the civil rights era - your history site american journey/chap29.pdf · 2013-10-08 · 4 0 ° n...

836

The Civil Rights Era

1954ndash1973Why It Matters

In the 1950s a tide of protest began to rise in America against deeply rooted attitudesof racism and discrimination The campaign for equality grew and gained momentum

in the 1960s Although the civil rights movement could not overcome all the obstaclesit achieved some great and long-lasting successes

The Impact TodayInspired by the movements of the 1950s and 1960s many Americans work to secure full

rights for all citizens

The American Journey Video The chapter 29 video ldquoBeyond Prejudicerdquoexamines what it was like to be a young adult during the civil rights movement

1954bull Brown v Board of Education ruling

1955bull Montgomery bus

boycott begins

1963bull President Kennedy assassinated

1964bull Civil Rights Act

passed

1954bull French forced

out of Vietnam

1959bull Fidel Castro seizes

power in Cuba

Eisenhower1953ndash1961

CHAPTER 29 The Civil Rights Era

1955 1960 1965

Kennedy1961ndash1963

Johnson1963ndash1969

1962bull Algeria gains

independencefrom France

1964bull Nelson Mandela

receives life sentencein South Africa

AJ-836

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43572304

837

1970bull Grape workers gain increased

pay and better conditions

1971bull Floppy disk introduced

1972bull Britain imposes direct rule

on Northern Ireland

bull Terrorists kill Israeli Olympic athletes

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 29mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information

March on Washington On August 28 1963 more than 200000 peoplegathered to urge support for civil rights legislation


1970 1975

1967bull First heart transplant

performed in South Africa

1968bull Dr Martin Luther King Jr

assassinated

bull Indian Civil Rights Act passed

Nixon1969ndash1974

The Civil Rights EraWomenrsquos Rights

Hispanic AmericansNative Americans

Americans with DisabilitiesAfrican Americans

Step 1 Collect 3 sheets of paper and placethem about 1 inch apart

Identifying Main Ideas Study FoldableMake and use this foldable to identify the majorissues about the Civil Rights era and to classifyinformation under those topics

Reading and Writing As you read the chapterwrite (under each appropriate tab) what you learnabout the struggle for civil rights by differentgroups of Americans

Step 2 Fold up the bottom edges of the paperto form 6 tabs

Step 3 When all the tabs are the same sizefold the paper to hold the tabs in place andstaple the sheets together Turn the paper andlabel each tab as shown

Keep theedges straight

Stapletogether along

the fold

This makesall tabs thesame size

1954Supreme Court strikes downsegregation in education

1955Rosa Parks is arrestedMontgomery bus boycott begins

1957Dr Martin Luther King Jr heads SCLC Federal troops help integratea Little Rock high school

Main IdeaDespite obstacles African Americanspressed for equal rights

Key Termssegregation integrate boycott civildisobedience

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and describe the roles thesepeople played in the civil rights movement

Read to Learnbull how a Supreme Court decision

helped African Americans in theirstruggle for equal rights

bull why Dr Martin Luther King Jremerged as a leader

Section ThemeCivic Rights and ResponsibilitiesAfrican Americans organized in aneffort to secure equal rights

The Civil Rights Movement

Jackie Robinson could do everything on a baseball fieldmdashhit singles slam homeruns and speed from base to base Robinson was the first African American to playmajor league baseball When his team the Brooklyn Dodgers reached the WorldSeries in 1947 Robinson recalled ldquoI experienced a completely new emotion when theNational Anthem was played This time I thought it is being played for me as much asfor anyone elseldquo

Equality in EducationAfrican Americans had suffered from racism and discrimination in the

United States since colonial times As the nation entered the second half of thetwentieth century many African Americans believed that the time had come forthem to enjoy an equal place in American life They fought for equal opportu-nities in jobs housing and education They also fought against segregationmdashthe separation of people of different races

838 CHAPTER 29 The Civil Rights Era

Jackie Robinson baseball card

Roles

Linda Brown

Rosa Parks

Martin Luther King JrPreview of Events

Guide to Reading

1954 1955 1956 1957

AJ-838

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62642128

839CHAPTER 29 The Civil Rights Era

The Brown DecisionThe NAACP (National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People) had worked onbehalf of African Americans since its founding in1909 In the 1950s NAACP lawyers searched forcases they could use to challenge the laws allow-ing the segregation of public education

The Supreme Court had upheld segregationlaws in the past In 1896 in Plessy v Ferguson ithad ruled that ldquoseparate but equalrdquo public facil-ities were legal Thurgood Marshall the chieflawyer for the NAACP decided to challenge theidea of ldquoseparate but equalrdquo The NAACP beganto decide which among the nationrsquos segregatedschool districts to bring before the Court Seven-year-old African American Linda Brown wasnot permitted to attend an all-white elementary

school just blocks from her house The Brownfamily sued the school system but lost Marshalland the NAACP appealed the case all the way tothe Supreme Court

The case of Brown v Board of Education of Topeka Kansas combined with several simi-lar cases reached the Supreme Court in Decem-ber 1952 Marshall argued that segregatedschools were not and could not be equal towhite schools For that reason segregatedschools violated the Fourteenth Amendment

On May 17 1954 the Court unanimouslyruled in Brown v Board of Education of TopekaKansas that it was unconstitutional to separateschoolchildren by race The Brown decisionreversed the Courtrsquos decision in Plessy v Fergu-son (See page 997 for a summary of the Brown decision)

N

S

EW

500 kilometers0

500 miles0

Azimuthal Equidistant projection

100degW110degW 90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

PaCIFIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

WASH

OREGON

CALIF

NEVADA

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

UTAH

ARIZONA

COLORADO

NEWMEXICO

NORTHDAKOTA

SOUTHDAKOTA

NEBRASKA

KANSAS

OKLA

TEXAS

MINN

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

WIS

ILL

MICH

IND OHIO

KY

TENN

MISS ALA GA

FLA

SC

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY

MAINEVTNH

MASS

RICONN

NJDELMD

CANADA

MEXICO

School segregation was treated differently in various parts of the United States1 Region In how many states were schools

segregated by law2 Analyzing Information In what region

was segregation predominant

Segregation in United States Schools 1950

Segregated by law

Local districts decided

Segregation prohibited

No specific legislation

AJ-839

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9670425


Integrating the SchoolsThe Courtrsquos decision in Brown v Board of Edu-

cation called on school authorities to make plansfor integratingmdashbringing races togethermdashinpublic schools The Court also ordered that inte-gration was to be carried out ldquowith all deliberatespeedrdquomdashas fast as reasonably possible

