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The Construction Technique of Achehs Vernacular
Archihtecture
1.1 Abstract
Indonesia is well known of their culture and historical and geographical. These
influence of their architecture style in Indonesia. The architecute reflect the diversity
of their culture and historical. The people from outside, colonizers, missionaries
brought their own culture and effected to the building styles and technique in
Indonesia.
1.2 Introduction
Indonesia got a lot of vernacular traditional house but it is different depend on
their place. There are about 17 vernacular traditional houses in whole sumatera such
as Rumoh Aceh in Aceh, Rumah Melayu Riau at Riau and Rumah Gadang at
Sumatera Barat. Diagram 1.1 below shows the map around Sumatera with their style
of traditional house. Sumatera Traditional House is referred to the style of
Austronesia. Consists of a rectangular array on top of a wooden coloumn with an
extended roof displays the value both ends to create sloping outwards for example
the Batak rumah adat and the Torajan Tongkonan. Traditional Indonesia House is
made of timber without any nails. All the houses have same system structure in all
place with straight coloumn and horizontal column to support load, then connect the
floors, walls and roofs. Main structure is using connection technique without any
nails. Besides, the wall and roof is using the pasak kayu and tali serat tanaman.
The structure of these houses is remains up to 150 years.
Style of the taditional house in Indonesia is reflecting to the culture surrounding
especially their motif and pattern. The houses are at the centre of a web of customs,
myths and religions that bind community togrther. The house provides the main
focus for the family and its community.
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Diagram 1.1: Differences of Indonesia Traditional House.
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Figure 1.2:
Torajan
Tongkonan
(Source: http://pettyandposh.com/)
Figure 1.3: Rumah Adat Batak
(Source: http://rumahadat.blog.com/)
1.3 Rumoh Aceh
Aceh tribes are most of the province of Aceh Darussalam have traditional
vernacular house. Traditional house can be classified into residential house place
of worship and a place to store wealth. The residential space called Rumoh Aceh.
http://pettyandposh.com/http://rumahadat.blog.com/http://pettyandposh.com/http://rumahadat.blog.com/ -
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Rumoh Aceh is constructed on stick and it could be divided with three section,
ground, centre and roof.
Diagram
1.4: The space
divide into 3
areas, ground, centre and roof.
1.3.1 Ground Area
Ground area of Rumoh Aceh height to the floor is about 2.3 meter front and
back and 2.8 meter at the centre area. Column is constructed straightly in 4
lines front, centre front, centre back and back. Between the coloumn have 6coloumns. Distance of the coloumn to coloumn is about 2.5 meter. The
column is not put inside the ground but it put on the stone.
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Diagram 1.5: Structure Rumoh Aceh from front perspective.
Diagram 1.6 The Coloumn structure Rumoh Aceh
(Source :http://thedeadbears.blogspot.my/)
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Digram 1.7: The columns is on the ground.
(Source: Mohamad Ihsan, Universitas Indonesia )
The structure of the house is supported by 2 main timber,peulangan. The
peulangan is located at the end of balok toi centre area (ungai). To make sure ofthe strengthen rok and toi bajoe is putt in each holes.
Diagram 1.8: Isometric Structure of Rumoh Aceh
1.3.2 Centre AreaCentre area or upper level consists of 3 spaces which is front space called
seuramoe rinyeuen atau seuramoe keue, centre space called tungai and
backspace called seramoe likot. The level is increase at centre space about half
meter with the front and backspace. The shape of the house is rectangle. The
main entrance is centre of house and window at the side of the house. The
staicase made of timber.
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Diagram 1.9 Floor Plan of Rumoh Aceh
Installation of flooring (aleue) in a way few blocks about 9 pieces above the
beams (toi). The floor will put under the beam. The floors made of bamboo or tree
nut parts. now were mostly made of boards. Installation of the floor by tying it
with a string of rattan or rope fibers on bond called Rante aleue.
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1.3.3 Roof Area
The roof area is usually referred as bagian atas by the locals. It is located at the upper
part of the center area. The attic or para can function as the place to store the familys
item. The roof part is usually made from the sago palm leaves and tied using fiber
rope.
Diagram 2.0 The roof structure of Rumoh Aceh.
