the civil war (1861-1865) and reconstruction unit 4

The Civil War (1861-The Civil War (1861-1865) and 1865) and

ReconstructionReconstruction

Unit 4Unit 4

I. Background Info.I. Background Info. Civil WarCivil War – war between the northern – war between the northern

states and the southern statesstates and the southern states-the “War Between the States”-the “War Between the States”-the “War of Rebellion”-the “War of Rebellion”-the “War for Southern Independence”-the “War for Southern Independence”

Northern States – United States, Union, Northern States – United States, Union, Yankees, BlueYankees, Blue

Southern States – Confederate States of Southern States – Confederate States of America, Confederacy, Rebels, Secess, America, Confederacy, Rebels, Secess, GrayGray

I. Background Info.I. Background Info.

1850s – North and South moving in 1850s – North and South moving in opposite directions – How?opposite directions – How?

1)1) Different EconomiesDifferent Economies

-North: industrial and urban -North: industrial and urban

-South: agricultural and rural-South: agricultural and rural

I. Background Info.I. Background Info.

2)2) Slavery and Western ExpansionSlavery and Western Expansion – divided – divided the nation – northerners did not want the nation – northerners did not want slavery in the West, southerners didslavery in the West, southerners did

Remember: Missouri Compromise and Remember: Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

II. Early Stages of the WarII. Early Stages of the War

First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run (July 1861): (July 1861):

-Bull Run is a stream north of Manassas, VA-Bull Run is a stream north of Manassas, VA

-1-1stst major battle of the war major battle of the war

-Gen. -Gen. Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowell led the poorly trained led the poorly trained Union troops towards Richmond, VA Union troops towards Richmond, VA (capital of Conf.)(capital of Conf.)

-took McDowell and his troops 4 days to -took McDowell and his troops 4 days to march 28 milesmarch 28 miles


-gave Conf. time to call in more troops-gave Conf. time to call in more troops

-Union began to push Conf. lines back-Union began to push Conf. lines back

-some Conf. soldiers, led by Gen. -some Conf. soldiers, led by Gen. Thomas Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson“Stonewall” Jackson refused to give up refused to give up

-Union advance was stopped and forced to -Union advance was stopped and forced to retreat back to Wash. D.C.retreat back to Wash. D.C.


-Conf. won the battle-Conf. won the battle

-casualties (killed, wounded, missing)-casualties (killed, wounded, missing)

Union – 2,900Union – 2,900

Conf. – 1,900Conf. – 1,900

-after the battle, Lincoln replaced McDowell -after the battle, Lincoln replaced McDowell with Gen. with Gen. George McClellanGeorge McClellan

-the battle convinced both sides the war -the battle convinced both sides the war would not end quicklywould not end quickly


Union AdvantagesUnion Advantages::

1)1) Greater Population – 21.5 million to 9 Greater Population – 21.5 million to 9 millionmillion

2)2) Controlled most of the railroads – move Controlled most of the railroads – move troops and suppliestroops and supplies

3)3) More factories – produced more/better More factories – produced more/better war supplieswar supplies

4)4) More moneyMore money

5)5) Better political leadership – esp. LincolnBetter political leadership – esp. Lincoln


Confederate AdvantagesConfederate Advantages

1)1) Did not have to win the war (only had to Did not have to win the war (only had to keep from being beaten)keep from being beaten)

2)2) Defending their own land (most of the Defending their own land (most of the war fought in the South)war fought in the South)

3)3) Fighting for a cause (independence)Fighting for a cause (independence)

4)4) Better military leadership (esp. Lee)Better military leadership (esp. Lee)


Union War StrategiesUnion War Strategies::

1)1) Blockade southern coast (would cut off Blockade southern coast (would cut off trade with Europe)trade with Europe)

2)2) Take control of Miss. River (would split Take control of Miss. River (would split Conf. into two sections)Conf. into two sections)

• These first 2 two strategies were nicknamed the These first 2 two strategies were nicknamed the Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan

-i.e. slowly choke the Confederacy until it dies-i.e. slowly choke the Confederacy until it dies

3)3) Capture RichmondCapture Richmond


Conf. War StrategiesConf. War Strategies::

1)1) Withhold cotton from the world (wanted Withhold cotton from the world (wanted to force England and France to help them to force England and France to help them – backfired)– backfired)

2)2) Survive until the northerners get tired of Survive until the northerners get tired of fighting and give upfighting and give up


Tactics and TechnologyTactics and Technology::

-Both sides fought by the book (war manuals) – -Both sides fought by the book (war manuals) – problem: all books on battle tactics in 1860 problem: all books on battle tactics in 1860 were out of date, were out of date, butbut no one knew itno one knew it

-Early war manuals were written for the -Early war manuals were written for the smooth-bore musketsmooth-bore musket: used a round ball – : used a round ball – very inaccurate and took a long time to loadvery inaccurate and took a long time to load

II. Early Stages of the WarII. Early Stages of the War-Basic battlefield alignment: (draw diagram)-Basic battlefield alignment: (draw diagram)

-Offense always had the better position-Offense always had the better position

-New weapon introduced during the war: -New weapon introduced during the war: rifle rifle musketmusket::

-fired a bullet shaped “-fired a bullet shaped “minie-ballminie-ball” out of a ” out of a spiraled gun barrel – more accurate (up to spiraled gun barrel – more accurate (up to 400 yards) and quicker to load 400 yards) and quicker to load

-Made the cavalry less important – Why??? -Made the cavalry less important – Why???

