THE CIVIL WAR

The Union DissolvesChapter 11Section 1

Crittenden Compromise

As a last ditch compromise, Sen. Crittenden proposed drawing the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific.

Lincoln rejected this since it would expand slavery

Confederate States

The South was excited about forming their new country

They held rallies and shot off fireworks.

Secession

Southern Secession

Lincoln believed that it was illegal to secede from the Union

If a state had to apply for admittance, he thought states should also have to ask for permission to leave.

Fort Sumter

Located at the mouth of the Charleston harbor, the South wanted to keep this strategic fort

Lincoln would not allow the South to take federal property

Fort Sumter

When the fort ran low of supplies, Lincoln alerted the SC governor that unarmed supply ships would be entering the port

Confederate soldiers fired upon the fort for 34 hours.

Fort Sumter

Union Major Anderson surrendered on April 14, 1861

Lincoln asked the Union states to provide troops

They were asked to enlist for just 3 months

Choosing Sides

Southern states that had not yet seceded had to decide what to do

Virginia actually split in two

Once war broke out, many men had to decide for which cause to fight

Families separated over the war

Advantages/Disadvantages

9+ million incl 3.5 million slaves

Few factories 9,000 miles of

track Trained leaders Little money Fighting on own

land Defensive war

22 million people

85% manufacturing

22,000 miles of track

Lacked generals Many resources Supplies carried

into enemy territory

North

South

Advantages/Disadvantages

Pig iron in VA only

110,000 workers

1,800 factories Few firearms

20 X’s more pig iron

1,300,000 workers

110,000 factories

32 X’s firearms

North

South

Resources of the North and South

Robert E. Lee

Perhaps the biggest southern advantage was Gen. Robert E. Lee

Asked by Lincoln to lead the Union Army, Lee refused to “turn his back on his home, Virginia”

Filling the Ranks

At the beginning of the war in 1861, the Northern Army more than twice as large as the Southern Army

Men had to pledge that they were over the age of 18 to fight, but boys as young as 9 acted as drummer boys

Filling the Ranks

The South enacted legislation to prevent large landowners from leaving their plantations (and slaves) to fight.

This left most of the ranks filled with poor farmers.

Strategies

The South took their cue from the success of the American Revolution and chose to fight a defensive war, wearing the North down until they gave up.

Stars and Bars

Strategies

The North had a 3 pronged approach called the Anaconda Plan: Block southern ports to

all imports/exports Control the Mississippi

River splitting the confederacy in two

Take Richmond, the confederate capital

Anaconda Plan

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

Most Civil War battles are called by 2 different names

The North named the battle after the nearest river

The South named the battle after the nearest town

The first battle of the war was near the town of Manassas and Bull Run River

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

The North (in blue) and South (in grey) met on a clearing in northern Virginia

Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson routed the Yankee army, causing them to run in fear

They trampled picnickers who had gathered to watch the battle.

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

Northern troops, according to legend, commented that Gen. Jackson sat upon his horse like a ‘stone wall”

The nickname stuck The southern victory assured

the South that this would be a quick war fought against inferior troops

They were wrong on both accounts

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

The first civilian casualty occurred at Bull Run.

Judith Henry, was killed by a cannon ball as she laid in bed

1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

Wilmer McClean’s home was on the battlefield at Bull Run

He wanted to get away from the warfare and moved to a small town in southern Virginia, Appomattox Court House

Union Leadership

Lincoln chose Irwin McDowell to lead the Union’s Army of the Potomac.

He was replaced 3 days after his defeat at Bull Run with Gen. George McClellan

Union Leadership

McClellan meets Gen, R. E. Lee at the Peninsular Campaign

His was nicknamed “the Creeper” because he was so hesitant to attack, always fearing he was out-numbered

Union Leadership

After 5 months of fighting, McClellan withdrew even though he out-numbered and out-powered the confederate army

One of his men found Lee’s plans wrapped around some cigars.

He had the plans for the next battle at Antietam Creek

Antietam Creek

Even with the plans, McClellan’s hesitancy costs him the battle

He could never break through Confederate lines

It was the bloodiest single day of the Civil war with about 22,000 dead and wounded.

Victory in the West

While the North was losing badly in the east, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was winning decisive victories along the Mississippi River.

After the battle at Ft. Henry he earned the nickname of Unconditional Surrender because he refused to speak of terms of surrender with the South

Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing The South surprised Union

troops at Shiloh on April 6, 1862

Their rebel yell was eerie As they ran in retreat, they

met Union reinforcements Under Gen. Grant, they

regrouped It ended in a draw with

almost 25,000 casualties in the 2 day battle.