Some school systems integrated quicklyHowever in parts of the South local leadersvowed to keep African American children out ofwhite schools A clash between the federal gov-ernment and these states seemed unavoidable

Confrontation in Little RockIn 1957 a federal judge ordered Central High

School in Little Rock Arkansas an all-whiteschool to admit African American studentsArkansas governor Orval Faubus opposed inte-gration In September he called out the statersquosNational Guard to prevent African Americansfrom entering the high school

On the first day of classes armed members ofthe National Guard blocked the schoolrsquos entranceand turned away nine African American students

One of them 15-year-old Elizabeth Eckfordrecalled that when she tried to squeeze past amember of the guard

ldquoHe raised his bayonet and then the otherguards moved in and raised their bayonetsrdquo

For the first time since the Civil War a South-ern state had defied the authority of the federalgovernment Although Eisenhower had somedoubts about the Brown decision he believed itwas his duty to enforce the law The presidentwarned Faubus that if the governor did notadmit the students the federal governmentwould act

When a federal judge ruled that the governorhad violated federal law Faubus removed theNational Guard Eisenhower sent hundreds ofsoldiers to Little Rock to patrol the schoolgrounds and protect the students Shielded bythe federal troops the nine African Americanstudents entered the school

Explaining What did the SupremeCourt rule in Brown v Board of Education

Elizabeth Eckford (center) braves the insults ofwhite citizens to enter Central High School in LittleRock Arkansas How did President Eisenhowerrespond to the crisis in Little Rock

History

AJ-840

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116869736


title FPO

Gains on Other FrontsWhile school integration continued African

Americans made other advances in securing theirrights More and more took part in a movementdedicated to securing fair and equal treatment

The Montgomery Bus BoycottOn the evening of December 1 1955 Rosa

Parks boarded a bus in downtown MontgomeryAlabama Parks a seamstress was secretary ofthe local chapter of the NAACP She found anempty seat in the section reserved for whites

When white passengers entered the bus thedriver told Parks an African American tomove to the rear of the bus Parks refused Atthe next bus stop she was taken off the bus bypolice arrested for breaking the law and fined$10 The episode could have ended theremdashbutit did not

Rosa Parksrsquos arrest led African Americans inMontgomery to organize a boycottmdasha refusal tousemdashthe cityrsquos buses The boycott organizershoped to hurt the city financially and force it toalter its policies They had strength in num-bersmdashalmost 75 percent of the bus companyrsquosriders were African American

At a boycott meeting a young Baptist minis-ter came forward to speak Not widely known atthe time Dr Martin Luther King Jr made animpact on the crowd He declared

ldquoWersquore here because first and foremost weare American citizens and we are determined toacquire our citizenship to the fullness of itsmeaning We are tiredmdashtired of being segre-gated and humiliated tired of being kickedabout by the brutal feet of oppressionrdquo

The boycott upset many peoplersquos daily livesbut the African Americans of Montgomerypulled together to make it work Students hitch-hiked to school workers walked or rode bikes totheir jobs King helped organize car pools toshuttle people from place to place

The bus boycott lasted for more than a yearCity officials arrested King and other leaders atdifferent times but African Americans heldfirm The local bus company lost thousands ofdollars in fares and downtown businesses lostcustomers Finally the Supreme Court settledthe matter by ruling that the Montgomery bussegregation law was unconstitutional InDecember 1956 the boycott ended

After the Montgomerybus boycott Dr MartinLuther King Jr emergedas the leader of theAfrican American protestmovement What drovehim into this demandingrole in history

The son of a Baptistminister King attendedMorehouse College andwhen he was 18 years olddecided on a career in the

ministry By the time hefirst arrived in Mont-gomery in September1954 as pastor of the Dexter Avenue BaptistChurch he had also metand married Coretta Scott

From the beginning ofthe Montgomery bus boy-cott King encouraged his followers to use non-violent resistance Thismeant that those who

carried out the demon-strations should not fightwith authorities In spiteof his stand on nonvio-lence King often becamethe target of violence

In April 1968 Kingwas in Memphis Ten-nessee to support astrike of sanitation work-ers There the ministerwas shot while standingon a motel balcony

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13546861

Nonviolent ProtestWith the victory in Montgomery King

became a leader of the civil rights movementHe followed the tactics of A Philip Randolphthe nationrsquos most prominent African Americanlabor leader King was also strongly influencedby Mohandas Gandhi who had used nonvio-lent protest to help India gain independencefrom Great Britain In keeping with his beliefsGandhi used protest methods based on civildisobedience or the refusal to obey laws thatare considered unjust

In January 1957 King and 60 other ministersstarted a new organization called the SouthernChristian Leadership Conference (SCLC)SCLC leaders emphasized nonviolent protestThey showed civil rights workers how to protectthemselves from violent attacks The SCLC alsodiscussed how to identify targets for protests andhow to organize people for support In takingthese steps the SCLC prepared African Ameri-cans for the struggle for equal rights

Describing How did the Montgomery bus boycott begin


May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957

bull 1955 Rosa Parks is arrested

bull 1955 Montgomery bus boycottbegins

bull 1957 Conflict at Little Rock

bull 1957 SCLC is organized

bull 1960 Students stage sit-ins

bull 1963 March on Washington DC

bull 1962 James Meredith enrolls at University of Mississippi

bull 1967 Thurgood Marshall appointedto Supreme Court

bull 1968 Shirley Chisholm elected toHouse of Representatives

bull 1972 Barbara Jordan elected to Congress

African Americans faced many obstacles in their struggle for equal rightsAnalyzing Information What protest followed the arrest of Rosa Parks

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use these terms in sen-

tences that explain important eventsin the civil rights movement segregation integrate boycottcivil disobedience

2 Reviewing Facts Name theSupreme Court decision that bannedsegregation in education

Reviewing Themes3 Civic Rights and Responsibilities

How did the Montgomery bus boy-cott end

Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions Why do you

think Dr Martin Luther King Jrbelieved nonviolent protest was themost effective course to gain civilrights