-Rifle musket allowed the defense to now have -Rifle musket allowed the defense to now have the better position the better position (Which side does that help (Which side does that help more?)more?)


ArtilleryArtillery: the Napoleon Gun fired a 12lb : the Napoleon Gun fired a 12lb smooth-bore ball – fired 3 types of smooth-bore ball – fired 3 types of projectiles:projectiles:

1)1) Explosive shellsExplosive shells

2)2) Solid shot/ball (rolling)Solid shot/ball (rolling)

3)3) Case shot – 2 types:Case shot – 2 types:

a. Grape shot (golf-ball sized)a. Grape shot (golf-ball sized)

b. Canister shot (metal, nails, sawdust, b. Canister shot (metal, nails, sawdust, etc.)etc.)

II. Early Stages of the WarII. Early Stages of the War The Civil War was fought on 2 fronts:The Civil War was fought on 2 fronts:

1)1)Eastern FrontEastern Front – east of Appalachian Mts. – east of Appalachian Mts.2)2)Western FrontWestern Front – west of Appalachian – west of Appalachian

Mts.Mts.

22 major battles in the war (at least 6,000 22 major battles in the war (at least 6,000 casualties)casualties)

Many battles had 2 names:Many battles had 2 names:-North used physical features (rivers, -North used physical features (rivers, mountains, etc.)mountains, etc.)-South used closest town-South used closest town


War in the WestWar in the West::

-Fought for control of the Miss. River-Fought for control of the Miss. River

-Union Gen. -Union Gen. Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant took control of took control of Fort HenryFort Henry and and Fort DonelsonFort Donelson on KY/TN on KY/TN border in Feb. 1862 border in Feb. 1862


Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh::

-April 1862-April 1862

-TN / Miss. border-TN / Miss. border

-Largest battle in the West-Largest battle in the West

-Conf. launched a surprise attack on April 6 – -Conf. launched a surprise attack on April 6 – Grant away from campGrant away from camp

-Conf. decided to wait until the next day to -Conf. decided to wait until the next day to finish off Union (troops were tired)finish off Union (troops were tired)


-Grant attacked the next morning and retook -Grant attacked the next morning and retook the positions he had lostthe positions he had lost

-Union victory (held the ground at the end of -Union victory (held the ground at the end of the battle)the battle)

-casualties: Union - 13,000 -casualties: Union - 13,000 Conf. - Conf. - 11,00011,000

-Newspapers demanded that Grant be fired -Newspapers demanded that Grant be fired (high casualties) – Lincoln refused saying, (high casualties) – Lincoln refused saying, “I can’t spare this man; he fights.”“I can’t spare this man; he fights.”


Naval War in 1862Naval War in 1862

-The South made one major attempt to -The South made one major attempt to break the Union blockade – rebuilt the break the Union blockade – rebuilt the U.S.S. MerrimackU.S.S. Merrimack and renamed it the and renamed it the C.S.S. VirginiaC.S.S. Virginia

--ironcladironclad – wooden ship covered with iron – wooden ship covered with iron plate armor (draw)plate armor (draw)


-March 9, 1862 – -March 9, 1862 – VirginiaVirginia sank 2 ships in sank 2 ships in Chesapeake Bay – worse day in the history of Chesapeake Bay – worse day in the history of U.S. Navy until 1941U.S. Navy until 1941

--VirginiaVirginia came back the next morning and saw came back the next morning and saw the the U.S.S. MonitorU.S.S. Monitor, the Union’s ironclad , the Union’s ironclad (draw)(draw)

-March 10, 1862 – 1-March 10, 1862 – 1stst battle between ironclads battle between ironclads

-Problem with the -Problem with the VirginiaVirginia: hard to maneuver: hard to maneuver

C.S.S. Virginia vs. U.S.S. Monitor


--VirginiaVirginia was damaged the worst – hit 98x’s was damaged the worst – hit 98x’s

-Battle was a draw – never met again-Battle was a draw – never met again

-Changed the future of naval warfare – -Changed the future of naval warfare – wooden ships became obsoletewooden ships became obsolete

April 1862 – major Union victory at New April 1862 – major Union victory at New Orleans by Adm. David Farragut – major Orleans by Adm. David Farragut – major step in taking control of Miss. Riverstep in taking control of Miss. River


Peninsular CampaignPeninsular Campaign::-March-June 1862-March-June 1862-peninsula SE of Richmond-peninsula SE of Richmond-Union’s 2-Union’s 2ndnd attempt to take Richmond attempt to take Richmond-Union led by McClellan – great organizer of -Union led by McClellan – great organizer of

troops but very cautioustroops but very cautious-Union won minor battle at Yorktown-Union won minor battle at Yorktown-McClellan waited a month before moving on -McClellan waited a month before moving on

to Richmond (Why?????)to Richmond (Why?????)


