the construction specifications institute · 2014. 7. 18. · april 2011 the construction...
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April 2011
The ConstructionSpecifications InstituteSanta Clara Valley Chapter
Serving the Valley of Santa Clara since 1960
April’s progrAm
stormwAter pollution prevention requirements
When: Thursday, April 7, 2011
Location: Biltmore Hotel and Suites 2151 Laurelwood Road, Santa Clara (Montague Expressway & 101)
times: Board Meeting: 5:00 p.m. Social Hour: 6:00 p.m. Dinner: 7:00 p.m. Program: 8:00 p.m.
menu: Tossed salad; breaded turkey cutlets grilled and topped with marinara sauce, mushrooms, and mozzarella cheese.; wine; dessert, coffee or tea.
OR Tossed salad; ravioli stuffed with shiitake mushrooms served on a bed of marinara sauce with vegetables; wine; dessert, coffee or tea.
Guests are welcome • No-shows will be billed
cost: No host bar, dinner is $32.00 including gratuity and tax.
RSVP: Please make your reservations to Krista Nelson with choice of meal by 12:00 p.m. on Tuesday, April 5th. email: [email protected] phone: (408) 535-2935
The cities in Santa Clara Valley have a joint permit to discharge stormwater to San Francisco Bay. The permit was recently reissued as a “Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit” (MRP) that covers 76 municipal agencies in the Bay Area. The MRP includes new requirements for “low impact development” (LID) site design, pollutant source control, and treatment measures at new and redevelopment projects. In addition, the State recently adopted a new Construction General Permit with requirements for stormwater pollution prevention at construction sites as small as one acre. In this presentation you will find out what these requirements are, when they apply, and how they will affect your business or project. In addition, you will learn about different types of LID measures and resources available to help with their design.
Presenter:Our speaker is Jill Bicknell, P.E. of EOA, Inc., an environmental consulting firm that manages the Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program. Ms. Bicknell is a water resources engineer with a masters
degree from Stanford University and over 25 years of consulting engineering and project management experience. She has extensive knowledge of stormwater treatment best management practices and has given numerous presentations throughout the Bay area and State on the new development requirements.
Learning Objectives: � Understand the new local low impact development
requirements � Awareness of new state-wide stormwater pollution
prevention requirements � Understand the impacts of new requirements on
your projects � Insights into the various resources for design within
the new SWPP requirements
continuing education:
This program meets CSI/CEN and AIA/CES criteria. Participants will receive 0.1 hours of Continuing Education Units (CEUs) and 1 hour of LUS (learning units).
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April 2011
2010-2011BoArd of directors
presidentJim Morelan, CSI, AIA
(408) [email protected]
vice presidentKevin Norman, CSI, AIA, LEED
(650) [email protected]
treAsurerJim O’Keefe, CSI(415) 310-5896
secretAryMaia Gendreau, CSI, CDT, AIA
(408) 297-0288 [email protected]
immediAte pAst-presidentHannah Moyer, CSI, CDT, AIA, LEED
(650) [email protected]
directors - industryJohn Pluff, CSI(650) 321-9110
Rose Garrison, CSI(650) 868-7143
director - professionAlDede Impink, CSI, [email protected]
Rietta McCain, CSI, CCCA, AIA (408) 535-2962
region directorJulie Brown, CSI, CCS, SCIP
(408) [email protected]
west region institute directors
President: Craig Mount, CSI, CDT(213) 593-8280
Vice-Pres.: David Willis, CSI, CDT(559) 896-1649
ARRP, Architects Really Retired from Practice is not what those initials represent, but it sounds good! Actually, only a few of you are probably reading ARRP’s monthly newspaper, so I will share some interesting facts. Going green is one of the six trends that Baby Boomers, a major consumer force representing half of all consumer spending, considers important. The other five trends are looking great, staying wired, pampering our kids, eating better, and doing good. You don’t need to be over 55 to make these trends important in your daily life or spending. I enjoyed reading about the fact that 80% of Baby Boomers view themselves as “green” and are more willing to pay more for environmentally responsible products. Have you noticed that to be true with your architectural and building projects?