5 Sequencing Information Re-createthe time line below and list importantevents in the civil rights movement inthe 1950s

Analyzing Visuals 6 Examine the map on page 839 In

what states did local school districtsdecide whether schools were inte-grated or not In what states in thefar northwest was segregation prohibited

Descriptive Writing Write a songto be sung at a civil rights marchBase your lyrics on the story of RosaParks and her courage the night ofher arrest






May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957























AJ-842

null

66038086


I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

Mrs Bertha Flowers was thearistocrat of Black StampsShe had the grace of con-

trol to appear warm in the coldestweather and on the Arkansas sum-mer days it seemed she had a pri-vate breeze which swirled aroundcooling her

She was one of the few gentle-women I have ever known and hasremained throughout my life themeasure of what a human beingcan be

Momma had a strange relation-ship with her Most often when she passed on the road in front ofthe Store she spoke to Momma inthat soft yet carrying voice ldquoGoodday Mrs Hendersonrdquo Mommaresponded with ldquoHow you SisterFlowersrdquo

Mrs Flowers didnrsquot belong toour church nor was she Mommarsquosfamiliar Why on earth did sheinsist on calling her Sister Flow-ers Shame made me want to hide

my face Mrs Flowers deservedbetter than to be called SisterThen Momma left out the verbWhy not ask ldquoHow are youMrs Flowersrdquo With the unbal-anced passion of the young Ihated her for showing herignorance to Mrs Flowers Itdidnrsquot occur to me for manyyears that they were as alikeas sisters separated only byformal education

Occasionally though Mrs Flow-ers would drift off the road anddown to the Store and Mommawould say to me ldquoSister you go onand playrdquo As I left I would hear thebeginning of an intimate conversa-tion Momma persistently using thewrong verb or none at all

I heard the soft-voiced MrsFlowers and the textured voice ofmy grandmother merging and melt-ing They were interrupted fromtime to time by giggles that musthave come from Mrs Flowers

She acted just as refined aswhitefolks in the movies and booksand she was more beautiful fornone of them could have come nearthat warm color without lookinggray by comparison

From I Know Why the Caged Bird Singsby Maya Angelou Copyright copy 1969 byMaya Angelou Reprinted by permissionof Random House Inc

Her World byPhilip Evergood

843

ANALYZING LITERATURE1 Recall and Interpret Describe

the relationship between Mommaand Mrs Flowers

2 Evaluate and Connect Do youthink you would like Mrs FlowersExplain

Interdisciplinary ActivityInformative Writing Write a one-page sketch describing an encounteryou had with a person who influ-enced your life in a positive way

Maya Angelou (1928ndash )Maya Angelouborn in 1928has writtenpoetry fictionand plays BornMargueriteJohnson

Angelou and her brother Bailey were raised by theirgrandmother Annie Hender-son the owner of a generalstore in Stamps Arkansas

READ TO DISCOVERIn the following excerpt fromAngeloursquos autobiography she isabout 10 years old Bright butpainfully self-conscious she hasbecome withdrawn and refusesto speak to anyone As youread pay attention to theactions of the characters

READERrsquoS DICTIONARYfamiliar close friend or

associate














843









associate

AJ-843

null

18014236

Main IdeaJohn Kennedyrsquos New Frontier andLyndon Johnsonrsquos Great Society weregovernment programs to fightpoverty help cities and schools andpromote civil rights

Key Terms poverty line Medicare Medicaid

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and list four programs thatwere part of the War on Poverty

Read to Learnbull what the goals were for Kennedyrsquos

New Frontierbull what new programs were created

as part of the Great Society

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy Presi-dents Kennedy and Johnson pro-posed increased spending on socialprograms

Kennedy and Johnson


They stood together on the inaugural platform 43-year-old John F Kennedymdashtanned vigorous and coatless despite the subfreezing weathermdashand 70-year-oldDwight D Eisenhower wearing a muffler looking like a tired general The appearancesof the two men a generation apart in age symbolized the change of leadershipKennedyrsquos speech promised so much ldquoLet every nation know that we shall pay anyprice bear any burden meet any hardship support any friend oppose any foe toassure the survival and the success of liberty rdquo

Election of 1960By 1960 the crusade for civil rights had become a national movement

Against this background the nation prepared for a presidential election TheRepublican candidate Vice President Richard M Nixon pledged to continuethe policies of President Eisenhower The Democratic candidate John FKennedy promised new programs to ldquoget the country moving againrdquo

1960 presidentialcampaign items

War on Poverty

Jan 1961John F Kennedy takesoffice as president

Nov 1963Kennedy is assassinated

Jan 1964President Johnson announces war on poverty

July 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545


For much of the campaign polls showedNixon in the lead One reason for this was thefact that Kennedy was Roman Catholic NoCatholic had ever been president and manyAmericans feared that if Kennedy won he mightshow more loyalty to his church than to hiscountry Kennedy answered by stressing hisbelief in the separation of church and state

John F KennedyKennedy came from one of the countryrsquos

wealthiest and most powerful families Hisfather Joseph P Kennedy was a successful busi-ness leader and the American ambassador toBritain at the start of World War II

John Kennedy joined the United States Navyduring World War II and was assigned toactive duty in the Pacific When the Japanesesank the PT (patrol torpedo) boat he com-manded Kennedy saved the life of a crewmember by swimming to shore with theinjured man on his back The rescue effort ledto navy and marine medals for Kennedy butalso aggravated an old back injury he had Thestory of the rescue was later described inRobert Donovanrsquos book PT 109

Kennedyrsquos political career began in 1946when he won a seat in Congress from Massa-chusetts Six years later he was elected to theUnited States Senate The young senator wrote abook Profiles in Courage which described diffi-cult political decisions made by past UnitedStates senators The book became a best-seller

and received a Pulitzer Prize After easily win-ning reelection to the Senate in 1958 Kennedycampaigned for the presidency in 1960

A New PresidentThe turning point in the 1960 election came

when the candidates took part in the first tele-vised presidential debates Kennedy appearedhandsome and youthful Nixon who was recov-ering from an illness looked tired and sickKennedy spoke with confidence about thefuture Many viewers thought that Kennedymade a better impression

In November nearly 70 million voters turnedout to choose between Nixon and Kennedy Forthe first time the people of Alaska and Hawaiitook part in a presidential election The resultswere extremely close In the popular voteKennedy won 497 percent while Nixon received495 percent In the electoral vote Kennedy gaineda greater margin over Nixonmdash303 to 219 votes