-gave Conf. time to prepare-gave Conf. time to prepare

-Gen. -Gen. Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee took command of Conf. took command of Conf. troopstroops

-Conf. victory-Conf. victory

-Richmond saved again-Richmond saved again

-beginning of Lee’s rise to fame-beginning of Lee’s rise to fame

-McClellan lost command-McClellan lost command


Second Battle of Bull RunSecond Battle of Bull Run-Aug. 1862-Aug. 1862-McClellan’s troops placed under command -McClellan’s troops placed under command

of of John PopeJohn Pope-Lee divided his army by sending Jackson to -Lee divided his army by sending Jackson to

attack behind Pope’s armyattack behind Pope’s army-Pope turned to attack Jackson then Lee -Pope turned to attack Jackson then Lee

attacked from the other sideattacked from the other side-Conf. victory – Richmond saved again-Conf. victory – Richmond saved again


Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam

-Sept. 1862-Sept. 1862

-in Maryland-in Maryland

-Lee wanted a victory on northern soil to -Lee wanted a victory on northern soil to hopefully get support from Europehopefully get support from Europe

-early Sept. Lee slipped into Maryland-early Sept. Lee slipped into Maryland

-McClellan (back in command) had no idea -McClellan (back in command) had no idea where Lee was until…where Lee was until…


……a Union soldier found Lee’s battle plans a Union soldier found Lee’s battle plans rolled up into 3 cigarsrolled up into 3 cigars

-McClellan waited 16 hrs. before attacking -McClellan waited 16 hrs. before attacking Lee (STUPID!)Lee (STUPID!)

-gave Lee time to plan a defense-gave Lee time to plan a defense-armies met near Antietam Creek – bloodiest -armies met near Antietam Creek – bloodiest

single day of war (“the creek ran red”)single day of war (“the creek ran red”)-Union victory-Union victory-casualties: Union-12,000-casualties: Union-12,000

Conf.- 14,000 Conf.- 14,000

III. The Tide of the War III. The Tide of the War TurnsTurns

After Antietam, McClellan replaced by Gen. After Antietam, McClellan replaced by Gen. Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Battle of FredericksburgBattle of Fredericksburg::

-Dec. 1862 - in VA-Dec. 1862 - in VA

-Burnside marched with 122,000 towards -Burnside marched with 122,000 towards RichmondRichmond

-Lee stationed at Fredericksburg – great -Lee stationed at Fredericksburg – great defensive positiondefensive position


-draw diagram-draw diagram

-Burnside attacked – major mistake-Burnside attacked – major mistake


-casualties: Union- 13,000-casualties: Union- 13,000

Conf.- 5,000Conf.- 5,000

-Burnside resigned and was replaced by -Burnside resigned and was replaced by Gen. Gen. Joseph HookerJoseph Hooker


Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of Chancellorsville

-May 1863 – in VA-May 1863 – in VA

-Hooker moved around Fred. and attacked -Hooker moved around Fred. and attacked from the other sidefrom the other side

-Lee sent Jackson behind Hooker and he -Lee sent Jackson behind Hooker and he attackedattacked

-Hooker forced to retreat-Hooker forced to retreat


-Stonewall Jackson killed (major loss for South)-Stonewall Jackson killed (major loss for South)

Stonewall Jackson had his left arm Stonewall Jackson had his left arm removed due to the wounds, and then was removed due to the wounds, and then was thought to be recovering. However he got thought to be recovering. However he got pneumonia from his wounds, and died on pneumonia from his wounds, and died on May 10, 1863, 8 days after being shot. May 10, 1863, 8 days after being shot. When he learned of Jackson's wounds, When he learned of Jackson's wounds, General Robert E Lee was quoted as General Robert E Lee was quoted as saying saying "Jackson has lost his left arm, but I "Jackson has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right".have lost my right".