Another interesting bit of reading and important to AIA and CSI members: What’s Next? This caption in bold red text on the front of ARCHITECT, the new official magazine of the American Institute of Architects, caught my attention. As you may remember, I advised you
president’s messAgeof the change a few months ago, that Architectural Record would no longer be a free publication for AIA members and that to keep receiving it, a paid subscription would be required, after January first. I also have enjoyed reading ARCHITECT magazine and renewed my subscription, only to receive two copies this month. When I called, they explained that I had a free copy from AIA and also a paid one, which I then cancelled. Now, even though I have paid for Architectural Record, I am getting regular promotions. This change came as a surprise, and it would have been helpful if each magazine and the AIA had been more explicit about the change to what’s next. Now you know!
Robert Ivy, FAIA, the editor-in-chief of Architectural Record since 1996 has been named the AIA’s new Executive Vice President and CEO. Paul Welch, Jr. Hon. AIA of the AIA California Council has been serving as acting EVP/CEO. His editorials are always interesting and he plans to focus on the profession’s future and the difficult months ahead. These issues are forefront in our minds and any information that will help us will be welcomed and good reading.
CSI’s certification of CDT or Construction Documents Technologist is one of the most important designations for CSI members. I have not taken the course, but I do plan to, once my Presidency is over. Some of our current members, who have completed this course, include Maia Gendreau, Hannah Moyer, Krista Nelson, Jerry Pozo, Creighton Pockalny, and Scott Tyson. CDT teaches how projects unfold from the point of view of
president • cont’d on pg 8
chApter presidentJim Morelan, CSI AIA
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April 2011
The Summary is published monthly by the Santa Clara Valley Chapter of the Construction Specifications Institute. The deadline for articles and announcements to be included is the 10th of the month. We encourage readers to submit articles of interest to our membership and the construction industry. Articles and images should be submitted in electronic form by e-mail. PDF, TIFF, JPEG, Microsoft Word or Rich Text Format would be appreciated.
Email submittals to: Rietta McCain
Keep csi up-to-dAte
Log in to www.csinet.org with your name and password, as described on the website. Then you have access to update your new address, new employment, or new email address... all at your fingertips. This way you will be sure to receive everything from Institute and our Chapter.
2010-2011 committee chAirsAwArds
Jim O’Keefe, CSI(415) 310-5896
[email protected] Julie Brown, CSI, CCS, SCIP
(408) [email protected]
continuing educAtionRietta McCain, CSI, CCCA, AIA
(408) 535-2962 [email protected]
educAtion seminAr Maia Gendreau, CSI, CDT, AIA
(408) 297-0288 [email protected]
greeter & rAffle Rose Garrison, CSI
(650) 868-7143 [email protected]
historiAn Julie Brown, CSI, CCS, SCIP
(408) 778-0633 [email protected]
mArKeting Rietta McCain, CSI, CCCA, AIA
(408) 535-2962 [email protected]
memBership Rose Garrison, CSI
(650) 868-7143 [email protected]
newsletter editor Rietta McCain, CSI, CCCA, AIA
(408) 535-2962 [email protected]
operAting houseKrista Nelson, CSI, CDT, RA, LEED
(408) [email protected]
progrAms Kevin Norman, CSI, AIA, LEED
(650) [email protected]
Julie Barrett, CSI, CDT (650) 464-2550
toys-for-tots Ron Adams, CSI (408) 435-1313
weBmAster Robert Anderson, CSI, CCCA
(808) 823-9353 [email protected]
west region conference 2012Hannah Moyer, CSI, CDT, AIA, LEED
(650) [email protected]
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April 2011
minutes of the BoArd meetingUnfinished Business Tax Exempt Status: Maia and Jim O’Keefe will have a meeting and get the Tax Exempt form completed next week.
Board Insurance: John Pluff circulated two quotes from insurance companies. A motion is made to acquire the less expensive option for insurance. Motion seconded and passes. The broker is Scolari, in the same building as Jim Morelan. Jim Morelan will follow up with the broker.
Nominations: Kevin is not here tonight. He and Rose were working on nominations. Elections are off schedule by a month now. Hopefully a slate of nominees can be circulated to the board by email prior to the next meeting.
Committee ReportsMembership: No report.
Education Seminar: No report.
Programs/Technical/SocialNo report.
Continuing EducationTonight’s program is registered with AIA and CSI and Hannah will be handling the paperwork.
Otis Elevator still needs to remit for the West Region advertising.
Year to date balance is positive.
Report is filed for annual review.
Region Director’s ReportA written report is distributed.
Upcoming West Region activities: The Speak-Out Meeting is tomorrow. Julie, Hannah and Jim O’Keefe will be attending the Speak Out Meeting. Julie will be attending the West Region Board Meeting on Saturday, where she will present a report on the progress of the West Region Conference 2012 planning. All members are invited to attend both meetings.