Identifying Who were the presi-dential candidates in 1960

The New FrontierOn January 20 1961 snow covered Washing-

ton DC and icy winds whipped through thecity Still thousands of people streamed to theCapitol to see John Fitzgerald Kennedy becomethe thirty-fifth president of the United States (See page 995 for part of President Kennedyrsquos Inaugural Address)

In 1960 for thefirst time radioand televisionplayed a majorfactor in a presi-

dential campaign This advertise-ment for television sets focuses on thetelevised presidential debates

Richard Nixon and John Kennedy took part inthe first televised presidential debates in 1960

AJ-845

null

16833386

He offered the nation youth energy and hopeIn his Inaugural Address Kennedy spoke of anew era

ldquoLet the word go forth from this time andplace that the torch has been passed to anew generation of Americansrdquo

The young president promised to face thenationrsquos challenges with determination In closingKennedy roused the American people to action

ldquoAnd so my fellow Americans ask not whatyour country can do for youmdashask what you cando for your countryrdquo

Domestic PoliciesKennedy drew up plans for the New Frontier

a group of proposals involving social programsOne bill he sent to Congress called for more fed-eral funds for education Another bill aimed tohelp poor people get jobs Reluctant to committo Kennedyrsquos expensive programs Congressfailed to pass most of these bills

Another area of concern for Kennedy was civilrights The president wished to help AfricanAmericans in their fight for equal rights At thesame time he worried that moving too quicklywould anger Southern Democrats in Congresswhose support he needed to enact legislation

In 1963 Kennedy decided to ask Congress topass a bill guaranteeing civil rights The Houseapproved the measure but it stalled in the Sen-ate Meanwhile the president left for a cam-paign trip to Dallas Texas

Kennedy AssassinatedOn November 22 1963 Kennedy arrived in

Dallas with his wife Jacqueline As the presi-dent and the First Lady rode through the streetsin an open car several shots rang out Kennedyslumped against his wife The car sped to a hos-pital but the president was dead Shortly after-ward Vice President Lyndon B Johnson tookthe oath of office as president

The assassination stunned the nation Televi-sion networks broadcast the news almost with-out interruption for the next few days Millionsof Americans numbly watched the funeral

In the midst of the grief came another shockThe day of Kennedyrsquos shooting Dallas policehad arrested Lee Harvey Oswald and chargedhim with killing the president Two days lateras police moved Oswald from one jail toanother Jack Ruby jumped through the circleof police officers and journalists and shot andkilled Oswald

Rumors that a group of enemies had plottedthe assassination swirled around the countrySoon afterward President Johnson appointedEarl Warren chief justice of the United States tohead a commission to investigate the Kennedyshooting After months of study the WarrenCommission issued its report Oswald had actedon his own it said The report did not satisfyeveryone however Many people believed theassassination was a conspiracy or secret plot

Describing What happened onNovember 22 1963

The ldquoGreat SocietyrdquoSoon after becoming president Lyndon B

Johnson outlined a set of programs even moreambitious than Kennedyrsquos New Frontier Hecalled his proposals the ldquoGreat Societyrdquo In aspeech he explained his vision of America


Lyndon Johnson takes the oath of office aboard AirForce One after the assassination of President Kennedy

AJ-846

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19968385

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of the follow-

ing words in sentences about theGreat Society poverty lineMedicare Medicaid

2 Reviewing Facts What was the pur-pose of the Job Corps

Reviewing Themes3 Government and Democracy

Describe Johnsonrsquos policies towardcivil rights

Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions Should tele-

vised debates influence how Ameri-cans choose their president Explainyour reasoning

5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identify threeproposals that Kennedy asked Con-gress to act on

Analyzing Visuals6 Analyzing Artifacts Examine the

campaign items on page 844 Whatare the ideas that each is trying topresent to voters Compare theseitems to current campaign buttonsand posters you have seen

CHAPTER 29 The Civil Rights Era 847

Citizenship Choose one of Presi-dent Kennedyrsquos or President John-sonrsquos programs and create a postersupporting or opposing it

ldquoIn a land of great wealth families must notlive in hopeless poverty In a land rich in har-vest children must not go hungry In a greatland of learning and scholars young peoplemust be taught to read and writerdquo

Johnson had acquired great skill as a legisla-tor during his 22 years in Congress He used thisskill to persuade Congress to launch programsthat would make the Great Society real

The War on PovertyIn January 1964 President Johnson declared

ldquoan unconditional war on poverty in AmericardquoThe first part of his plan for a Great Society consisted of programs to help Americans wholived below the poverty linemdashthe minimumincome needed to survive A program calledHead Start provided preschool education forthe children of poor families Upward Boundhelped poor students attend college The JobCorps offered training to young people whowanted to work Volunteers in Service to Amer-ica (VISTA) was a kind of domestic peace corpsof citizens working in poor neighborhoods

Among the most important laws passedunder Johnson were those establishingMedicare and Medicaid Medicare helped payfor medical care for senior citizens Medicaidhelped poor people pay their hospital bills

Helping Cities and SchoolsOther parts of the Great Society targeted the

nationrsquos crumbling cities In 1966 President John-son established the Department of Housing andUrban Development (HUD) which helped fundpublic housing projects Another program ModelCities provided money to help rebuild citiesSchools received a boost from the Elementaryand Secondary Education Act of 1965 whichgreatly increased spending for education

Civil RightsAlthough raised in the South Lyndon John-

son was not a segregationist He believed thatthe nation must protect the rights of all Ameri-can citizens When Johnson took office hevowed to turn the civil rights bill Kennedy hadproposed into law In early 1964 he warned Congress that ldquoWe are going to pass a civilrights bill if it takes all summerrdquo

With growing support across the nation for thegoals of the civil rights movement Congresspassed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in July Theact prohibited discrimination against AfricanAmericans in employment voting and publicaccommodations It banned discrimination notonly by race and color but also by sex religionor national origin

Comparing What did Medicare andMedicaid do

Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

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16713211

Main IdeaNew leaders emerged as growingnumbers of African Americansbecame dissatisfied with the slowprogress of civil rights