-some northerners called for peace-some northerners called for peace

-Hooker resigned and was replaced by Gen. -Hooker resigned and was replaced by Gen. George MeadeGeorge Meade

-Lee moved into PA to look for supplies-Lee moved into PA to look for supplies


Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

-July 1-3, 1863 – in PA-July 1-3, 1863 – in PA

-turning point in the war -turning point in the war

-largest battle ever fought in N.A. – Union had -largest battle ever fought in N.A. – Union had 88,000 - Conf. had 75,00088,000 - Conf. had 75,000

July 1July 1 – Conf. soldiers looking for supplies – Conf. soldiers looking for supplies (esp. shoes) met Union soldiers in (esp. shoes) met Union soldiers in Gettysburg – both sides took positions Gettysburg – both sides took positions outside of townoutside of town

July 2July 2 – day of movement and positioning – – day of movement and positioning – Lee ordered Lee ordered Gen. James LongstreetGen. James Longstreet to to attack the southern Union line (Little attack the southern Union line (Little Round Top) – attack failedRound Top) – attack failed


July 3July 3 – Lee decided to attack the Union – Lee decided to attack the Union center – Longstreet opposed – after 2 hrs. center – Longstreet opposed – after 2 hrs. of artillery fire the South attackedof artillery fire the South attacked

--Gen. George PickettGen. George Pickett org. 12,500 troops to org. 12,500 troops to march across the 1-mile-long wide open march across the 1-mile-long wide open field towards Cemetery Ridge (field towards Cemetery Ridge (Pickett’s Pickett’s ChargeCharge))

-complete disaster for Conf. – only ½ -complete disaster for Conf. – only ½ returnedreturned


-Union victory-Union victory

-Casualties: Union – 23,000-Casualties: Union – 23,000

Conf. – 28,000Conf. – 28,000

Result:Result:

1)1) bloodiest battle of the war bloodiest battle of the war

2)2) Lee blamed himself and retreated back Lee blamed himself and retreated back to VA – lost 1/3 of his armyto VA – lost 1/3 of his army


Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863) – (Nov. 19, 1863) – 15,000 met at the cemetery to honor the 15,000 met at the cemetery to honor the Union dead – Edward Everette gave a 2 hr. Union dead – Edward Everette gave a 2 hr. speech – Lincoln then gave a 2 min. speech – Lincoln then gave a 2 min. speechspeech

““Four score and seven Four score and seven years ago our fathers years ago our fathers brought forth on this brought forth on this continent, a new continent, a new nation, conceived in nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that to the proposition that all men are created all men are created equal…we here highly equal…we here highly resolve that these resolve that these dead shall not have dead shall not have died in vain -- that died in vain -- that this nation, under this nation, under God, shall have a new God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- birth of freedom -- and that government and that government of the people, by the of the people, by the people, for the people, for the people, shall not people, shall not perish from the perish from the earth.”earth.”

III. The Tide of the War III. The Tide of the War TurnsTurns Siege at VicksburgSiege at Vicksburg: : (May-June 1863 in (May-June 1863 in

Miss.)Miss.)

-Grant began the siege in late May -Grant began the siege in late May

--siegesiege - tactic where the enemy is surrounded - tactic where the enemy is surrounded and starved in order to make them surrenderand starved in order to make them surrender

-Union victory-Union victory

-30,000 Conf. forced to surrender-30,000 Conf. forced to surrender

-Result:-Result:

1) Union finally gains control of the Miss. River1) Union finally gains control of the Miss. River

2) Grant was moved to the east to fight Lee2) Grant was moved to the east to fight Lee

IV. A New Birth of Freedom IV. A New Birth of Freedom

March 1864 – Grant given command of March 1864 – Grant given command of Union troops in Wash. – Gen. Union troops in Wash. – Gen. William William ShermanSherman replaced Grant in the west replaced Grant in the west

After Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Lee knew After Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Lee knew the South was in troublethe South was in trouble

Grant decided to move towards Richmond Grant decided to move towards Richmond in early May 1864 with 120,000 men – Lee in early May 1864 with 120,000 men – Lee had only 65,000 – Grant forced Lee to had only 65,000 – Grant forced Lee to protect Richmond and 3 battles occurred:protect Richmond and 3 battles occurred:

IV. A New Birth of FreedomIV. A New Birth of Freedom

1) 1) Battle of the WildernessBattle of the Wilderness (May 5-6, (May 5-6, 1864) – armies met near Chancellorsville 1864) – armies met near Chancellorsville in dense forest – the woods caught on fire in dense forest – the woods caught on fire during the fighting – Grant took heavy during the fighting – Grant took heavy losses – battle was a draw (but favored the losses – battle was a draw (but favored the Union – Why???)Union – Why???)


