the construction technique of acheh’s vernacular archihtecture 2

7/24/2019 The Construction Technique of Achehs Vernacular Archihtecture 2

1/13

The Construction Technique of Achehs Vernacular

Archihtecture

1.1 Abstract

Indonesia is well known of their culture and historical and geographical. These

influence of their architecture style in Indonesia. The architecute reflect the diversity

of their culture and historical. The people from outside, colonizers, missionaries

brought their own culture and effected to the building styles and technique in

Indonesia.

1.2 Introduction

Indonesia got a lot of vernacular traditional house but it is different depend on

their place. There are about 17 vernacular traditional houses in whole sumatera such

as Rumoh Aceh in Aceh, Rumah Melayu Riau at Riau and Rumah Gadang at

Sumatera Barat. Diagram 1.1 below shows the map around Sumatera with their style

of traditional house. Sumatera Traditional House is referred to the style of

Austronesia. Consists of a rectangular array on top of a wooden coloumn with an

extended roof displays the value both ends to create sloping outwards for example

the Batak rumah adat and the Torajan Tongkonan. Traditional Indonesia House is

made of timber without any nails. All the houses have same system structure in all

place with straight coloumn and horizontal column to support load, then connect the

floors, walls and roofs. Main structure is using connection technique without any

nails. Besides, the wall and roof is using the pasak kayu and tali serat tanaman.

The structure of these houses is remains up to 150 years.

Style of the taditional house in Indonesia is reflecting to the culture surrounding

especially their motif and pattern. The houses are at the centre of a web of customs,

myths and religions that bind community togrther. The house provides the main

focus for the family and its community.


2/13

Diagram 1.1: Differences of Indonesia Traditional House.


3/13

Figure 1.2:

Torajan

Tongkonan

(Source: http://pettyandposh.com/)

Figure 1.3: Rumah Adat Batak

(Source: http://rumahadat.blog.com/)

1.3 Rumoh Aceh

Aceh tribes are most of the province of Aceh Darussalam have traditional

vernacular house. Traditional house can be classified into residential house place

of worship and a place to store wealth. The residential space called Rumoh Aceh.
http://pettyandposh.com/http://rumahadat.blog.com/http://pettyandposh.com/http://rumahadat.blog.com/


4/13

Rumoh Aceh is constructed on stick and it could be divided with three section,

ground, centre and roof.

Diagram

1.4: The space

divide into 3

areas, ground, centre and roof.

1.3.1 Ground Area

Ground area of Rumoh Aceh height to the floor is about 2.3 meter front and

back and 2.8 meter at the centre area. Column is constructed straightly in 4

lines front, centre front, centre back and back. Between the coloumn have 6coloumns. Distance of the coloumn to coloumn is about 2.5 meter. The

column is not put inside the ground but it put on the stone.


5/13

Diagram 1.5: Structure Rumoh Aceh from front perspective.

Diagram 1.6 The Coloumn structure Rumoh Aceh

(Source :http://thedeadbears.blogspot.my/)
http://thedeadbears.blogspot.my/http://thedeadbears.blogspot.my/


6/13

Digram 1.7: The columns is on the ground.

(Source: Mohamad Ihsan, Universitas Indonesia )

The structure of the house is supported by 2 main timber,peulangan. The

peulangan is located at the end of balok toi centre area (ungai). To make sure ofthe strengthen rok and toi bajoe is putt in each holes.

Diagram 1.8: Isometric Structure of Rumoh Aceh

1.3.2 Centre AreaCentre area or upper level consists of 3 spaces which is front space called

seuramoe rinyeuen atau seuramoe keue, centre space called tungai and

backspace called seramoe likot. The level is increase at centre space about half

meter with the front and backspace. The shape of the house is rectangle. The

main entrance is centre of house and window at the side of the house. The

staicase made of timber.


7/13

Diagram 1.9 Floor Plan of Rumoh Aceh

Installation of flooring (aleue) in a way few blocks about 9 pieces above the

beams (toi). The floor will put under the beam. The floors made of bamboo or tree

nut parts. now were mostly made of boards. Installation of the floor by tying it

with a string of rattan or rope fibers on bond called Rante aleue.


8/13

1.3.3 Roof Area

The roof area is usually referred as bagian atas by the locals. It is located at the upper

part of the center area. The attic or para can function as the place to store the familys

item. The roof part is usually made from the sago palm leaves and tied using fiber

rope.