Key Termssit-in interstate


Read to Learnbull what actions African Americans

took in the early 1960s to securetheir rights

bull how tensions erupted in violence inmany American cities

Section ThemeContinuity and Change New Africanleaders such as Malcolm X called forchanges in strategies and goals

The StruggleContinues


1961Freedom Riders movethrough the South

1962James Meredith enrolls at University of Mississippi

1963More than 200000 peoplemarch in Washington DC

1968Dr Martin Luther King Jris assassinated

On February 1 1960 four African American students walked into a store in Greens-boro North Carolina After buying a few items they sat down at a ldquowhites-onlyrdquo lunchcounter When a waitress questioned what they were doing one of the studentsreplied ldquoWe believe since we buy books and papers in the other part of the store weshould get served in this partrdquo They were refused service and the four sat at thecounter until the store closed By the end of the week hundreds of students hadjoined the protest Angry whites jeered at the students and dumped food on them The protesters refused to leave or strike back

The Movement GrowsA new wave of civil rights activity swept across the nation in the 1960s Early

activity targeted segregation in the South Segregation existed in the North as wellIn Northern cities and suburbs African Americans and whites often lived in dif-ferent neighborhoods as a result their children often attended different schools

Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael

Supporting the sit-ins

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016

Soon African Americans expanded their goal tofighting discrimination and racism in the Northas well as in the South

High school and college students staged sit-ins in nearly 80 cities A sit-in is the act ofprotesting by sitting down Sit-ins were stagedthroughout the nation against stores that prac-ticed segregation Store managers wanted to endthe disturbances and the loss of business Grad-ually many stores agreed to desegregate

The sit-ins helped launch a new civil rightsgroup the Student Nonviolent CoordinatingCommittee (SNCC) Civil rights activist EllaBaker was a guiding spirit behind SNCC andone of its organizers Earlier Baker had playedimportant roles in both the NAACP and theSCLC SNCC was a key player in the civil rightsmovement for several years

Freedom RidesThe Supreme Court had ruled in 1960 against

segregated bus facilities Another civil rightsgroup the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)decided to see whether the ruling was being enforced On May 4 1961 a group of AfricanAmerican and white CORE members left Wash-ington DC on two buses bound for NewOrleans They called themselves Freedom Riders

The bus trip went smoothly until it reachedAlabama where angry whites stoned and beatthe Freedom Riders

Television and newspapers broadcast reportsof the beatings Robert Kennedy the UnitedStates attorney general asked CORE to stop theFreedom Rides for a ldquocooling-off periodrdquo COREleader James Farmer responded ldquoWe have beencooling off for 350 years If we cool off any morewe will be in a deep freezerdquo

Violence and ArrestsThe Freedom Riders pressed on only to meet

more violence in Birmingham and MontgomeryAlabama There were no mobs waiting for theFreedom Riders in Jackson Mississippi How-ever police state troopers and MississippiNational Guard units were everywhere As theRiders stepped off the bus and tried to enter thewhites-only waiting room at the bus stationthey were arrested for trespassing and jailed

Despite the violence and the jail sentencesmore Freedom Riders kept coming all summerIn the fall the Interstate Commerce Commissiontook steps to enforce the Supreme Court rulingissuing new regulations that banned segregationon interstate busesmdashthose that crossed statelinesmdashand in bus stations

Police in Birmingham Alabama used high-pressure water hoses against civil rightsmarchers Sit-ins were another form ofprotest What was the purpose of theFreedom Rides

History


AJ-849

null

14665012


Integrating UniversitiesAfrican Americans continued to apply pres-

sure to secure their civil rights They spurredPresident Kennedy to take a more active role inthe civil rights struggle

In 1962 a federal court ordered the Universityof Mississippi to enroll its first African Americanstudent James Meredith However Mississippigovernor Ross Barnett with the aid of statepolice prevented Meredith from registeringWhen President Kennedy sent federal marshalsto escort Meredith to the campus riots erupted Amob stormed the administration building armedwith guns and rocks The marshals fought backwith tear gas and nightsticks Meredith suc-ceeded in registering but two people were killedFederal troops were stationed at the university toprotect him until he graduated in 1963

Another confrontation between state andfederal power took place in June 1963mdashthistime in Alabama Governor George Wallace

Jackie Robinson Failed to Make the Major Leagues

vowed he would ldquostand in the schoolhousedoorrdquo to block the integration of the Universityof Alabama in Tuscaloosa President Kennedyacting on the advice of his brother sent theAlabama National Guard to ensure the entry ofAfrican Americans to the university As aresult Wallace backed down

BirminghamIn the spring of 1963 Dr Martin Luther King

Jr and the SCLC targeted BirminghamAlabama for a desegregation protest Policearrested hundreds of demonstrators includingKing but the demonstrations continued DuringKingrsquos two weeks in jail he wrote the eloquentldquoLetter from Birmingham Jailrdquo in which he wrote

ldquoFor years now I have heard the word lsquoWaitrsquoIt rings in the ear of every Negro with piercingfamiliarity This lsquoWaitrsquo has almost always meantlsquoNeverrsquo We must come to see that lsquojusticetoo long delayed is justice deniedrsquordquo

Can you imagine major league base-ball without such superstars as SammySosa or Ken Griffey Jr Yet these greatplayers may never have had the chanceif not for Jackie Robinson When Robin-son first played for the BrooklynDodgers on April 15th 1947 he becamethe first African American in the twenti-eth century to play major league base-ball His outstanding play and courage inthe face of adversity led to the signing ofmany more African American players

Yet what if Robinson had failedSome sports historians believe that manymore years might haved passed beforeanother chance opened for an AfricanAmerican player Robinsonrsquos wifeRachel notes ldquoJack knew that by break-ing the color barrier he was not onlypaving the way for minorities in profes-

sional sports but was also providingopportunities in all facets of life rdquo

Houston Federal Judge David Hittnerechoes those sentiments

ldquoI think the start of the heavy civilrights movement came with thebreaking of the color barrier inmajor league baseball It was one ofthe great indications of the impetusof the civil rights movement in theUnited States To me it really was thestart It showed a lot of folks thathere was the concept of equality Itnailed many nails in the coffin par-ticularly in terms of the perceptionof inferiority Jackie Robinson was a pioneer He had to stand there andtake it just so others could maybesomeday get to where he wasrdquo

With Robinsonrsquos success came inte-gration in other sports By the mid-1950s African American athletes hadestablished themselves as a powerfulforce in almost all professional sports