2) 2) Battle of SpotsylvaniaBattle of Spotsylvania (May 8-19, (May 8-19, 1864) – Conf. attacked – two week battle – 1864) – Conf. attacked – two week battle – heavy Union casualties again – Grant kept heavy Union casualties again – Grant kept moving towards Richmondmoving towards Richmond

3) 3) Battle of Cold HarborBattle of Cold Harbor (June 3, 1864) – (June 3, 1864) – only 8 miles from Richmond – heavy Union only 8 miles from Richmond – heavy Union casualties (7,000 in one hr.) – Conf. victorycasualties (7,000 in one hr.) – Conf. victory


Unable to take Richmond, Grant moved Unable to take Richmond, Grant moved around the city and attacked around the city and attacked PetersburgPetersburg, a , a railroad center south of Richmond – railroad center south of Richmond – wanted to cut off shipments of food to wanted to cut off shipments of food to Richmond – the attack failedRichmond – the attack failed

Siege at PetersburgSiege at Petersburg (June 18, 1864 – (June 18, 1864 – Apr. 2, 1865) – cut off supplies to the city Apr. 2, 1865) – cut off supplies to the city and pounded it with artillery – trying to and pounded it with artillery – trying to starve them outstarve them out

IV. A New Birth of FreedomIV. A New Birth of Freedom Lee built up defenses around Richmond and Lee built up defenses around Richmond and

waited for the northern election in Nov. waited for the northern election in Nov. 1864 – wanted Lincoln to lose and the North 1864 – wanted Lincoln to lose and the North to give up – he knew it was their last chanceto give up – he knew it was their last chance

Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea::

-moved southward from Chattanooga, TN -moved southward from Chattanooga, TN towards Atlanta, GA – captured Atlanta on towards Atlanta, GA – captured Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864Sept. 2, 1864

-Nov. 1864 – burned Atlanta and marched -Nov. 1864 – burned Atlanta and marched towards Savannah, GA (on the coast) – towards Savannah, GA (on the coast) – destroyed everything on their waydestroyed everything on their way


Election of 1864Election of 1864::

-Lincoln thought he would lose – so, he chose -Lincoln thought he would lose – so, he chose a democrat, a democrat, Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson, as the V.P. , as the V.P. candidatecandidate

-the democrats nominated McClellan -the democrats nominated McClellan (Seriously??)(Seriously??)

-Sherman’s capture of Atlanta led to Lincoln’s -Sherman’s capture of Atlanta led to Lincoln’s re-electionre-election

1313thth Amendment Amendment (Feb. 1865) – abolished (Feb. 1865) – abolished slaveryslavery


The End of the WarThe End of the War::-Sherman began to move northward through -Sherman began to move northward through

SC and NC burning everythingSC and NC burning everything-Lee arrived at the small VA town of -Lee arrived at the small VA town of

Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House on Apr. 9, 1865 – on Apr. 9, 1865 – met with Grant and surrendered because met with Grant and surrendered because the Conf. were down to 35,000 starving the Conf. were down to 35,000 starving menmen

-Lincoln was assassinated by -Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes John Wilkes BoothBooth on Apr. 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater on Apr. 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater in Wash.in Wash.

Reconstruction of the SouthReconstruction of the South

The South was the main The South was the main battlegroundbattleground of the Civil War and its largest of the Civil War and its largest casualty casualty Hardly a farm or family remained Hardly a farm or family remained

undamagedundamaged by the end of the war by the end of the war ReconstructionReconstruction was an era in which was an era in which

the government attempted to the government attempted to rebuildrebuild (and at times punish) the (and at times punish) the SouthSouth

War’s AftermathWar’s Aftermath::

Physical TollPhysical Toll – destroyed – destroyed 2/3rds2/3rds of southern of southern shipping and shipping and 9,0009,000 miles of railroads – also miles of railroads – also devoured farmland, farm buildings, and devoured farmland, farm buildings, and farm machinery; work animals and 1/3 of farm machinery; work animals and 1/3 of all all livestocklivestock; bridges, canals, and levees; ; bridges, canals, and levees; and thousands of miles of and thousands of miles of roadsroads – factories, – factories, ports, cities burned – the value of southern ports, cities burned – the value of southern property dropped property dropped 7070%%

Human TollHuman Toll – destroyed a generation of – destroyed a generation of young young menmen, fathers, brothers, and , fathers, brothers, and husbands – North lost husbands – North lost 364,000364,000 soldiers – soldiers – the South lost the South lost 289,000289,000 soldiers, 1/5 of its soldiers, 1/5 of its adult white men – one out of every adult white men – one out of every 33 southern men were killed or wounded – southern men were killed or wounded – the North’s decision to destroy southern the North’s decision to destroy southern homeshomes and property resulted in countless and property resulted in countless civilian lives – children were made civilian lives – children were made orphansorphans and brides became widows and brides became widows

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualties

KIAKIA DiseaseDisease POW DeadPOW Dead WoundedWounded TotalTotal

UnionUnion 110,000 224,000 30,000 275,000 110,000 224,000 30,000 275,000 640,000640,000

Conf. 94,000 164,000 31,000 194,000 Conf. 94,000 164,000 31,000 194,000 483,000483,000

