The Civil War and

Reconstruction

SlaverySouth: plantation economy that relied on enslaved labor

North: industrial economy, less dependent on slaves

California

Quickly grown and wanted statehood (1850) Cal. Constitution forbade slavery Missouri Compromise: agreement passed to maintain

the balance of power b/w slave and free states (36/30 line)

31st Congress meet Dec 1849: topics: California and border dispute of Texas

South was threatening secession Henry Clay proposed Compromise of 1850

N: Cal be admitted to Union as a free state, S: new, more effective fugitive slave law, both: popular sovereignty

Fugitive Slave Act: alleged fugitive slaves not entitled to trial by jury, anyone convicted of helping was liable for a fine $1000. and imprisonment up to 6 months,

Underground RailroadHarriet TubmanUncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe)http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=7E3B3549-61B4-4A7D-AA75-19CB730F458A&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Kansas-Nebraska Act

https://tuckahoe.wikispaces.com/file/view/comp1850.jpg

Sen Stephen Douglas wanted to use popular sovereignty to decide issue of slavery in Nebraska

Territory lay north of 36/30 line and was legally closed to slavery

Bill intro by Douglas stated that territory would be divided into 2: Nebraska in North, Kansas in South

Bill would repeal Missouri Compromise and enable popular sovereignty for both territories

Kansas-Nebraska Act became law

Kansas-Nebraska Act

N: plot to turn territories into slave states, S: supported bill

Both sides raced to populate Kansas to vote on slavery

Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered speech attacking South, slavery, and Senator Butler (proslavery beliefs) Butler’s nephew attacked Sumner with a cane

Political Parties

Whig: split over slavery, N: sought out a political alternative

Know Nothing Party: supported native born over immigrants, split b/c of slavery S: went towards Democrats; N: towards Republicans

Liberty Party: abolition Free Soilers: N supported racist laws prohibiting

settlement of blacks in their communities and denying them right to vote

Republican Party: opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act, wanted to keep slavery out of territories

Election 1856: D: James Buchanan R: John C. Fremont, Buchanan won, stalled secession

Lincoln- Douglas

1858 race for US Senate; Dem Stephen Douglas v. Rep Abraham Lincoln

Neither wanted slavery Lincoln: thought slavery was immoral and

wanted new territories to be able to exclude slavery

Douglas: popular sovereignty Douglas won race

Harper’s Ferry

John Brown: led 21 men (black and white) to Harper’s Ferry Virginia to seize federal arsenal and start a general slave uprising

Brown captured before anything happened, tried, put to death

Riots broke out N: denounced South, S: mobs assaulted white

men who were suspected of holding antislavery views

• Election 1860: Lincoln won presidency* S: felt they lost their political voice in the national govt.* S.Carolina: seceded Dec 20, 1860*Mississippi- Florida- Alabama- Georgia- Louisiana- Texas- Virginia- Arkansas- N. Carolina- Tenn*1861: delegates from each state met and formed the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Pres: Jefferson Davis

Civil War S. wanted control of all S. forts Fort Sumter (Charleston) still needed Lincoln decided not to abandon nor reinforce Confederates attacked Western countries of Virginia opposed slavery,

seceded from Virginia, admitted into Union as West Virginia

4 slave states remained in Union (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri)

Battles* Bull Run: 1st bloodshed, S. victory

-Lincoln then appointed General George McClellan to lead Union forces

*Antietam: bloodiest day of war, General Lee w/drew to Virginia, McClellan declared victor

*Shiloh: Confed surprised Union soldiers, confed retreated after arrival of Union reinforcements

- S. believed that Great Britain would formally recognize Confed, b/c of their dependence on their cotton. GB stayed neutral

Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln did not like slavery, but didn’t think that

federal govt had power to abolish it where it already existed

b/c Confed used slaves to build forts and grow food, Lincoln as Commander in Chief, could order troops to seize enemy resources

Emancipated states Jan 1, 1963 issued Emancipation Proclamation Gave war a moral purpose by turning the

struggle into a fight to free the slaves

Life during war Conscription: draft that forced men to

serve in the army African Americans: fought for union,

served in separate regiments commanded by white officers, earned lower pay

Women: did not fight, Nurses Clara Barton found American Red Cross

• Battle of Gettysburg: most decisive battle of war, Lee gave up any hopes of invading the north* Gettysburg Address: “remade America” speech helped the country to realize that it was not just a collection of individual states, it was one unified nation.* Battle of Vicksburg: Confed was cut in half*Sherman’s March: southeast through Georgia to the sea destroying everything along the way, wanted to make S. “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it”* Appomattox: where Lee and Grant meet to arrange Confed surrender.

Changes

Political: no state ever threatened secession again

Economic: N: boomed, S: destroyed as a result of the end of slavery, industry and farmland destroyed

Passage of 13th Amendment Lincoln assassinated http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=9C7A9C21-4C5F-470F-A5B2-D2E2EBAAB430&blnFromSearch=

1&productcode=US

Lincoln’s Plan

10% Plan: govt would pardon all Confed except high ranking officials and those accused of crimes against prisoners of war who would swear allegiance to the Union. As soon as 10% of those who voted in 1860 took this oath, a Confederate state could form a new state govt and send representatives and Senators to Congress.

Radical Republicans: wanted to destroy political power of former slaveholders and wanted AA to be given full citizenship and the right to vote

Johnson’s Plan Wanted to break the planters’ power by excluding high-

ranking Confederates and wealthy Southern landowners from taking the oath needed for voting privileges.

States agreed Congress refused to admit new S. legislators Freedmen’s Bureau: established by Congress to provide

food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection and education for former slaves and poor white in S.

Civil Rights Act of 1866: gave AA citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws

Johnson vetoed both

Congress Republicans wanted to shift control of

reconstruction from executive branch to legislature, overrode pres veto

14th Amendment Reconstruction Act of 1867: did not

recognize any state govt except Tenn, formed under Lincoln and Johnson’s plans. Divided former confed states into 5 military districts, required to grant AA men vote and ratify 14th amend.in order to reenter the union, Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode

Johnson’s Impeachment

Radicals looked for grounds to impeach b/c felt he was blocking Reconstruction

Violation of Tenure of Office Act Senate voted not to convict 1868 Election: Grant elected

9 of 10 AA voted for Grant, showed the importance of AA vote

Postwar South 3 main republican parties

Scalawags: white S. who joined the republican party Carpetbeggers: N who moved to the S after the war AA: gained voting rights as result of 15th amend Voting Restrictions on AA

Literacy Test Poll tax Grandfather Claus Jim Crow Laws http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/jcrow02.htm

• 40 Acres and a mule: Sherman promised anyone who served in his army, former slaves received no land* Sharecropping: landowners divided their land and assigned each head of the household a few acres, tools and seeds, kept small share of crop and gave the rest to landowners* Tenant Farming: renting land with cash and keeping all the crops

Collapse of Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan: goals: destroy Republican party, throw out the Reconstruction govt, prevent AA from exercising their political rights

Enforcement Acts: 1st: provided for the federal supervision of elections in S. states , 2nd: gave the pres the power to use federal troops in areas where the Klan was active

Amnesty Act: returned the right to vote and to hold federal and state offices to confeds

Panic of 1873: bank failures, triggered a 5 year depression

Election 1876: (D) Samuel Tilden won popular vote, one short of electoral victory

s. Democrats agreed to accept Hayes of federal troops were w/drawn from the South

Rep agreed, Hayes electedReconstruction ended in the South