Diagram 2.0 The roof structure of Rumoh Aceh.

(Source: http://nusantara-vernacular.blogspot.my/2014_09_01_archive.html)

1.3.4 Materials

Rumoh Aceh is a vernacular based architecture house therefore, most of the materials

used are abundant in the Aceh context especially in the jungle. Mainly the materials

that is needed to build Rumoh Aceh are:

Woods. Woods are the main material for building Rumoh Aceh. They are used

to make tameh (beam), tot roek, bara, bara linteung, kuda-kuda, tuleueng rueng,

indreng, etc.

Board. It is used to make the floor and walls.


9/13

Trieng (bamboo). Bamboo is used to make gasen (lath), floor foundation,

beuleubah (where the roof is hooked), etc.

Enau/temor (sugar palm). Besides bamboo, sometimes enau is also used to

make floor and wall. Taloe meu-ikat (binding rope). Binding rope is usually made of palm fiber,

rattan, waru tree bark, and sometimes plastic rope.

Oen meuria (sago palm leaf) is used to make the roof.

Enau leaves. Beside oen meuria, sometimes enau leaves are also used to make

the roof.

Peuleupeuk meuria (stem of sago palm). This material is used to make wall,

racks, and sanding.

1.3.5 Method of Measurements

Diagram 2.1. The use of basic measurement in construction of Rumoh Aceh.

(Source:Ethnic Identity in Urban Architecture.Indonesian Houses. Volume 2 :

Survey of vernacular architecture in Western IndonesiaP.Nas. KITLV, 2008.)

The method of measurement used in the vernacular house in Aceh is based on

local terms. They refer parts of bodys length as common measurement guideline.


10/13

This included such lengths as the distance between the spread-out thumb and

middle finger (punkas), the length of the whole arm (Ihuek), and the span of the

spread-out arms including the chest (deupa). The house materials were prepared

using the first three essential meas-urements. The shorter posts, for example, had

to be eleven halt. The binders connecting the long posts in the middle had to be

nine halt in length and one paleut in width. The wooden tenon used to fix the

beam in the post had a width of two fingers. As the beams were mortised through

the posts, the part that overlapped was the width of a hand. The stones supporting

the posts had a width of three hands.

1.3.6 Discussion.

Ground level

Column

Diagram 2.2. The basic foundation of stilt column in Rumoh Aceh..

The construction of rumah Aceh is based on stilt vernacular architecture which

create huge gap between the ground to floor. The method of construction is based

on the adaptation of the local community towards the Acehs context since


11/13

hundreds of years ago. The gap in between the floor and ground prevent the

building to receive the direct impact from the soil movement since Aceh is prone

to earthquake. Beside that flood devastate the Acehs ground annually since the

heavy rain tropical climate and veins of rivers throughout Aceh flow to the coast

which surround major part north, east and west of Aceh. The stilt and gap of the

vernacular Aceh house allow the water to flow freely and prevent the house from

drifted by the strong water current.

Centre area

Diagram 2.3. The movement of Rumoh Acehs structure during the earthquake.

The main component for the house center area is the diagonal beam that support

the floor. During the earthquake, the whole upper building will be shaken as well

while fixed to the ground however it will move opposite of the soil movement.

The axial movement from the beam that hold the house upper part at the

connecting point with the column swinging to and fro reduce the inertia impact.


12/13

Diagram 2.4. The axial motion of the house set by the earthquake. The diagonal

beam support the side by side movement by the earthquake while bind to the

vertical point of the column..

During the Aceh post tsunami period, some of the traditional vernacular house

that adapt the traditional method of construction and built on stilt survived and

been repaired.

Roof


13/13

Diagram 2.5. The black ijuk (fiber rope) is one of the fire safety features of

Rumoh Aceh.

The Thatch roof is highly susceptible to fire due to its flammable material nature.

The fire can spread easily from the roof to other neighboring house. The Aceh

community has adapt the use of the thatch roof due to its abundance source of

material and develop construction method to overcome the risk of fire. The Thatch

leaves are weaves with a fibre rope called ijuk to the roof structure layers by

layers. The ijuk is then tied to one of the roofs structure in exposed position. The

ijuk which is made from palm leaves leaves black color appearance are then ready

to be cut off by its occupant in case of fire. The black ijuk that connect the whole

thatch roof will immediately fall to avoid further damage by the fire.

the construction technique of acheh’s vernacular archihtecture 2

Documents