President’s ReportJim Morelan had a pleasant social event at his house.
Ballots and voting for Institute officers is happening, remember to vote.
Jim Morelan contacted new members and two new members will not be here tonight. Another new member, Steve, will be here and Jim will present his pin.
Jim Morelan sent the monthly Chapter meeting notice to the Business Journal, but it was not published.
CSI, Santa Clara Valley(Draft, Board Approval Pending)Place: Biltmore Hotel, Santa ClaraDate: March 3, 2011
OpeningThe meeting was called to order by Jim Morelan at 5:07 p.m.
AttendeesBoard MembersJim Morelan, CSI, AIA, LEED, President; Jim O’Keefe CSI, Treasurer; Maia Gendreau, AIA, CSI, CDT, Secretary; Hannah Moyer, CSI,AIA, LEED, Immediate Past President; John Pluff, CSI, Industry Director; Dede Impink, CSI, AIA, Professional Director.
Region LeadershipDave Willis, Vice President, CSI, CDT
Minutes The minutes of the February meeting were reviewed by those present. Minutes are approved as distributed.
Treasurer’s ReportChapter Dues form was submitted to Institute. Dues were not raised from last year.
Total amount on the drawing has increased by $81. The net difference between the current award and the next award is over $500.
minutes • cont’d on pg 5
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April 2011
plAnning
cAlendAr
chApter meetings
April 7 stormwAter
pollution
prevention requirements
mAy 5 tBd
June 2 AwArds dinner
plAn AheAd
CSI Annual Convention:Construct 2011 September 14-16, 2011 Chicago, IL
West Region ConferenceSpring 2012San Francisco Bay Area
CSI Annual Convention:Construct 2012 September 11-14, 2012 Phoenix, AZ
Greeter/RaffleRose is not here tonight, Maia will greet.
EditorThe deadline for the newsletter is Thursday the 10th at noon.
Historian: No report.
AwardsJulie Brown and Jim O’Keefe are going to start on awards next week.
Craftsman Award Task TeamThe team is meeting after the board meeting to continue work.
Website: No report.
Operating/House: No report.
Toys-for-Tots: No report.
Marketing: No report.
West Region Conference 2012The site is selected and a preliminary selection of dates is selected. April 11 is the scheduled date, alternate dates are also selected for April and May. The product fair is being planned to be available for several days. The Santa Clara Valley and San Francisco Chapters need to be noticed that each will be expected to put up their half of $2,500 deposit. A motion is made pre-approve the down payment for Santa Clara Valley Chapter’s share of the deposit for the Conference. Motion carries. Jim O’Keefe may issue a check for the deposit when required.
Bylaws ReviewSince it appears that the Board will acquire Board Insurance, an indemnification clause was distributed to the committee for review and inclusion in the updated by-laws. Maia will press the committee to come to resolution. Modifications to the bylaws need to be voted on by membership, and can hopefully be on the same ballot with elections. Otherwise, another election will need to be held to get membership vote.
AnnouncementsAssociation of Schools in Construction Management has an annual event, a problem solving conference. The West Region and Reno Chapter are considering getting a booth to promote CSI.
The Fresno Chapter is hosting a product show and golf tournament in April.
ClosingThe meeting was adjourned by Jim Morelan at 5:55 p.m.
minutes • from pg 4
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April 2011
Leadership is not a spectator sport.
csi BoArd flAshAn updAte from the feBruAry 27 csi BoArd meeting
members to participate in question writing. The Board is excited to foster another way to tap into our members’ subject matter expertise in the areas of project delivery, specifying, contract administration and product representation. Watch CSI Weekly, CSI’s e-newsletter, for more information on this program as it becomes available.
Practice ToolsThe new series of CSI Practice Guides debuted in January 2011 and were available for Board review. The Project Delivery, Construction Specifications, and Construction Contract Administration Practice Guides are available in the CSI Store. The Project Delivery Practice Guide will be the key reference publication for the CDT program beginning with the Fall 2011 certification testing cycle.
Future ActionsThe CSI Board’s next face-to-face meeting will be June 24-26 in Minneapolis. All CSI members are welcome to attend the Board meeting as observers.
knowledge of online leader tools and resources; and are confident in communicating CSI’s member value proposition to their colleagues. Watch the monthly CSI Leader e-newsletter for information on this training as plans are finalized.
