Origins of the Cold War1. The “Eve of Destruction”: The Cuban Missile Crisis

• October 1962

• JFK’s choices

• Kruschev misjudges JFK

• The Cold War defined:

2. Whose fault? USSR or US?

• Questions of inevitability:

– Orthodox (consensus)

• USSR …

– Revisionist

• Believe __________mistakes at end of WWII….

3. Early Problems

• 1942, second front????

• Yalta

– FDR hopes…

– & Stalin agrees….

• Significance of American withdrawal from Europe

• Americans live up to Yalta, Soviets…

• America’s mistakes

– Lend Lease

– Truman yells at…

• Stalin’s actions…

– Fundamentally different views of the world

• Soviets –

• US –

• Stalin’s actions threaten…

4. Late 1945: Peace grown colder

• Soviet actions and diplomacy…

• Other soviet actions:

– Wont cooperate with…

– Iranian question…

5. 1946: Cold War Begins

• Iran, Stalin and Truman

• Stalin’s speech and its impact in America…

• George Kennan’s “Long Telegram”…

– Soviets “impervious to the logic of _______,” “highly sensitive to the logic of _____.”

– Soviets see themselves as ‘at war with ___________’

• Impact of Long Telegram…

• Americans becoming aware of “Uncle Joe’s” nature…

• Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech…

• Truman Doctrine…

– Greece and Turkey

• Doctrine of Containment -

• Marshall Plan…

– Aid to Europe

– Offered to…

• The Cold War began…

• Communist Expansion: was it really a threat?

6. Summary

• History often involves viewing distant past from a position imprisoned in our recent past.

• Russians terrified most of the world.

• Was the Cold War avoidable?

Harry Truman1. Difficult time at Home

• Labor strife

• Truman’s response

• Untested

• The war provided unity

– Post war…

2. Who the heck is Harry Truman?

• Why Truman?

• Was Truman ready?

3. Truman’s agenda

• Supported FDR & New Deal

• Truman’s politics…

• Economic recovery had (according to Patterson)….

• Truman hoped to expand…

• Truman in the middle is fired at from…

• Most important however:

– Cold War

– Peacetime _______________

4. Making Peace, not war

• Americans after wars…

• Americans are worried about…

• Trumans problem

• Jubilation…

• Strikes

5. Taft Hartley

• Midterm elections in 1946…

• Taft Hartley is a conservative bill that…

– Ban closed shop

• Truman vetoes bill, but…

• Impact of Taft Hartley

• Republicans and Democrats also disagree on…

• Election of 1948 to be decided on…

6. Election of 1948

• Truman is unpopular

• Truman moves to the…

• Democrats split:

– Dixiecrats

– Progressives

• Republican Thomas Dewey:

– Two flaws:

• Truman’s campaign…

• Truman Wins!

• Why?

• Results

– One theory:

• Republicans felt …

• Red scare/extremism

• Why extreme fear of communists? (my view)

– Cold War wasn’t ...

7. Summary

• Foreign policy accomplishments:

• Defining moment in Domestic politics:

– New Deal ….

– Govt. for the ….

Korean War1. Remembering the forgotten war

• We want to forget it

– 54,000 dead Americans

– Didn’t win total victory

• Had a lasting impact of foreign policy

2. Origins of conflict

• End of WWII

• Kim Ill Sung in the North

• Syngman Rhee in the South

• Who was responsible?

– North invade the South

– Did the South provoke the attack?

• Stalin’s Role

• Dean Acheson’s blunder…

• Stalin says…

• Mao ZeDong says…

• The Korean War would not have occurred without…

3. The North Korean Invasion

• 1950…

• Truman’s decision…

• Americans poorly equipped

• Gradually UN forces arrive…

• Counter attack

Video notes:

“I like Ike,” but then again, who doesn’t?

1. Reputation and qualifications

• Decision making…

• Knowledge of…

• Commitment to…

• Respect for…

2. Election of 1952

• Why Run?