850

AJ-850

null

11368296


1 If Robinson had failed in baseball how would the inte-gration of other sports have progressed

2 What did Robinsonrsquos achievement mean to the civilrights movement What did it mean to Americans whoopposed the integration of baseball

Days later the president introduced new leg-islation giving all Americans the right to beserved in public places and barring discrimina-tion in employment

March on WashingtonTo rally support for the civil rights bill Dr

Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC organizeda massive march in Washington DC onAugust 28 1963 More than 200000 people ofall colors and from all over the country arrivedto take part Emily Rock a 15-year-old AfricanAmerican described how she felt at the march

ldquoThere was this sense of hope for thefuturemdashthe belief that this march was the bigstep in the right direction It could be heard inthe voices of the people singing and seen in theway they walked It poured out into smilesrdquo

About 6000 police officers stood nearby butthey had nothing to do but direct traffic Therewas no trouble Proceeding with great dignityand joy the marchers carried signs urging Con-gress to act They sang songs including one thatwas becoming the anthem of the civil rightsmovement ldquoWe Shall Overcomerdquo (See page 977

of the Primary Sources Library for the words to this song)

Late in the afternoon Dr Martin Luther KingJr spoke to the crowd in ringing words of hisdesire to see America transformed

ldquoI have a dream that one day this nation willrise up and live out the true meaning of itscreed lsquoWe hold these truths to be self-evidentthat all men are created equalrsquo When we letfreedom ring we will be able to speed upthat day when all of Godrsquos children [will] joinhands and sing in the words of the old spiritual lsquoFree at last Free at last ThankGod Almighty we are free at lastrsquordquo (See page 996 for more of this famous speech)

Freedom SummerCongress did not pass Kennedyrsquos civil rights

bill until after his death President Lyndon B Johnson who succeeded Kennedy finally

National television carried vivid pictures ofpolice setting snarling police dogs on unarmeddemonstrators and washing small childrenacross streets with the powerful impact of firehoses President Kennedy sent 3000 troops torestore peace On June 11 1963 in Jackson Mis-sissippi Medgar Evers state field secretary forthe NAACP was murdered The murder and theevents in Alabama forced President Kennedy tomake a decision Appearing on national televi-sion Kennedy spoke of the ldquomoral issuerdquo facingthe nation

ldquoThe heart of the question is whether allAmericans are to be afforded equal rights andequal opportunities whether we are going totreat our fellow Americans as we want to betreated If an American because his skin is darkcannot enjoy the full and free life which all ofus want then who among us would be contentto have the color of his skin changed and standin his placerdquo

AJ-851

null

16812486

this there can be no argumentrdquo he saidldquoEvery American citizen must have an equalright to voterdquo In August Johnson signed theVoting Rights Act of 1965 into law The actgave the federal government the power toforce local officials to allow African Americansto register to vote

The act led to dramatic changes in politicallife in the South In 1966 about 100 AfricanAmericans held elective office in the South By1972 that number had increased 10 times

Analyzing Why were sit-ins aneffective strategy against segregation

Other VoicesBy the mid-1960s the civil rights movement

had won numerous victories Yet a growing num-ber of African Americans grew tired of the slowpace of change and bitter over white attacks

Malcolm X a leader in the Nation of Islam (orBlack Muslims) emerged as an important newvoice for some African Americans Malcolm Xcriticized the civil rights goal of integrationdeclaring that the best way for African Ameri-cans to achieve justice was to separate them-selves from whites

Malcolm X gained increasing support By1965 however he had begun to change hisideas Instead of racial separation he called forldquoa society in which there could exist honestwhite-black brotherhoodrdquo Soon afterwards hewas killed by an assassin from a rival groupamong the Black Muslims His fiery words andpassionate ideas contained in his autobiogra-phy and other writings continued to influencethe civil rights movement after his death

Black PowerOther African American leaders embraced

more radical approaches Stokely Carmichaelwho became the leader of SNCC advanced theidea of Black Power This was a philosophy ofracial pride that said African Americans shouldcreate their own culture and political institu-tions Carmichael and other radicals called attimes for revolution a complete transformation


persuaded Congress to pass the bill The CivilRights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination inhiring and ended segregation in stores restau-rants theaters and hotels Yet in many statesAfrican Americans still could not vote Poll taxesand other discriminatory laws prevented themfrom exercising this right

During the summer of 1964 thousands ofcivil rights workers spread throughout theSouth to help African Americans register tovote They called the campaign Freedom Sum-mer but the workers faced strong sometimesviolent opposition

The Right to VoteThe next year SNCC organized a major

demonstration in Selma Alabama to protestthe continued denial of African Americansrsquo rightto vote Police attacks on the marchers againdramatized the cause

President Johnson stepped in On March 151965 in a televised speech the presidenturged passage of a voting rights bill ldquoAbout

In 1964 after a lengthy trip to Africa and the MiddleEast Malcolm X called for closer ties betweenAfrican Americans and African people in other partsof the world How did Malcolm Xrsquos ideaschange during the early 1960s

History

AJ-852

null

18797986

of society Although rejected by such groups asthe NAACP the idea of Black Power had a greatimpact on the civil rights movement

Violence EruptsIn Oakland California a group of young rad-

icals formed the Black Panther Party The Pan-thers symbolized a growing tension betweenAfrican Americans and urban police Large num-bers of African Americans in urban areas felt frus-trated about poverty and unemployment ThePanthers demanded reforms and armed them-selves in opposition to the police Several armedclashes with the police occurred

The first major urban riots since the 1940stook place in the summer of 1965 in the Wattssection of Los Angeles In a week of rioting 34people died and much of Watts burned to theground National Guard troops were called in toend the uprising The Watts riot was the first ofa series of racial disorders that hit cities in thesummers of 1965 1966 and 1967

Between the years of 1965 and 1967 riotingbroke out in more than 40 Northern cities includ-ing San Francisco Chicago and Cleveland In July1967 five days of protests looting and burning ofbuildings in Newark New Jersey ended with thedeaths of 26 people and more than $10 million indamage The next week a massive uprising inDetroit shut the city down for several days

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Using complete sen-

tences define the following termssit-in interstate

2 Reviewing Facts What idea didStokely Carmichael advance

Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change How did the

beliefs and strategies of groups suchas the Black Panthers differ from thebeliefs and strategies of Dr MartinLuther King Jr