Admiral Farragut As part of the Anaconda Plan,

Gen. Farragut took the navy up the mouth of the Mississippi River

He took New Orleans and Baton Rouge, cutting the Confederacy in half.

1861-1862

Filling the Ranks

The North allowed Blacks to enlist but did not allow them to fight

By 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, pressure was on to allow Black units to train and fight.

They were killed in greater numbers and paid less for their efforts

Filling the Ranks

Wealthy people, in both North and South, could pay a substitute to take their place in the Army.

Conscription, forced service, was first used in the South.

The North began conscription in 1862

Filling the Ranks

Slaves could not help the southern army fight but were used for manual labor.

The Civil War was called, “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”

Filling the Ranks

Conscription was so resisted in the North, riots broke out

It became especially violent after the Emancipation Proclamation.

Filling the Ranks

Desertion was a common problem on both sides, with over 300,000 soldiers leaving their troops

Because states offered a signing bonus, many men enlisted, deserted, enlisted someplace else, deserted,…

Filling the Ranks

By the end of the war, the South was so short of men they openly enlisted young boys.

Filling the Ranks

Women could not openly enlist but some disguised themselves as men and fought the entire war.

Others became spies, nurses, and cooks

Filling the Ranks

Elizabeth Blackwell, America’s first female physician, helped run the US Sanitary Commission

Clara Barton tended to the wounded and founded the American Red Cross.

Filling the Ranks

Although hundreds of men and women tended to the sick and injured, more soldiers died from illness and infection than of battle wounds.

Filling the Ranks

More often, women took over men’s civilian jobs while they were gone to war.

Generals of the Army of the Potomac

Irwin McDowell 1861 George McClellan 1861 John Pope 1861 George McClellan 1862 Ambrose Burnside 1862 Ulysses S. Grant 1863-

1865

The Civil WarPolitics of War

Chapter 11Section 2

Britain’s Neutrality The South was depending on

Britain and/or France to come to their aid and renew the cotton trade

Britain found other sources for cotton and stockpiled surpluses before the war began

Britain’s Neutrality Food crops, wheat and corn

from the North, had replaced cotton as America’s most important exports

For these reasons, Britain chose to remain neutral in the war between the states.

Trent Affair Shortly after the war began,

the Confederates (Rebels) sent 2 diplomats to Britain to ask for their support

James Mason and John Slidell traveled on the British ship, Trent

The Union warship, San Jacinto, stopped and boarded the Trent

Trent Affair Mason and Slidell were

arrested Britain took this as an act of

war and moved troops to Canada for a possible war with the Union

Lincoln averted war by pardoning the men

Emancipation Lincoln’s original strategy

did not involve freeing slaves After 1862, he realized that

slaves aided the Southern cause by providing labor

He used this to change the purpose of the war from preserving the Union to also freeing the slaves

Emancipation Lincoln wrote the

Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in the seceded states (not occupied or border states)

It also prevented all European countries who had abolished slavery from aiding the South.

British cotton consumption

increased but they did not rely on the

South for production

Emancipation Lincoln did not want to issue

the proclamation publicly until the North had a successful battle

He used the Battle at Antietam (the bloodiest battle of the war) as his “win”

It took effect Jan. 1, 1863

Emancipation Reaction Not everyone was happy with

the decision to free the slaves.

Northern Democrats thought it would make the war longer

Some soldiers deserted, refusing to fight for this cause

Emancipation Reaction The South renewed their

effort to save their way of life The Emancipation

Proclamation had no effect on slaves

Free northern blacks enlisted in the Union army, but served as laborers, not soldiers

Slaves provided the same type of labor for the South

Lincoln Takes Charge Lincoln sent Union troops and

occupied the border states from the beginning of the war

He also suspended habeas corpus, legal authority to detain a person

Confederate sympathizers in the North were arrested and telegrams were seized

Lincoln Takes Charge Supreme Court Chief Justice

Roger B. Taney said that Lincoln had overstepped his authority, but he continued to use his presidential powers to the fullest extent

Setting a precedent, all wartime presidents have taken Lincoln’s lead to protect the American people

Copperheads Anti-war Democrats were

called copperheads – a deadly, venomous snake

Conscription In 1862 and 1863 the

Confederacy and the Union respectively instituted conscription, military draft

The South recruited all able white men over 18 (17 by 1864 but they took even younger)