– Didn’t like…

– Wasn’t a Dem..

– Hopes for the Republican Party

3. End of War in Korea

• Peace in the World depends on …

• Ike’s role…

– (what really happened…)

4. McCarthyism

• Ike doesn’t like…

• Who was McCarthy?

• Ike’s response to McCarthy…

5. Foreign Affairs: A Nuclear World

• Soviets detonate…

• Trouble at the Suez in 56… (Get the jest)

– Very tense moment in Cold War

6. The 1950s: the American mind

• The American people were…

• The left was…

• And from the right – the John Birch Society

• However….the CENTER HOLDS

7. Domestically

• In 1999, the Wall Street Journal declared…

• Germany’s autobahn…

• Ike’s rational for the highway system

• Downside…

8. Foreign policy

• Those Russians are up to n good!

• Sputnik

• American failure: flopnik

• Is Ike asleep?

• Gaither report…

• Hysteria…

– Was it true????

9. Ike’s response to pressures

• His knowledge…

• His policy

• Why not reveal his source?

• Ike deserves high praise…

10. Ike v. Khrushchev

• Friendly relations?

• Ike’s goal

• Khrushchev to blame?

• Tells US to get out of…

• Ike says…

11. Summary

• Last great president…

• The correct response to…

• Reasonable budgets and defense spending

• Economic growth

• Interstate highways system

• Socially… (hands off) – justifiable criticism

• New Deal destruction???

JFK1. The Kennedy Family

• Joe was determined…

• A “special” family…

2. Election of 1960

• Nixon v. Kennedy…

• JFK

– Eclectic voting record, handsome, charmer

– Not a war hero, didn’t write book

• Richard Nixon

– Poor, hardworking, intelligent

– Alger Hiss…

• Comparing candidates…

• Kennedy and the “Missile Gap”

• The Great debate…

• The election of 1960 was likely…

– Texas

– Chicago

• A recount???

3. Cuban Missile Crisis

• A dangerous moment…

• Khrushchev shares in blame

• Kennedy too…

• The USSR is…

• Khrushchev is desperate for…

• Castro’s gift…

• Kennedy’s dilemma…

• Bay of Pigs…

• Importance of Bay of Pigs…

• Why did Khrushchev send missiles to Cuba?

• Discovery…

• Kennedy forms a…

• Different opinions…

• Doves

• hawks

• President’ choice…

• The world in fear…

• Khrushchev’s decision

• Crisis not over…

• Negotiate never invade Cuba

• Remove missiles from Turkey

• Kennedy appears to be the winner

• Khrushchev get…

• Long-term impact…

• Both sides determined…

• JFK get nuclear test ban treaty

MLK and the Civil Rights Movement1. Courts and Social change

• Plessey v Ferguson (1898)….

• Brown v Board of Education Topeka (1954)…

• The Problem in 1964…

• Action….

2. Montgomery

Bus etiquette…

• Rosa Parks…

• NAACP & boycott

• NAACP gets help from….

• Rise of MLK

3. Martin Luther King

• Philosophy…

– Reinhold Niebuhr

– Gandhi

• His appeal…

• Impact of boycott

4. Birmingham

• Attacking Jim Crow….

• Birmingham was…

• Bull Connor

• King arrested…

• More demonstrations…

• Impact of Birmingham…

– Connor fired

– Some places desegregated

– Moderate white realized….

5. March on Washington

• Civil Rights bill…

• Kennedy afraid…

• Compromise on the march…

• King’s speech…

• Impact of March on Civil Rights bill…

The 1960s1. Intro

• Woodstock

• Youth Movement…

• Change in Liberalism

• Separation between generations

• Some historians think…

• While other people think….