Critical Thinking4 Predicting Consequences What do

you think would have happened inthe civil rights movement had Kingnot been assassinated

5 Analyzing Information Re-createthe diagram below and describethree events of racial unrest thatspread to major cities during thesummers of 1965ndash1967

Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Examine the pho-

tographs on page 849 Write a cap-tion that describes what is happeningin the pictures If you were a reporterinterviewing these people whatwould you ask them


Expository Writing Choose a civilrights figure from the sectionResearch this person and write a personal profile Include copies of photographs speeches and soon as appropriate

Racial unrest

President Johnson named a commission tostudy the causes of the riots and to suggest stepsto improve conditions The report of this groupthe Kerner Commission warned that ldquoournation is moving toward two societies oneblack one whitemdashseparate and unequalrdquo

The wave of urban riots devastated manyAfrican American neighborhoods The riotsendedmdashbut not before one last burst of rage

King Is AssassinatedOn April 4 1968 racial tension in the United

States took another tragic turn On that night inMemphis Tennessee an assassin shot and killedDr Martin Luther King Jr Kingrsquos assassinationset off angry rioting in more than 100 cities Firesburned in the nationrsquos capital just blocks fromthe Capitol and the White House

Thousands of people attended Kingrsquosfuneral in Atlanta Millions more watched ontelevision All mourned the death of an Ameri-can hero who the night before his death hadsaid God ldquohas allowed me to go up to themountain and Irsquove seen the promised land Imay not get there with you But I want you toknow tonight that we as a people will get tothe promised landrdquo

Explaining Why did some AfricanAmerican leaders criticize the goal of integration

AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A

1 Why do you think the Freedom Riders decided toprotest in this region of the United States

2 Where did Freedom Riders encounter the greatest dif-ficulties Were they successful in reaching their goal

L E A R N I N G f r o m G E O G R A P H Y

SEGREGATED WAITING ROOMS restaurantsrestrooms and buses still existed in the South in 1961despite Supreme Court orders to integrate facilitiesserving passengers traveling from state to state

ON THE ROAD

On May 4th 1961 13 neatly dressed African-Americanand white Freedom Riders boarded buses in WashingtonDC Determined to challenge segregation these men andwomen knew they might encounter violence or be arrestedas they headed toward New Orleans The Riders wereturned away from a bus station in Danville Virginia andpolice stopped a scuffle in Rock Hill South CarolinaDespite these incidents the trip through Virginia the Car-olinas and Georgia went fairly smoothly

TROUBLE DEVELOPS

In Alabama however trouble started White mobsambushed the Riders in Anniston and Birmingham torch-ing one of the buses When many of the battered FreedomRiders decided to abandon the buses in Birmingham andfly to New Orleans new groups took up the cause inNashville Tennessee and other cities They eventuallymade it to Jackson Mississippi where they were arrested

ENFORCING THE LAW

Freedom Riders continued these non-violent protestsuntil they got what they wanted In September 1961 Attor-ney General Robert Kennedy persuaded the InterstateCommerce Commission to enforce the Supreme Courtrsquosruling prohibiting racial discrimination on buses and intransportation facilities

ampGEOGRAPHY HISTORY

FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route

Police arrest Freedom Rider John Lewis (top) in Jackson Mississippi Jim Zwerg(below) lies in a hospital bed after beatingsby people in favor of segregation at aMontgomery Alabama bus terminal

854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A

N O R T H C A R O L I N A

A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A

M I S S I S S I P P I

T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s

May 17 1961Second group of Freedom Riders begins the journey

May 4 1961 Freedom Ridersbegin journey

May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE

Alabama National Guardsmen with bayoneted rifles escort Freedom Riders onboard a bus near Montgomery Alabama

Angry segregationists ambushedthe bus near Anniston AlabamaOfficers finally dispersed the moballowing the Freedom Riders tostumble out

Main IdeaIn the 1960s and 1970s growingnumbers of women Hispanic Ameri-cans Native Americans and disabledAmericans entered the struggle forequal rights

Key Termsfeminist Hispanic

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and describe the role each per-son played in the 1960s and 1970s

Read to Learnbull what steps women and minorities

took to improve their livesbull what new leaders emerged

Section ThemeContinuity and Change During the1960s and 1970s women and minori-ties used political action to shatterstereotypes and improve their lives

Other GroupsSeek Rights

Mexican American farmworker Jesse de la Cruz had labored for decades in thegrape and cotton fields of the Southwest In 1972 she began working for the UnitedFarm Workers Union Cruz made speaking tours trying to bring women into the unionldquoWomen can no longer be taken for grantedmdashthat wersquore just going to stay home anddo the cooking and cleaningrdquo she told her listeners ldquoItrsquos way past the time when ourhusbands could say lsquoYou stay home You have to take care of the children You have to do as I sayrsquordquo

Womenrsquos Rights The effects of the civil rights movement reached well beyond the African

American community Women Hispanics Native Americans and people withdisabilities all found inspiration in the struggles of African Americans In 1961President John F Kennedy created the Commission on the Status of Women Itreported that womenmdashan ever-growing part of the workforcemdashreceived lower


Jesse de la Cruz

1963Congress passes Equal Pay Act The Feminine Mystique is published

1966National Organization forWomen is created

1973American Indian Movement protestsat Wounded Knee South Dakota

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly

Ceacutesar Chaacutevez

Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262


pay than men even for performing the samejobs In 1963 Kennedy convinced Congress topass the Equal Pay Act which prohibitedemployers from paying women less than menfor the same work

Uniting for ActionIn 1966 feministsmdashactivists for womenrsquos

rightsmdashcreated the National Organization forWomen (NOW) NOW fought for equal rightsfor women in all aspects of lifemdashin jobs educa-tion and marriage

Among its early successes NOW helped endseparate classified employment ads for men andwomen and airline rules that required femaleflight attendants to retire at age 32 In the 1960sand 1970s NOW and similar groups worked toincrease the number of women entering the pro-fessions Banks realtors and department storeswere forced to grant loans mortgages and creditthat they long had denied to female applicants