Large slave holders and the wealthy did not serve

Conscription The South called it “a rich

man’s war and a poor man’s fight”

The Union recruited young men 20-45 although younger men enlisted

Blacks, free and slave, were used as cooks, for construction and heavy labor

Conscription Both sides allowed wealthy

men to pay commutation, Bonuses were paid for Union

soldiers who enlisted, some enlisting numerous times, collecting the bonus money, deserting, and ‘enlisting’ again

Conscription In New York City the

Irish rioted over conscription, burning an orphanage for black children

117 people were killed The Irish did not

condone slavery but did not want the added competition for jobs

As 1862 Ends… The ironclads appear Both sides made ships

made of iron, capable of repelling cannon balls and fire

The Monitor, a new ship, fought the Merrimac, now called The Virginia, fought for 5 hours – tied

The Merrimac was sunk to prevent it going into Northern hands

The Civil War

Chapter 11Section 3

Life During Wartime

Mary Chesnut Mary Chesnut’s diary is

frequently referred to when researching civilian life during the Civil War.

Black Troops African American soldiers

never fought for the South, but their slave labor was used by southern soldiers

The North also used African American labor

That changed after the Emancipation Proclamation.

Black Troops The Emancipation

Proclamation freed the slaves in the non-occupied states, which mean it freed none

But it also meant that Blacks joined the northern army and fought against the South

The South refused to return any Black prisoner - contraband

Black Troops Black troops

fought in segregated units led by white officers

They were paid less than white soldiers

Black Troops They died in greater numbers

but not because they were assigned to more dangerous job.

Working in close proximity to one another, they caught diseases

They were more likely to be killed when captured rather than taken as prisoner/contraband

Fort Pillow Over 200 African American

and some white soldiers were killed after they surrendered to Southern troops

Nathan Bedford Forrest led the slaughter

After the war he and others form the Ku Klux Klan

Fort Pillow Over 200 African American

and some white soldiers were killed after they surrendered to Southern troops

Nathan Bedford Forrest led the slaughter

After the war he and others form the Ku Klux Klan

Slave Resistance As northern troops neared

plantations, the slaves gained strength and Broke tools Joined the

troops Neglected the

livestock

War Affects the Economy The South began to run out of

men, food and supplies not soon after the war began

They printed so much currency that it had little value

The Northern blockade effectively stopped Southern trade with Europe

War Affects the Economy Most of the fighting took place

in the Shenandoah Valley, the Southern food production area

Lee took his troops to Gettysburg, PA to try to shift the damage to northern states during the growing season.

He failed

Why Printing Money is Bad Currency, as paper, has no

value Generally we accept the face

value on currency to be worth something

If more paper is printed, we want more of it for goods

Inflation occurs when there is too much money in the economy

Shortages of Everything Some Southerners traded with

the North Cotton and food supplies

exchanged hands

Northern Economy The North suffered but not

nearly as bad as the South Inflation was worse in the

North – 80% by the end of the war

Industries that supplied the military boomed

Machinery took the place of workers drafted into the GAR

Women in the Workplace Women took on many of the

jobs and duties of the men who left to fight

They were paid less, one of many ways business owners made tremendous profits during the war

Northerners paid the first income tax to pay for the war

Soldiers Suffer Soldiers’ rations included

hardtack, beans, bacon fat and, if lucky, a few bones from which to suck the marrow

They had ticks, lice, dysentery, and diarrhea on a regular basis due to poor hygiene

Medical Care A doctor’s kit looked more like

it would be more useful in a episode of Home Make Over

Medical Care Body wounds were ignored

and the person was left to die “Good” surgeons could

remove a limb in 1 minute They usually

used ether to sedate the patient

Medical Care Scalpels, saws and pliers were

the doctors’ main tools

Medical Care Once soldier’s received care,

the worst was to come Not knowing about germs and

bacteria, doctors and nurses regularly examined wounds without washing between patients

Gangrene, staph and other infections passed from man to man

Medical Care Surgery was usually done

outdoors

Medical Care For every soldier that

died on the battlefield, 2 died in the wartime hospitals

Women served the military as nurses

Clara Barton, founder of the Red Cross, and Sally Tompkins helped improve medical care

Medical Care Many men did not think it

appropriate for women to see men in such poor condition

Dorthea Dix required that all nurses be plain looking and be at least 30 years old

Prisoners Until the Union began using

black soldiers, both sides regularly exchanged soldiers rather than keep them in camps

When the Confederacy refused to swap black soldiers, the North stopped the exchange program