TotalTotal 204,000 388,000 61,000 469,000 204,000 388,000 61,000 469,000 1,123,0001,123,000

Southerners’ HardshipsSoutherners’ Hardships: the postwar South : the postwar South was made up of was made up of 33 major groups of people – major groups of people – each group faced its own hardships and fears:each group faced its own hardships and fears:

1) 1) African American SouthernersAfrican American Southerners – some – some 44 million freed people were starting their new million freed people were starting their new lives in a poor region with slow economic lives in a poor region with slow economic activity – as slaves, they had received activity – as slaves, they had received foodfood and shelter – now found themselves and shelter – now found themselves homeless, jobless, and homeless, jobless, and hungryhungry

2) 2) Plantation OwnersPlantation Owners – planters lost – planters lost slave labor worth about slave labor worth about $3$3 billion – billion – the federal government seized the federal government seized $100$100 million in southern plantations and million in southern plantations and cotton – with worthless Confederate cotton – with worthless Confederate moneymoney, some farmers couldn’t afford , some farmers couldn’t afford to hire workers and others had to sell to hire workers and others had to sell their their propertyproperty to cover debts to cover debts

3) 3) Poor White SouthernersPoor White Southerners – many – many white laborers could not find white laborers could not find workwork anymore because of the new job anymore because of the new job competition from freedmen – poor competition from freedmen – poor white families began migrating to white families began migrating to frontierfrontier lands such as Mississippi lands such as Mississippi and and TexasTexas to find new opportunities to find new opportunities

Most southerners accepted the war’s Most southerners accepted the war’s outcome and focused on outcome and focused on rebuildingrebuilding their lives – however, the fall of the their lives – however, the fall of the Confederacy and the end of Confederacy and the end of slaveryslavery raised some tough questions:raised some tough questions:

1) 1) How and when should southern How and when should southern states be allowed to resume their states be allowed to resume their role in the role in the UnionUnion??

2) Should the South be punished for 2) Should the South be punished for its actions, or be its actions, or be forgivenforgiven and and allowed to recover quickly?allowed to recover quickly?

3) Now that black southerners were 3) Now that black southerners were freefree, would the races have equal , would the races have equal rights?rights?

4) If so, how might those rights be 4) If so, how might those rights be protectedprotected??

5) What 5) What branchbranch of government would of government would be responsible for Reconstruction? be responsible for Reconstruction? (executive, judicial, or legislative)(executive, judicial, or legislative)

The The ConstitutionConstitution didn’t answer these didn’t answer these questions, so a power struggle between questions, so a power struggle between the 3 branches of government began.the 3 branches of government began.

Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan Did not want to make the South sufferDid not want to make the South suffer Wanted to restore Southern states Wanted to restore Southern states

quicklyquickly Lincoln’s Lincoln’s 10% Plan10% Plan::

1. Offered 1. Offered amnestyamnesty, or pardon, to all , or pardon, to all southerners who took an oath of loyalty to southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the USthe US

Except…gov’t officials, military officers, Except…gov’t officials, military officers, judges, members of Congressjudges, members of Congress

2. When 10% of a state’s voters had taken this 2. When 10% of a state’s voters had taken this oath, the state could rejoin the Unionoath, the state could rejoin the Union

3. Required Southern states to ratify, or 3. Required Southern states to ratify, or approve the approve the 13th Amendment13th Amendment

Many “Radical” Republicans viewed Many “Radical” Republicans viewed this plan as this plan as too easytoo easy on the South, so on the South, so they passed the…they passed the…– Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill: same as Lincoln’s plan : same as Lincoln’s plan

except 50% of voters (not 10%) had to except 50% of voters (not 10%) had to take an “ironclad” oath before being take an “ironclad” oath before being readmittedreadmitted

Vetoed by LincolnVetoed by Lincoln

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan Took office when Lincoln died and while Took office when Lincoln died and while

Congress was in recess (on a break)Congress was in recess (on a break) His plan His plan Presidential Presidential

ReconstructionReconstruction

1. 1. Readmitted the Southern Readmitted the Southern states under states under

Lincoln’s 10% PlanLincoln’s 10% Plan

2. 2. Granted all southerners full Granted all southerners full pardons, pardons, including former Conf. including former Conf. officialsofficials

Even easier on the South than Even easier on the South than Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan

Every southern state was readmitted Every southern state was readmitted under this planunder this plan

ButBut, Republicans voted to , Republicans voted to rejectreject the the new southern members of Congress new southern members of Congress (many were former military officers)(many were former military officers)

That means this plan was voided.That means this plan was voided.