(Source: http://nusantara-vernacular.blogspot.my/2014_09_01_archive.html)
1.3.4 Materials
Rumoh Aceh is a vernacular based architecture house therefore, most of the materials
used are abundant in the Aceh context especially in the jungle. Mainly the materials
that is needed to build Rumoh Aceh are:
Woods. Woods are the main material for building Rumoh Aceh. They are used
to make tameh (beam), tot roek, bara, bara linteung, kuda-kuda, tuleueng rueng,
indreng, etc.
Board. It is used to make the floor and walls.
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Trieng (bamboo). Bamboo is used to make gasen (lath), floor foundation,
beuleubah (where the roof is hooked), etc.
Enau/temor (sugar palm). Besides bamboo, sometimes enau is also used to
make floor and wall. Taloe meu-ikat (binding rope). Binding rope is usually made of palm fiber,
rattan, waru tree bark, and sometimes plastic rope.
Oen meuria (sago palm leaf) is used to make the roof.
Enau leaves. Beside oen meuria, sometimes enau leaves are also used to make
the roof.
Peuleupeuk meuria (stem of sago palm). This material is used to make wall,
racks, and sanding.
1.3.5 Method of Measurements
Diagram 2.1. The use of basic measurement in construction of Rumoh Aceh.
(Source:Ethnic Identity in Urban Architecture.Indonesian Houses. Volume 2 :
Survey of vernacular architecture in Western IndonesiaP.Nas. KITLV, 2008.)
The method of measurement used in the vernacular house in Aceh is based on
local terms. They refer parts of bodys length as common measurement guideline.
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This included such lengths as the distance between the spread-out thumb and
middle finger (punkas), the length of the whole arm (Ihuek), and the span of the
spread-out arms including the chest (deupa). The house materials were prepared
using the first three essential meas-urements. The shorter posts, for example, had
to be eleven halt. The binders connecting the long posts in the middle had to be
nine halt in length and one paleut in width. The wooden tenon used to fix the
beam in the post had a width of two fingers. As the beams were mortised through
the posts, the part that overlapped was the width of a hand. The stones supporting
the posts had a width of three hands.
1.3.6 Discussion.
Ground level
Column
Diagram 2.2. The basic foundation of stilt column in Rumoh Aceh..
The construction of rumah Aceh is based on stilt vernacular architecture which
create huge gap between the ground to floor. The method of construction is based
on the adaptation of the local community towards the Acehs context since
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hundreds of years ago. The gap in between the floor and ground prevent the
building to receive the direct impact from the soil movement since Aceh is prone
to earthquake. Beside that flood devastate the Acehs ground annually since the
heavy rain tropical climate and veins of rivers throughout Aceh flow to the coast
which surround major part north, east and west of Aceh. The stilt and gap of the
vernacular Aceh house allow the water to flow freely and prevent the house from
drifted by the strong water current.
Centre area
Diagram 2.3. The movement of Rumoh Acehs structure during the earthquake.
The main component for the house center area is the diagonal beam that support
the floor. During the earthquake, the whole upper building will be shaken as well
while fixed to the ground however it will move opposite of the soil movement.
The axial movement from the beam that hold the house upper part at the
connecting point with the column swinging to and fro reduce the inertia impact.
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Diagram 2.4. The axial motion of the house set by the earthquake. The diagonal
beam support the side by side movement by the earthquake while bind to the
vertical point of the column..
During the Aceh post tsunami period, some of the traditional vernacular house
that adapt the traditional method of construction and built on stilt survived and
been repaired.
Roof
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Diagram 2.5. The black ijuk (fiber rope) is one of the fire safety features of
Rumoh Aceh.
The Thatch roof is highly susceptible to fire due to its flammable material nature.
The fire can spread easily from the roof to other neighboring house. The Aceh
community has adapt the use of the thatch roof due to its abundance source of
material and develop construction method to overcome the risk of fire. The Thatch
leaves are weaves with a fibre rope called ijuk to the roof structure layers by
layers. The ijuk is then tied to one of the roofs structure in exposed position. The
ijuk which is made from palm leaves leaves black color appearance are then ready
to be cut off by its occupant in case of fire. The black ijuk that connect the whole
thatch roof will immediately fall to avoid further damage by the fire.