Neither side was equipped to keep thousands of prisoners

Prison Camps Both sides treated their

captives terribly Ft. Delaware and Elmira

prisons in the North and Libby and Andersonville prisons in the South saw mortality rates over 25%

Poor nutrition and poor hygiene led to scurvy, dysentery and other fatal diseases

Prison Camps Union camp at Point Lookout,

MD Built to

hold 10,000, it had almost 50,000 Confederate troops

4,000 died

Andersonville Prison, GA Henry Wirz was placed in

charge of the camp at Andersonville

Built to handle 10,000, it eventually had over 33,000 prisoners

Their only water was a stream which ran through where the horses grazed, filled with manure

Andersonville Prison, GA There were no buildings to

house prisoners, only tents and lean-tos

Guards, some as young as 12, surrounded the camp on watchtowers

Anyone who got near the fence, the dead zone, was shot immediately

Andersonville Prison, GA Although he camp was

operational for less than a year, over 12,000 died

Survivors were transferred from the camp to other camps in the South

Andersonville Prison

Andersonville Prison The Commandant,

Henry Wirz, was tried for war crimes in 1865

The North really wanted him to provide information about Gen. Lee and Pres. Davis

He did not

Andersonville Prison Wirz was hung in

Washington DC

After his death, he was treated as a martyr

The Civil War

Chapter 11Section 4

The North Takes Charge

1863

In 1863, the war shifted in favor of the North Gen. Grant leads Army of the

Potomac Important victories in the East Total war South will not receive help

from Europe War of attrition

Chancellorsville

As Lee’s troops moved to northern Virginia, Stonewall Jackson stopped for 9 days to visit his wife and infant daughter

He would be dead in 3 weeks by his own men

Statue of Jackson at Bull Run

Gravesite of Jackson

The Civil War

Chapter 11Section 5

The Legacy of War

The War Ends

With the end of the war changes will affect

The economy Social structure Labor market Politics Technology

Political Changes The federal government

assumed control over the seceded states and no state has seceded again

The war increased the power of the federal government and the president

Political Changes The war increased the power

of the federal government and the president Income tax Suspending habeas corpus Regulated currency – paper Conscription requirement

Economic Changes The federal government took

additional responsibility for subsidizing railroads

National Bank Act, 1863, which chartered banks, set requirements for loans and required banks to be inspected

Economic Changes Conscription caused a labor

shortage in the North, filled by machines

Northern industries had to re-focus to compete in a peacetime economy

Economic Changes The South lost its labor

force and trading partners Since most of the fighting

took place in the South, land was destroyed, livestock wiped-out and their railroads

Economic Changes The economic gap between

North and South was wider than before the war began 1860 – the South controlled

30% of the nation’s wealth 1870 – the South controlled

12% of the nation’s wealth

Economic Changes

Economic Changes No part of society was

untouched

Societal Changes Slavery is over Congress passed the 13th

Amendment outlawing slavery

Matthew Brady chronicled the war with hundreds of photos, beginning photojournalism

Societal Changes Jefferson Davis was arrested,

tried and found not guilty He lived to be an old man Lee lost his family home

when Montgomery Meigs turned it into Arlington National Cemetery

Societal Changes Lee went on to become the

president of Washington University, now Washington and Lee

Clara Barton took her war experience and founded the Red Cross

Grant was elected president in 1868.

Lincoln Assassinated Lincoln and his wife,

Mary Todd, went to Ford’s Theater to see “My American Cousin”

John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head

He died within hours

Lincoln Assassinated His body was taken by train to

his gravesite in Springfield, IL

John Wilkes Booth

Booth and conspirators

were captured, tried

and hung

Andrew Johnson This was the first time a vice

president assumed the presidency because of death

Johnson was sworn in as the country’s 17th president

Lincoln’s plans for reconstruction die with him

Comparisons Abraham Lincoln was elected

to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.

Comparisons The names Lincoln and

Kennedy each contain seven letters.

Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.

Both wives lost their children while living in the White House.

Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.

Comparisons Both were shot in the head. Lincoln's secretary, Kennedy,

warned him not to go to the theatre. Kennedy's secretary, Lincoln, warned him not to go to Dallas.

Both were assassinated by Southerners.

Comparisons Both were succeeded by

Southerners. Both successors were named

Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who

succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.

Comparisons John Wilkes Booth was born

in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939.

Both assassins were known by their three names.

Both names are comprised of fifteen letters

Comparisons Booth ran from the theater

and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater.

Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials.

Comparisons Both successors were named

Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who

succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.

Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theatre and Kennedy was shot while in a Ford Lincoln.

Chancellorsville Lee met Gen. Hooker at

Chancellorsville, VA The North was

outmaneuvered by Lee BTW – The term ‘hooker’

comes from the large number of women who followed Hooker from battle to battle – Hooker’s girls

Gettysburg Gen. Lee and Gen.

A.P. Hill headed north for 2 reasons

They wanted to divert the fighting from the Shenandoah Valley and Hill’s troops needed shoes

They met Union troops, under Gen. Meade, at Gettysburg, PA

Gettysburg The 3 day battle was costly for

both sides. Pickett’s Charge up Little

Round Top was little better than a suicide mission

After 3 days 23,000 Union casualties 28,000 Confederate casualties

Gettysburg Lee retreated, never to enter

the North again The Union victory at

Gettysburg was the turning point of the war

They will continue to win important victories until the South capitulates

Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Dead men and horses began

to rot in the summer heat, drawing flies, rodents and other carrion

The smell carried to the town of Gettysburg

The towns’ women took on the task of burying the dead

Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Southern soldiers were

separated at buried in shallow graves away from town

Union soldiers were divided by state and buried in a series of semi-circles

Gettysburg Address, Nov 1863 Lincoln came to dedicate the

cemetery He was the 2nd speaker that

day, speaking for only about 2 minutes

Gettysburg Address, Nov 1863 He used the speech to re-

focus attention to the Declaration of Independence – “all men are created equal”

Siege of Vicksburg 1863 The summer of 1863 saw

another important Union victory in the west, Vicksburg MS

Siege of Vicksburg 1863 Vicksburg is an overlook on

the Mississippi River It was one of the last areas

that prevented the Union from controlling the entire river and successfully dividing the South

Grant laid siege to the town, firing into it for hours each day

Siege of Vicksburg 1863 The mostly women, elderly

and children in the town sought refuge in the caves along the river

Their food supply gone, they ate dogs, horses, mules and rats before surrendering the day after the victory at Gettysburg, July 4

Conditions in the South, 1863 The South was quickly

running out of men, arms, food, uniforms and other necessary supplies

They hoped that a long war would cause the North to stop fighting

The Gettysburg Address made it very clear that the North was not giving up

Conditions in the South, 1863 Southerners were asked to

grow food crops rather than cash crops

Rebels deserted in greater numbers

Jefferson Davis and the Confederate Constitution left little room to lead effectively

Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln, having gone 5

generals in 2 years, appointed Grant

He fought a war of attrition – killing Southern soldiers that could not be replaced

It meant that he also suffered from heavy losses

Ulysses S. Grant Grant

confers with Gen. Meade

Gen. Sherman Grant appointed William

Tecumseh Sherman to lead the Union Army in the deep South

He believed in total war – attacking civilians since they supplied goods for the southern war effort

Grant v. Lee Grant’s war of attrition was

devastating to the southern army

Grant knew that he could replace each of his dead soldiers, the South could not

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Gen. Sherman took his troops from Tennessee, through Atlanta, to Savannah

His men burned a path up to 60 miles wide, burned crops, poisoned wells, killed livestock and turned railroad ties into “Sherman’s neckties”

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Sherman sent news to Lincoln in December, 1864 that his Christmas gift to the president was the city of Savannah

Then he turned north to help Grant defeat Lee

Election 1864 Democrats – Gen. McClellan Republicans – Pres. Lincoln Democrats were tired of war,

the costs, and death Republicans looked for a

candidate who would appeal to Democrats, Andrew Johnson

Election 1864 Johnson was a Southerner

who never owned slaves He was raised extremely

poor, resenting the planter class

He looked down upon the slave class

Election 1864 Lincoln needed a few victories

before the election or he felt he would lose.

Sherman’s sacking of Atlanta and Farragut’s control of the Mississippi River accomplished that

Absentee ballots from the Union army put Lincoln over the top

The war took its toll on Lincoln

1860

1865

Appomattox Court House In April 1865, Lee knew he

had no choice but to surrender

His men begged him not to do this, but he replied that it would only kill them all if he continued to fight

Fall of Richmond Jefferson Davis set fire to

Richmond to prevent Grant from occupying it

Appomattox Court House Lee said, “There is nothing

left me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” April 9, 1865

Grant was generous with his terms of surrender, allowing the rebels to take their animals and personal items with them

Appomattox Court House The Union band played

“Dixie” as the men marched away

Wilmer McLean’s home in Appomattox CourthouseThe surrender agreement was signed in his parlor