• Both are correct on one thing:

2. Important Books

• Joseph Heller, Catch 22

• Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

• Michael Harrington, The Other America

• Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

• James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time

3. Other events

• Timothy Leary…

• Dr. Strangelove…

• Political changes…

• Johnson’s programs…

• Sexual Revolution…

• Violence…

• Political system on the verge…

4. The Other America

• Traditional America…

• Women…

• Other continuities…

• Most important continuity…

– Within Religion, change…

• Fundamentalism…

• Breaks in…

– Liberalism

– Generations

5. Summary

• 1960s – age of…

• Alongside entrenched values….

• Because of “loud” culture, silent majority left unheard.

• Change & polarization are defining

APUSH Guided Notes:

Lecture Vietnam

1. Review

French Colony…

• Vietnam divided…

• Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong

• The Domino Theory….

• Ike reluctant to…

• Kennedy and Johnson: their war? • First mistake…

• Second mistake…

• Johnson’s mindset…

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Third Mistake…

2. Waging War

General Wheeler’s advice…

“The Jupiter Complex”

General Curtis Lemay

Johnson is indecisive

Tuesday launches…

Vietnamese determination…

Escalation…

Tet offensive…

The Military outcome…

The psychological outcome…

Johnson was…

Doesn’t run in 1968

3. Nixon’s War for Peace

“Peace with Honor”

How?

o Demand…

o Train more Southern Vietnamese

o Expand…

Secret Cambodia Bombing

Reaction to Cambodia campaign…

Major ingredient for peace…

Richard M. Nixon1. Election

• Nixon’s appeal in 1968

• Discontent in America

– Problems at home…

– Abroad

• America needs a …..

2. First Years

• Emphasis:

– SALT

– China

– De-escalation in Vietnam

3. Reelection

• Liberals…

• McGovern

• Reelection:

4. Watergate

• Republicans commit burglary…

• Trial of burglars

– Reveals cover-up

– McCord agrees to talk

• John Dean, Whitehouse council…

• Dean implicates Haldeman & Ehrlichman

• Nixon accepts resignations… but says…

• Under pressure, Nixon agrees to…

• Cox discovers….

– Tapes are subpoenaed

• Fight over tapes.

• Nixon orders attorney general Richardson to fire Cox.

– Richardson…

– Robert Bork…

• Nation deserts Nixon…

• Public Opinion forces Nixon to release tapes..

• Tapes implicate Nixon…

– Talk of extortion

– “stonewall them”

• House Judiciary committee votes…

• Nixon announces his resignation August 9th 1974.

5. Meaning of all this

• Most serious political scandal in US history

• Nixon confused own well being with nation’s.

• Best man needed:

– Vietnam

– 1960s extremism

– Generational divide

– 58,000 dead Americans

Guided Notes:

1. Ford Under Fire

a. An honest man

b. Pardon

c. Macro Economic Problems

d. Oil Problems

2. The 1976 Election

a. The nominees: Ford and James Earl Carter

b. Carters accomplishment

3. The Carter Years

a. Successes….

b. The oil crisis of 1973

c. The moral equivalent of war

d. The Carter program

a. DOE

d. Development

e. More oil problems

4. Carters Foreign Policy

a. Human Rights

b. Two Criticisms

1. National interests

2. Consistent?

5. The Middle East

a. Camp David, Anwar Sadat, and Menachem Begin

a. The first part…

b. Second part…

c. Accomplishment….

6. Cold War

a. Carter’s hopes…

b. Russians and Afghanistan…

c. Carter’s response…

7. Mounting Troubles

a. The economy

b. Carter’s plan…

c. Reversal

8. Iran Hostage Crisis

a. The epitome of…

b. The Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

c. Hostages

i. Demands placed on America….

d. Carter’s response

e. The American people…

f. Resolution

9. Summery

a. Troubles Times

b. A new leader/a new message Ford and Carter

Guided notes

The Reagan Revolution:

Back in the Saddle Again!

1. Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

Beliefs

Reagan gets help…

Repudiation the Great Society

More Defense Spending…

Election of 1980

2. Reagan’s first Term

The hand of history…

o Iran hostages…

o Gunned down?

