The concepts of psychology

Sigmund Freud (1856-Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)1939)

BackgroundBackground One of eightOne of eight Oldest of MotherOldest of Mother Mother’s “Pet”Mother’s “Pet” Wanted to be a Wanted to be a

teacher-but was teacher-but was JewishJewish

Thus, went into Thus, went into private practiceprivate practice

Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The structure of personalityThe structure of personality

1.1. IdId- Unconscious- Unconscious

2.2. EgoEgo-- unconscious, preconscious,unconscious, preconscious,

consciousconscious

3.3. SuperegoSuperego- unconscious, preconscious, - unconscious, preconscious, consciousconscious

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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The IDThe ID

Operates according to the Operates according to the pleasure principlepleasure principle

Present from birthPresent from birth

Primitive Primitive basic needs and wantsbasic needs and wants

2 competing instincts:2 competing instincts: Life (sexual) - libidoLife (sexual) - libido Death (aggressive)Death (aggressive)

UnconsciousUnconscious

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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The EgoThe Ego

Operates according to the Operates according to the reality reality principleprinciple

Arises in first 3 years of lifeArises in first 3 years of life

Mediates between ID and SuperegoMediates between ID and Superego

Rational part of mindRational part of mind you can’t always get what you you can’t always get what you

wantwant

Floats between all 3 levels of Floats between all 3 levels of consciousnessconsciousness

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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:Freud’s Psychoanalysis:The SuperegoThe Superego

Moral ConscienceMoral Conscience

Develops around age 5Develops around age 5 At end of Phallic StageAt end of Phallic Stage

Stores and enforces rulesStores and enforces rules Inner voice that tells you not to do Inner voice that tells you not to do

something or that what you did something or that what you did was wrongwas wrong

2 subsystems:2 subsystems: Ego Ideal = parents Ego Ideal = parents

approve/valueapprove/value Conscience = parents disapprovalConscience = parents disapproval

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Personality Personality developmentdevelopment: : Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual Stages

Fixation occurs when the conflicts at a given stage Fixation occurs when the conflicts at a given stage aren’t resolved successfullyaren’t resolved successfully

Freud’s Psychosexual StagesFreud’s Psychosexual Stages1.1. Oral (birth – 18 months)Oral (birth – 18 months)

Babies learn about the world with their mouths, oral pleasuresBabies learn about the world with their mouths, oral pleasures Oral fixation – preoccupation with oral activities as an adultOral fixation – preoccupation with oral activities as an adult

2.2. Anal (18 months – 3 years)Anal (18 months – 3 years) Control of eliminating and retaining feces, toilet training issuesControl of eliminating and retaining feces, toilet training issues Anal retentive – obsession with cleanliness, perfection, controlAnal retentive – obsession with cleanliness, perfection, control Anal expulsive – messy, disorganizedAnal expulsive – messy, disorganized

3.3. Phallic (Oedipal; 3 – 5 or 6 years)Phallic (Oedipal; 3 – 5 or 6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitalsPleasure zone is the genitals Oedipus complex – development of feelings for opposite sex parent and rivalry feelings Oedipus complex – development of feelings for opposite sex parent and rivalry feelings

towards same sex parenttowards same sex parent Boys – fear of castration; Girls – penis envyBoys – fear of castration; Girls – penis envy

4.4. Latency (6 – puberty)Latency (6 – puberty) Sexual urges repressed, play with same sex peersSexual urges repressed, play with same sex peers

5.5. Genital (puberty on)Genital (puberty on) Leads to adult sexualityLeads to adult sexuality

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BackgroundBackground SwissSwiss Clergy FamilyClergy Family Dreams shaped his Dreams shaped his

lifelife ““Interpretation of Interpretation of

Dreams”Dreams”

Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)

Differ with Freud:Differ with Freud: De-emphasis sexuality especially De-emphasis sexuality especially

infantile sexualityinfantile sexuality Greater emphasis on spirituality Greater emphasis on spirituality

(mystical and religious).(mystical and religious). Emphasis on cultural universals in our Emphasis on cultural universals in our

experienceexperience

Main Theme:Main Theme: The tendency toward attainment of selfhoodThe tendency toward attainment of selfhood Balance between opposing forces of Balance between opposing forces of

personalitypersonality Main Aspects:Main Aspects:

Self–the integrated personalitySelf–the integrated personalityAll of the individual’s qualities and All of the individual’s qualities and

potentialspotentialsConglomeration of all the opposing forcesConglomeration of all the opposing forcesMotivates person to wholenessMotivates person to wholeness

Individuation process-conglomeration of all the Individuation process-conglomeration of all the processesprocesses

Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, unconsciousunconscious Helps us adapt to social and physical Helps us adapt to social and physical

environmentenvironment Strives for wholenessStrives for wholeness Compensation – relationship of conscious Compensation – relationship of conscious

and unconsciousand unconscious Need bothNeed both

Individuation–restoring wholeness to the Individuation–restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult development–mid life–psyche in adult development–mid life–becoming a fully developed person with becoming a fully developed person with all psychic functions developedall psychic functions developed