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction Also known as Also known as Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

1.1. Divided the South (except TN) into Divided the South (except TN) into 5 5 military districts each governed by military districts each governed by a a Union generalUnion general

2. Must give the right to vote to all 2. Must give the right to vote to all adultadult males, regardless of racemales, regardless of race

3. Must ratify the 3. Must ratify the 1414thth Amendment Amendment before before electing members to Congresselecting members to Congress

This was the plan actually used to re-This was the plan actually used to re-admit the southern states to the Union.admit the southern states to the Union.

The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau (March (March 1865):1865):

Fed and clothed former slaves and Fed and clothed former slaves and other poor southernersother poor southerners

Helped former slaves find work on Helped former slaves find work on plantations and negotiated salariesplantations and negotiated salaries

Worked to educate former slaves Worked to educate former slaves (paid for schools, teachers, etc.) (paid for schools, teachers, etc.)

Legislation and ReactionsLegislation and Reactions

““Black Codes”Black Codes” Passed by southern states to limit the rights of Passed by southern states to limit the rights of

African Am.’sAfrican Am.’s Ex: curfews, work contracts, vagrancy, land Ex: curfews, work contracts, vagrancy, land

ownership, etc.ownership, etc. The intention was to return African Americans The intention was to return African Americans

to a “virtual slavery”to a “virtual slavery”

--curfewscurfews – generally, African-Americans – generally, African-Americans could not gather after sunsetcould not gather after sunset

--vagrancy lawsvagrancy laws – freedmen convicted of – freedmen convicted of vagrancy (not working) could be fined, vagrancy (not working) could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s laborwhipped, or sold for a year’s labor

--work contractswork contracts – freedmen had to sign – freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work agreements in January for a year of work (those that quit in the middle of the year (those that quit in the middle of the year lost all the wages they had earned)lost all the wages they had earned)

--land restrictionsland restrictions – freed people could rent – freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas – forced land or homes only in rural areas – forced them to live on plantationsthem to live on plantations

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866

Granted former slaves the right to sue, serve Granted former slaves the right to sue, serve on juries, and other legal rightson juries, and other legal rights

Vetoed by Johnson Vetoed by Johnson Congress overrode the vetoCongress overrode the veto

1313thth Amendment Amendment 18651865 Abolished slavery and “involuntary Abolished slavery and “involuntary

servitude” (except as punishment for a servitude” (except as punishment for a crime) in the UScrime) in the US

1414thth Amendment Amendment 18681868 Granted citizenship to Granted citizenship to allall persons born or persons born or

naturalized in the US, including African naturalized in the US, including African Am.’sAm.’s

1515thth Amendment Amendment 18701870 Granted African Am. males the right to Granted African Am. males the right to

votevote

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan Started by white supremacists in Pulaski, Started by white supremacists in Pulaski,

TN (including former Conf. general Nathan TN (including former Conf. general Nathan Bedford Forrest)Bedford Forrest)

Goal was to terrorize Afr. Am’s and to Goal was to terrorize Afr. Am’s and to ““keep them in their placekeep them in their place””

Ku Klux Klan ActKu Klux Klan Act (1871): authorized (1871): authorized military protection for Afr. Am’smilitary protection for Afr. Am’s

To limit Johnson’s executive powers To limit Johnson’s executive powers (enforce laws), Congress passed the (enforce laws), Congress passed the Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act in 1867 in 1867 Said the Said the SenateSenate must approve the must approve the

president’s removal of any Senate-president’s removal of any Senate-approved officials (included all approved officials (included all Cabinet Cabinet positions)positions)

Congress was trying to protect Secretary Congress was trying to protect Secretary of War of War Edwin M. StantonEdwin M. Stanton, who often , who often clashed with President Johnson about clashed with President Johnson about ReconstructionReconstruction

Johnson Johnson ignoredignored the new act and fired the new act and fired StantonStanton

Republicans in the Republicans in the HouseHouse impeachedimpeached (formal charges) Johnson for ignoring the (formal charges) Johnson for ignoring the new actnew act

Johnson escaped conviction in the Johnson escaped conviction in the SenateSenate by only by only oneone vote and was not removed vote and was not removed from officefrom office

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers – – northernersnortherners who who moved to the South after the warmoved to the South after the war

Many elected or appointed to Many elected or appointed to positions in the South’s new positions in the South’s new statestate governmentsgovernments

Locals viewed them as “Locals viewed them as “intrudersintruders” ” who profited from Southern misery who profited from Southern misery (often bought up cheap land)(often bought up cheap land)

ScalawagsScalawags – – whitewhite southerners who southerners who worked with the Republican Party and worked with the Republican Party and supportedsupported Reconstruction ReconstructionMany were owners of Many were owners of smallsmall farms who did farms who did

not want power back into the hands of the not want power back into the hands of the wealthywealthy plantation owners plantation owners

Most former Most former slavesslaves became became sharecropperssharecroppers during the during the Reconstruction periodReconstruction periodRented plots of land, often from their Rented plots of land, often from their

former former mastersmasters, in exchange for housing , in exchange for housing and a percentage of the crop and a percentage of the crop profitsprofits

