was the Pope's desire to bring the Greek Orthodox Christians of the East under the control of the Roman Catholic Church in the West.

Pope Urban II

The Pitch: Clermont

○ Urban delivered his sales pitch for the First Crusade at a council of clergy in the French town of Clermont.

○ The speech exaggerated the threat of Islam in apocalyptic terms.

○ To rile up the crowd, Urban accused Muslims of committing horrible atrocities against Christians.

Speech at Clermont

People’s Crusade

● This was considered the introduction to the First Crusade

● The speech Urban made at Clermont was what inspired people to start this.

● Estimates on the People's Crusade vary, but an army of anywhere from 40-100 thousand unskilled peasants marched east from Northern Europe to cleanse the world of nonbelievers.

● It is also known as the Peasants' Crusade, Paupers' Crusade or the Popular Crusade as it was not part of the official Catholic Church-organised expeditions.

● It was lead primarily by Peter the Hermit

Role of Women

● The women at battle would take part in activities such as bringing water to warriors, undertook basic medical and hygiene care and and acted as traders and craftspeople.

● After the bloody first crusade, Pope Urban II declared that no women, old person, or child could take part in the crusades.

● The women who lived during the Crusades were faced with many challenges and opportunities.

● the women who were left behind had to govern their husband's name, defend their estate or castle, engage in legal transactions, oversee agricultural activities, and raise children

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Activity: Discovering the Crusades !

● Separate into 6 groups ● Each group will receive a summary of one of the eight

Crusades ( not including the first one)● Your job is to present your crusade in a creative way

(acting, board drawing, etc…)● You will be given 7 minutes to prepare

Impact of the first crusade on the Christian communities of the Eastern Mediterranean in the past and present.

○ Approximately two-thirds of the Christian world had been conquered by Muslims.

○ After Pope Urban’s speech made at Clermont, many people were inspired to rally.

■ People’s Crusade. ● Role of violence in Christianity.

■ violent persecution developed a reputation as a ruthless and exploitive group.

● Christians horrible violence in the name of their God.○ inspired many to convert to Christianity.

○ Violence, attitude of medieval Christians before the Crusades. ■ Pope Urban II may have called the First Crusade in an attempt to reduce violence.■ Plan backfired.

○ The Crusaders brought back exotic new objects, knowledge,

○ These changes among the Christian world helped spark the Renaissance, and eventually set Europe on a course toward global conquest.

Impact of the first crusade on the Muslim communities of the Eastern Mediterranean in the past and present.

○ Terrible effect on some of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. ■ Antioch (1097 CE) and Jerusalem (1099) ■ Christians sacked the cities and massacred the Muslim and Jewish.

○ Islam and Christianity, both monotheistic, were closer to each other's philosophies. ■ Yet Europe turned its hostilities towards Islam.

● One effect of the Crusades was the creation of a new hero for the Islamic world.○ Saladin, the Kurdish sultan of Syria and Egypt.

Impact of the first crusade on the Jewish communities of the Eastern Mediterranean in the past and present.

○ Jewish Suffered no less than those in Europe. ○ Before Jewish people had been living peacefully under the Muslim-ruled Jerusalem.○ When the crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099, massacred the Jewish population along with

the Muslims.○ Subsequent crusades during the Late Middle Ages

■ The Shepherd's Crusade of 1320

● Effect on present-one of the reasons for Later Anti-Semitism.● Christian identity=outsiders.

○ Jerusalem, palestine, israel still a battle

Overall effects of the Crusades on Medieval Life.

○ The Crusades kept all Europe in a tumult,.■ 2,000,000 to 6,000,000 according to different estimates

● On the other hand, the Holy Wars were productive indirectly the progress of civilization.

○ The effects of the crusades influenced:● The role, wealth and power of the Catholic Church● Political effects● Effects of the Crusades on Commerce● Effects of the Crusades on Feudalism● Social development● Trade● Intellectual development● Social Effects of the Crusades● Effects of the Crusades - Intellectual Development● Effects of the Crusades - Material Development● Effects of the Crusades - Voyages of Discovery

Thankyou