Transcendent Function–integration of all Transcendent Function–integration of all

opposing aspects of personality into a opposing aspects of personality into a unified whole.unified whole.The integration of the already The integration of the already

differentiate systems of personalitydifferentiate systems of personality

Ego:Ego: Conscious - individualistic mindConscious - individualistic mind DifferentiationDifferentiation Gatekeeper - SelectiveGatekeeper - Selective Directs business of everyday lifeDirects business of everyday life Sense of identity and continuitySense of identity and continuity

Personal Unconscious:Personal Unconscious: Preconscious and unconsciousPreconscious and unconscious DefensesDefenses Develops out of learning and experienceDevelops out of learning and experience

Complexes - a cluster of ideasComplexes - a cluster of ideasStrong emotional contentStrong emotional contentPreoccupied–obsessionPreoccupied–obsessionInterferes with normal functioningInterferes with normal functioningGenerally healthy - unhealthy in Generally healthy - unhealthy in

overuseoveruseIndividualisticIndividualistic

Collective Unconscious:Collective Unconscious:Most unique contribution to Most unique contribution to

personality theory–most importantpersonality theory–most importantCommunal, species memory–Communal, species memory–

represents accumulated culture of represents accumulated culture of humankind (even subhuman life). humankind (even subhuman life). Lodged in psyche at birthLodged in psyche at birth

Due to genetic inheritanceDue to genetic inheritanceNot inherit specific memories/ Not inherit specific memories/

predispositions inheritedpredispositions inherited

Achieves consciousness through Achieves consciousness through dreams and psychosisdreams and psychosis

Includes the archetypesIncludes the archetypesSimilar for allSimilar for allYounger generations have more Younger generations have more

Collective Unconscious.Collective Unconscious.Why?Why?

Archetypes:Archetypes: Dominants/Primordial images - Dominants/Primordial images -

thought forms from past thought forms from past Common experiencesCommon experiences Psychic InstinctsPsychic Instincts They have both positive and negative They have both positive and negative

aspects about them aspects about them Determines, in part, perceptionsDetermines, in part, perceptions PsychosisPsychosis

Shadow-animalistic possibilitiesShadow-animalistic possibilities Most powerful/dangerousMost powerful/dangerous Sexuality/aggressionSexuality/aggression Leads to vitality and passionLeads to vitality and passion Freud?Freud?

Anima - feminine possibility in manAnima - feminine possibility in man Animus - masculine possibility in womenAnimus - masculine possibility in women

Help understand opposite sexHelp understand opposite sex Freud?Freud?

Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of social pressures – how society expects us to actsocial pressures – how society expects us to act Freud?Freud?

The Great Mother–ancestral experience of The Great Mother–ancestral experience of being raised by mothers. being raised by mothers.

The Spiritual Father–wise old manThe Spiritual Father–wise old man The Hero–special forces allows to beat tough The Hero–special forces allows to beat tough

opponentsopponents The Trickster–ultimately brings about positive The Trickster–ultimately brings about positive

resultsresults Mandela–archetype of orderMandela–archetype of order Transformation–alchemistsTransformation–alchemists

Synchronicity–meaningful coincidenceSynchronicity–meaningful coincidence Phenomena which seem logically to be Phenomena which seem logically to be

coincidental have connections that feel coincidental have connections that feel meaningful.meaningful.

Psychic Energy–life energyPsychic Energy–life energy Psychic value–cathexed energy in an objectPsychic value–cathexed energy in an object

Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of personality increases\decreases will be personality increases\decreases will be compensated by opposite shift in another aspectcompensated by opposite shift in another aspect

Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in the personality seeks an equilibrium or balancethe personality seeks an equilibrium or balance

Energy never lost, just transferredEnergy never lost, just transferred

Development:Development: No real stages per se.No real stages per se. Causality - influence on behavior from pastCausality - influence on behavior from past Teleology - influence on behavior due to the Teleology - influence on behavior due to the

anticipated futureanticipated future

Psychological TypesPsychological Types Person’s grouping based upon the three major Person’s grouping based upon the three major

dimensions of personality–eight different dimensions of personality–eight different psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the four functions.four functions.

Fundamental Attitudes:Fundamental Attitudes: IntroversionIntroversion (inner world) versus (inner world) versus ExtraversionExtraversion

(outer world)(outer world) Dominant Functions:Dominant Functions:

ThinkingThinking–intellectual and rational versus –intellectual and rational versus FeelingFeeling–evaluation and rational–evaluation and rational

SensingSensing–reality and irrational versus –reality and irrational versus IntuitionIntuition----perception via unconscious processes and perception via unconscious processes and irrationalirrational

Thanks for your attention!Thanks for your attention!