Standards and FormatsThe Board reviewed progress on the release of the MasterFormat 2011 Update, scheduled for March 28. This latest update incorporates recommendations made by MasterFormat supporting organizations (ARCAT, ARCOM, BSD, CSRF, McGraw-Hill Construction, & Reed Construction Data) and users during the past year. Those recommendations were reviewed and approved by the MasterFormat Maintenance Task Team. Learn more about MasterFormat.
Education and CertificationThe Board meeting was held in conjunction with the successful, sold-out CSI Academies. More than 170 construction professionals attended the event to learn construction industry skills from CSI in the areas of product representation, contract administration, and specifying.
Registration for the spring certification testing cycle closed on February 26. More than 1,500 individuals have registered for the CDT, CCS, CCCA, and CCPR examinations this year. Registration for the fall testing cycle will open in April.
The Board supports plans to expand certification exam question writing opportunities. The Certification Committee is implementing a web-based system to allow more CSI
The CSI Board met February 26 and 27 in Dallas to ensure that the organization is making progress in serving the membership in the four key areas of the CSI Strategic Plan.
MembershipThe Board remains squarely focused on continually increasing the value of membership, which is the key to attracting new members and growing participation. CSI’s membership increased in January to 12,448 members. The Board discussed a number of opportunities for members to participate in CSI activities, from meetings at the chapter level to online collaboration systems. Keeping CSI members involved is essential for a strong community.
The Board also reviewed the success of various recruitment and retention efforts. The Every1Counts campaign, which launched October 1, encourages individual members to share the value of CSI with colleagues and ask them to join. (Nearly 80% of members indicate they have joined CSI because a colleague recommended they do so.) More than 350 new members have been recruited through this campaign. Top recruiters will be recognized with prizes, including the top prize: a trip to CONSTRUCT2011 & The CSI Annual Convention in Chicago in September.
The Board continued planning for leadership development training at its June meeting in Minneapolis, and at the Annual Convention. The events will include region and chapter leaders and national committee/task team leaders. The Board’s goal is to provide CSI leaders at all levels with training to ensure they share common understanding of their roles; possess
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April 2011
CSI Bylaws AmendmentsThe membership approved an amendment to CSI’s Bylaws that: � Combines the Professional
Member, Industry Member, and Associate Member classifications, and create a single class of voting members, titled Professional Member.
� Renames the Intermediate Member classification “Emerging Professional Member,” to better associate it with professionals just entering the construction community. Emerging Professional Members shall have all the rights and privileges of Professional Members, except that they shall not be eligible to vote in Institute elections, and they shall not be eligible to hold elective Institute office.
CSI’s other membership classifications (ex. Student, Retired) are not affected. CSI will also continue to identify members’ occupations for the purposes of tracking the Institute’s diversity and ensuring members receive information that meets their career needs.
This change will be effective July 1, 2011. A task team chaired by Sheldon Wolfe, RA, FCSI, CCS, CCCA, CSC has already been assigned to address and communicate how these changes
will affect CSI’s operating documents such as the Region and Chapter Model Bylaws. Members will receive updates in CSI Weekly and CSI Leader in the coming months. National Election ResultsTaking office on CSI’s national Board on July 1, 2011:
President-elect: Gregory Markling, FCSI, CCS, CCCA, AIA, LEED AP, NCARB
Vice President - Professional: Mitch Miller, CSI, CCS, AIA
Director-at-large: Leslie Schlesinger, CSI, CDT
Secretary: Lane Beougher, FCSI, CCS, CCCA, AIA, LEED AP
Director from the Great Lakes Region: Gary Beimers, FCSI, CDT, CSC, SCIP
Director from the Middle Atlantic Region: Raymond E. Gaines, FCSI, CCS, AIA
Director from the North Central Region: Ross T. Mori, PE, CSI, SE
Director from the South Central Region: Dorothy A. Gumm Denison, CSI, Member Emeritus, CCS
Director from the Southwest Region: Ronald L. Geren, CSI, CCS, AIA, SCIP
csi 2011 institute election results Buch notesBy edmund Buch, csi ccs AiA
The American Institute of Steel Construction, (AISC), is an authoritative source for structural and architectural information related to steel construction. In addition to their excellent free monthly magazine, Modern Steel Construction, the AISC also hosts a website with extensive information on steel construction. Most of this is aimed at structural engineers but I recently came across two publications on the website that will be useful for architects and product reps. The first is on fire protection in buildings and the other is on seismic and earthquake design.