Reagan and Calvin Coolidge…

Too many give-aways…

o The budget for social programs

o The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA)

-One difference…

o Impact on the poor

o Budget deficits alarming….

o The economy by 1983…

3. Reelection and Taxes

Taking credit….

Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro

Mondale’s blunder….

Victory

A new attack on taxes

The Tax Reform Act of 1986

A fundamental change

4. Iran Contra

Arms for hostages?

Lt. Colonel Oliver North’s activities…

o Arms money for the Contras?

North takes orders from Robert McFarlane.

Sec. of Defense Caspar Weinberger Sec. of State George Schulz

Inconceivable (my opinion)

Reagan appoints

o Senator John Tower

The report…

Contradictions but no crimes…

5. Summary: The Reagan Years

The Iran-Contra Affair

A successful presidency

Downside…

The significance of the public debt will determine much…

More to the Reagan Legacy

Guided Notes:

End of the Cold War

The World in 1980

A conservative mood….

Margaret Thatcher

Market oriented economies impact communism

Cold Warrior: Ronald Reagan

Denouncing the Soviets

The Soviet Union in Afghanistan

Soviet Myopia (shortsightedness, lack of understanding)

Reagan’s goal: the good old days…

Restoring balance

A “happy man”

Gorbachev

• Impact on Stalin’s collectivization of agriculture on Gorbachev

• Rising through Bureaucracy

• Impact of the twenty-second party congress on Gorbachev

• Protege of Yuri Andropov…

• Brezhnev’s death: the first opportunity

• Playing the games with Chernenko….

Glasnost and Perestroika

Gorbachev knows the USSR’s problems…

Glasnost and Perestroika…

Gorbachev must move carefully….

In order to save the Soviet economy…

Ending the Cold War

Gorbachev makes overtures…

American Soviet experts tell Reagan…

Nancy tells Reagan!

The Geneva meeting

More Summits agreements…

◦ Elimination of…

◦ Allowed for…

More developments in the USSR

◦ Withdrawal from…

Summary: How did the Cold War End?

Historians have difficulty…

The fundamental mistake..

The change came…

Reagan dos his part, recognizes the moment…

List of Important Soviet Leaders during the Cold War:

Stalin (1953)

Khrushchev (1953-64)

Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)

Andropov (1982 -84)

Chernenko (1984-85)

Gorbachev (1985-91)

The Presidency of William Jefferson Clinton

Guided Notes:

1. The rise of Bill Clinton

a. Democrats move center

b. Governor of Arkansas

c. Promises in 1992…

d. Character flaws

e. Al Gore and the strategy of 1992

2. First term – domestic issues

a. Breaking Promises

b. Tax cuts?

c. Gays in military?

d. The health care effort….

e. Welfare reform

f. The Personal Responsibility and Work Act

g. Keeping a promise…

3. First term Foreign policy

a. What do we do?

b. “The successor to a doctrine of containment must be….”

c. How will we intervene?

d. Success in Bosnia?

e. Peacekeeping force.

4. 1996 election…

5. Second term: two elements

6. The New Economy

a. Record prosperity

b. Ingredients included low…

i. Alan Greenspan

c. Milton Freedman, Greenspan, and the “Monetarist” view of economic policy

d. Contra John Keynes and Deficit spending

e. Monetary supply and interest rates

f. Clinton’s role

i. Pay down debt!

7. The Scandals

a. Office of Independent Counsel (special prosecutor)

b. Monica Lewinsky (a.k.a. “That Woman”)

c. Testifying against the Grand Jury

d. A stunning reversal….

e. The evidence goes to Congress

f. The House impeaches…

g. The vote in the Senate

h. Most disturbing….

8. America in the New Century

a. The Best of Times

b. The Worst of Times

c. John Winthrop’s advice

d. The Founding Father: E Pluribus Unum