By 1880: More than By 1880: More than 80%80% of southern of southern African Americans had become African Americans had become sharecropperssharecroppers

When African Americans were given When African Americans were given the right to the right to votevote, hundreds of former , hundreds of former slaves were elected to numerous slaves were elected to numerous offices (mayor, police chiefs, even offices (mayor, police chiefs, even CongressCongress))Hiram RevelsHiram Revels became the became the firstfirst African African

American elected to the Senate in American elected to the Senate in 18701870

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant became became PresidentPresident in 1869in 1869

Not an effective leader and had very Not an effective leader and had very little little politicalpolitical experience experience

His presidency is known for numerous His presidency is known for numerous scandalsscandals among his Cabinet members among his Cabinet members (ex: the “Whiskey Ring” – false (ex: the “Whiskey Ring” – false taxtax reports cheated the government out of reports cheated the government out of millions of dollars)millions of dollars)

A A depressiondepression also began in the 1870s also began in the 1870s which hurt the Republican Partywhich hurt the Republican Party

Election of 1876 Election of 1876 Due to the problems of the Due to the problems of the GrantGrant

administration, Democrats were administration, Democrats were hopeful that their hopeful that their candidatecandidate, , Samuel Samuel TildenTilden, could win the election of , could win the election of 18761876

RepublicansRepublicans nominated nominated Rutherford Rutherford B. HayesB. Hayes, governor of Ohio, governor of Ohio

Tilden received almost Tilden received almost 300,000300,000 more more votes but the election was contested votes but the election was contested because officials disputed the results because officials disputed the results in some in some statesstates

Congress appointed a commission to Congress appointed a commission to settlesettle the controversy, resulting in the the controversy, resulting in the Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877::

1.1. Democrats agreed to Democrats agreed to HayesHayes being being PresidentPresident

2.2. Republicans agreed to Republicans agreed to endend ReconstructionReconstruction

3.3. Southern states received federal Southern states received federal moneymoney, more power to govern , more power to govern themselves, and a promise to themselves, and a promise to withdraw federal withdraw federal troopstroops

The Compromise of 1877 brought The Compromise of 1877 brought Reconstruction to an Reconstruction to an endend and began the and began the eraera of the of the “Solid South”“Solid South”For nearly a For nearly a centurycentury after Reconstruction, after Reconstruction,

southerners distrusted the southerners distrusted the RepublicanRepublican Party Party and “solidly” supported Democratic and “solidly” supported Democratic candidatescandidates

As Reconstruction ended and groups As Reconstruction ended and groups like the like the KKKKKK became more powerful, became more powerful, African Americans soon lost African Americans soon lost whatever whatever politicalpolitical power they had power they had gained following the wargained following the war

Southern states began passing Southern states began passing Jim Jim Crow lawsCrow laws that required African that required African Americans and whites to use Americans and whites to use separateseparate public facilitiespublic facilities

These laws established These laws established racialracial segregationsegregation (separation based on (separation based on race) in restaurants, hospitals, schools, race) in restaurants, hospitals, schools, parksparks, transportation, etc., transportation, etc.

22 kinds of segregation: kinds of segregation:

1.1.de jurede jure – segregation based on – segregation based on lawlaw

2.2.de factode facto – segregation that occurs – segregation that occurs ““naturallynaturally” (neighborhoods)” (neighborhoods)

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson (1896): (1896): US US Supreme Court ruled Supreme Court ruled segregationsegregation was was legallegal as long as the separate facilities as long as the separate facilities were were equalequal – “separate but equal” – “separate but equal” doctrinedoctrine

In reality, the facilities for In reality, the facilities for whiteswhites were were usually superiorusually superior

This established This established de jurede jure segregation as segregation as legallegal

Many states also tried to Many states also tried to avoidavoid upholding the 15th Amendment by upholding the 15th Amendment by requiring citizens to pass requiring citizens to pass literacy literacy teststests (must read/write to vote) or pay (must read/write to vote) or pay poll taxespoll taxes (a (a feefee to vote) to vote)Both were an attempt to Both were an attempt to disenfranchisedisenfranchise, ,

or or preventprevent African Americans from voting African Americans from voting Grandfather clausesGrandfather clauses were passed to were passed to

make sure make sure poorpoor and illiterate whites and illiterate whites could still could still votevoteIf your If your fatherfather or grandfather had voted or grandfather had voted

before Reconstruction began, you could before Reconstruction began, you could vote, regardless if you could read/write or vote, regardless if you could read/write or pay the taxpay the tax

the civil war (1861-1865) and reconstruction unit 4

Documents

civil war war

early war manuals

early stages

war of rebellion

warunion war strategies

book war manuals problem

battle tactics

major battle