The AISC website can be found at, www.aisc.org. In Facts for Steel Buildings, located in the Free Pubs tab on the home page, you’ll find “Fire Facts” and “Earthquakes and Seismic Design” both which can be downloaded for free.
“Fire Facts” starts with a section on basic fire science. Here, the four stages of a typical fire and factors leading to “flashover” are described. Heat transfer and temperatures resulting from different building fire conditions are explained. The difference
Buch notes • cont’d on pg 9
Page 8
April 2011French counterparts. Included also are four models of wineries by star architects, exotic glassware, wine labels and a “smell wall.”
Remember your CSI pin. If you wear your pin to our meetings, you will receive one additional free drawing ticket free when you buy tickets. The drawing amount is now at about $1,700, and the winner could be you and soon. Other prizes usually include special selected wine.
Paying online may soon be very different. I read in the Mercury News an article that explained the newest technology being developed for cell phone use that will allow two people to just bump or touch their phones together to pay each other, instead of reaching into their pockets for cash. Can you imagine how this new activity may affect the legal meaning of “inappropriate touching?” It may also change how we use the phrases: “guess who I bumped into” or “let’s keep in touch.” It could be an advantage for collecting from late-paying clients by accidentally bumping into them.
CSI Learning On-Demand is another program that is way of learning and keeping up with “what’s next.” Webinars are available on a wide range of subjects, from Moldy and Wet, to How Courts Interpret Specifications. Costs are around $55 for members. Also, remember that great resources available by calling our member product representatives for product information and answers to technical questions.
Spring is just around the corner and I think we are ready for our usual sunshine! Just think about the Eskimos’ natural passive solar design of an ice igloo. When the outdoor temperature is –35 F, the inside temperature is +60 F. That’s cool!
president • from pg 2the documents. The program was developed for those who prepare or assist in project documents and those who use them. That includes most of us. Exams are held from March to April at Prometric test centers around the country. More information about CDT courses is available at www.csinet.org or talk to one of our members who have completed the course.
Dinner programs are always informative, even if there is not an immediate, “need to know,” a security term I learned in the military. February’s speaker, Badri Prasad, SE discussed and presented an informative program that addressed selecting structural systems for seismic resistance in multi-story buildings. Now I understand, in 1989’s big quake, the reason my fourth floor office in the Pruneyard Tower II (the shorter, nine-story building) shook so much. It has a rigid steel frame that moves a lot like a spring with no consideration for base isolation. The last ten years, I have enjoyed being on the ground floor of a one-story building that has a door directly to the exterior. Well, the building does have real adobe veneer, and according to our CSI West Region Vice President, Dave Willis, it was manufactured in Fresno, his chapter area.
Wine paring has become a tradition for our holiday party and special events, thanks to member Ron Ronconi’s expertise and contributions. You may be interested in a special exhibit at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, scheduled until April 17 titled: How Wine Became Modern: Design + Wine 1976 to Now. This exhibit analyzes wine’s rise in cultural influence since the landmark 1976 judgment of Paris in which California vintages were deemed superior to their
csi scv BylAw chAnges
By mAiA gendreAu, csi cdt AiA
The Santa Clara Valley Chapter of CSI operates under bylaws originally created in 1967. As the recent governance change at Institute level is underway, the Institute has requested Chapters to review their bylaws to ascertain that the language and titles of the individual chapters is in conformance with Institute.
To facilitate this effort, Institute has developed model bylaws against which the individual Chapter’s are to be compared. The process has been first for the Institute to review the Chapter’s bylaws and recommend modifications. Secondly, a Chapter task team is currently reviewing the bylaws and will make recommendations to the Board and Membership on the modification of the bylaws.
To finalize the change, the bylaws will be voted on by membership, hopefully at the time of the general elections in Spring 2011. Modifications to the bylaws that are under consideration include adding the terms of office to the Officer’s descriptions and consideration of adding an indemnification clause to the bylaws.
You can see the current bylaws on the Chapter’s website at www.csiscv.org. Look for the bylaws changes in the spring elections, and if you have questions or comments you can reach the chair, Maia Gendreau, at [email protected].
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April 2011
and any input that they would like to give us, as we work to develop the criteria and other requirements for this new award.
This is not a design award, nor an award for a piece of art commissioned for a building. It is an award for a design teams incorporation of an artistic feature or element. An artistic feature or element that is an outstanding example of high quality workmanship, use and installation of materials utilized with craftsmen fine overall craftsmanship in conjunction with the construction of a building. CSI is about documentation for a level of quality; and we thought it would be good to combine these skills and recognize the design teams and craftsmen.
If you, or others you may know, wish to participate on the Task Team, please share your ideas and thoughts as we develop the criteria, or join the Task Team in this development. Contact Julie Brown (408) 778-0633 or [email protected].
looKing for your AssistAnceBy mel cole, fcsi, ccs, scip And Julie K. Brown, csi, ccs, scip
CSI is an organization comprised of all of the members of the Design/Construction field. One of its primary goals is to espouse the necessity for the clear and complete documentation required to construct a high quality end result for the owners of the facilities. The design professional prepares a set of drawings to show how the parts are put together and the specifier on that design team defines the quality of the materials and workmanship of the components used in the construction process. It is in that end that the Santa Clara Valley Chapter of CSI is looking into the possibility of putting together a Craftsmanship Award to recognize those members of the design/construction team and the providers of materials used in the project.
A Task Team has been formed to look into this and the committee they have has found the concept to be a good one. The Task Team is now looking to our Chapter members and others of this community for suggestions, ideas,
Buch notes • from pg 7
between standard test fires, (per ASTM E119, UL 263 & NFPA 251), and real fires is explained. (Test fires are hotter and burn longer than a typical building fire.) Active and passive fire protection systems, and their effectiveness, are presented.
The section on spray applied fire resistive materials, (SFRM), explains the differences in the two major types commonly used today. Intumescent coatings are also described. The weight and shape of the member being protected, (the W/D ratio), is the primary determinant of the SFRM thickness. The object of any SFRM is to keep the temperature of the steel below 1,300 F, the upper limit of steel’s elastic range. Since steel doesn’t begin to melt until it reaches a temperature of 2,700 F, there’s little likelihood of steel in a building fire actually melting since temperatures in typical building fires rarely exceed 1,500 F.
The development of fire codes by the NFPA and the IBC codes is described. The publication concludes with a statistical section showing that steel framed buildings perform well in fires. Examples cited include the 1988 First Interstate Bank Tower fire in Los Angeles and the 1991 Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia.
“Earthquake and Seismic Design” begins with an interesting history of steel framed buildings and their performance in earthquakes. Steel structures in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake performed well enough that of the 30 high rise structures in existence then, all survived the earthquake and
Buch notes • cont’d on pg 10
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April 2011
formula. Elastic and inelastic response, special and ordinary braced frames, moment frames, and buckling restrained braced frames are just some of the topics presented. Not enough detail here to actually do structural engineering but you’ll be able to better understand what the engineers are talking about.
“Earthquake and Seismic Design” was written for the AISC in 2009 by Ronald O. Hamburger, SE, of Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Inc. It has 64 pages. “Fire Facts” was written in 2003 by Richard G. Gewain & Nestor R. Iwankiw of Hughes Assoc., Inc., and Fraid Alfawakhiri of AISC. It has 51 pages. Each topic in both documents is presented in a question and answer format which makes them useful as reference materials.
csi online
Chapterwww.csiscv.org
Regionwww.westregioncsi.org
Institutewww.csinet.org
the csi west region conference
is coming to the
sAn frAncisco BAy AreA in the spring of 2012!
volunteers Are welcomed. pleAse contAct:
Jim o’Keefe [email protected]
or
hAnnAh moyer
subsequent fires, and 20 are still in use today. Structural codes evolved significantly in the 1070s with greater attention being paid to the affects of soil factors in design. Seismic design codes were also made more stringent by requiring structures to resist the 2500 year seismic event where previously the 500 year event was the standard. Redundancy in structural frames became an important factor and the critical importance of continuity in the structural load paths received increased attention.
Until the 1990s, steel frames were thought to be inherently ductile. The failure of numerous welded joints in both moment frames and braced frames in the 1994 Northridge earthquake lead to significant improvements in the building code provisions governing joint design.
The section on seismology discuses the causes of earthquakes, where they occur, the use of the Richter Scale for measuring earthquake magnitude, the Modified Mercalli Scale to measure intensity, and why structural engineers use ground acceleration, rather than either scale, in seismic design.
The section on earthquake engineering presents the reasoning behind each variable in the formula for calculating seismic loads and does so without extensive use of mathematical
Buch notes • from pg 9