In the early 1970s NOW launched a campaignfor an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to theConstitution The amendment stated that ldquoequalityof rights under the law shall not be denied orabridged by the United States or by any state onaccount of sexrdquo Phyllis Schlafly and other oppo-nents of the ERA warned that the amendmentwould upset the traditional roles of society andlead to the breakdown of the family Some peopleargued that the amendment was unnecessarybecause the Constitution already provided womenwith adequate protection In the end not enoughstates ratified the amendment to make it law

Women Gain OpportunitiesDespite the defeat of the Equal Rights Amend-

ment women progressed in a number of areasin the 1970s In 1972 the federal government

outlawed discrimina-tion against women ineducational programsreceiving federal fundsThis law along withthe efforts of many busi-nesses helped womenbegin to make advancesin the world of work

In the 1950s and early 1960s American physicaleducators still argued that womenrsquos competitivesports were ldquounfemininerdquo An athlete such as Babe

Didrickson Zaharias was unusualBy 1990 however nearly two

million females were active insportsmdashan increase of 600percent in a 20-year span

Women and Sports

Babe DidricksonZaharias

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 29mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on thewomenrsquos rights movement

Women gained more job opportunities andmore women rose to higher-level jobs in theircompanies (See page 977 for one womanrsquos struggle to gain

equal pay in the work place)

Most of the nationrsquos all-male colleges and uni-versities began admitting women More womenthan ever entered medical school and law schoolto become doctors and lawyers

Women also made progress in the politicalarena Many women gained local and stateoffices Several women won seats in the Senateand the House of Representatives and appoint-ments to the presidentrsquos cabinet In 1981 PresidentRonald Reagan appointed Sandra Day OrsquoConnoras the first female justice of the Supreme Court

Summarizing What happened tothe Equal Rights Amendment

Track and fieldrsquosMarion Jones

AJ-857

null

16033961

Hispanic AmericansIn the 1960s the rapidly growing Hispanic

population sought equal rights The term His-panic American refers to those Americans whohave come or are descended from others whohave come to the United States from the coun-tries of Latin America and Spain From 3 millionin 1960 the Hispanic population in the UnitedStates rose to 9 million by 1970 and to 15 millionby 1980 Although they share the heritage of theSpanish culture and language Hispanics are adiverse group with different histories

Farmworkers OrganizeBy far the largest Hispanic group in the

United States comes from the country of MexicoBy 1980 more than eight million Mexican Amer-icans were living in the United States

The fight for rights started among MexicanAmerican migrant farmworkers These peoplewho planted and harvested a large share of thenationrsquos food supply faced great hardships Themigrant farmers did backbreaking work labor-ing from dawn until dusk for low wages Whenone job ended they had to travel from farm tofarm in search of the next job

In the early 1960s migrant workers formedunions to fight for better wages and workingconditions Their leader Ceacutesar Chaacutevez organ-ized thousands of farmworkers into the UnitedFarm Workers (UFW)

The union went on strike and organizednationwide boycotts Consumers acrossthe country supported the UFW byrefusing to buy grapes lettuce andother farm produce under boycottThe success of the boycottsenabled the UFW to win higherwages and shorter work hoursfor many farmworkers

The union boycott was fol-lowed by emerging politicalpower among Hispanic Ameri-cans In the years that followedHispanic Americans would jointogether in an organization called LaRaza Unida to fight discrimination

and to elect Hispanics to government posts TheLeague of United Latin American Citizens(LULAC) won lawsuits in federal court to guar-antee Hispanic Americans the right to serve onjuries and the right to send their children tounsegregated schools

Puerto RicansPuerto Ricans another major group of His-

panics come from the island of Puerto Rico acommonwealth of the United States They areAmerican citizens who have made major contri-butions to the United States

In 1970 the first representative to Congress ofPuerto Rican origin Herman Badillo waselected from New York City After four termsBadillo served as the cityrsquos deputy mayor Base-ball all-time great Roberto Clemente performedheroically both on and off the baseball diamondIn 1972 Clemente died in a plane crash whiledelivering relief supplies to earthquake victims inNicaragua

Because Puerto Rico is not a wealthy islandmany Puerto Ricans have migrated to Americancities in search of jobs By 1970 they made up 10percent of the population of New York City Aswith African Americans though they oftenfaced discrimination in their job search leadingto no work or work for low pay Many of thechildren and grandchildren of the Puerto Ricanswho arrived in New York in the 1960s migratedto neighboring states but many Puerto Ricansremained in New York City

Cubans ArriveAfter the Cuban Revolution of

1959 dictator Fidel Castro estab-lished a Communist governmentand seized the property of manyCubans More than 200000 peo-ple opposed to Castro fled to theUnited States in the 1960s Thou-sands more came in the 1980s

These immigrants settled allover the United States The largest

number of Cubans settled in southFlorida where they have established

a thriving community



AJ-858

null

22152435


In 1975 Hispanic people and othergroups won a victory with the exten-sion of voting rights The new lawrequired that registration and voting becarried out in other languages as wellas in English This was designed to helpthose citizens who might not read orspeak English Election materials forexample are available in Spanishand English in many states

ExplainingWhy did many Cubans flee theirhomeland in the 1960s

Native AmericansThe years after World War

II were a time of transition forNative Americans Starting in theearly 1950s the federal government urgedNative Americans to leave the reservations towork in cities Federal policy also tried toweaken the power of tribal government

This policy did not improve the lives ofNative Americans Many could not find jobs inthe cities Those still crowded on reservationsenjoyed few jobs or other opportunities Morethan one-third of Native Americans lived belowthe poverty line Unemployment was wide-spreadmdashas high as 50 percent in some areas A1966 study revealed that Native Americans suf-fered so much from malnutrition and diseasethat their life expectancy was only 46 years

Efforts to OrganizeIn the 1960s Native Americans organized to

combat these problems They wanted politicalpower and they demanded independence fromthe United States government Native Americansalso increasingly emphasized their own historylanguage and culture in their schools TheNational Congress of American Indians (NCAI)sought more control over Native Americanaffairs

In 1961 more than 400 members of 67 NativeAmerican nations gathered in Chicago In a Dec-laration of Indian Purpose these delegates

stated that Native Americans have the ldquoright tochoose our own way of liferdquo and maintainedthat ldquoa treaty in the minds of our people is aneternal wordrdquo

The federal government recognized theNative Americansrsquo issues Congress passed theIndian Civil Rights Act of 1968 which formallyprotected the constitutional rights of all NativeAmericans At the same time the new law rec-ognized the right of Native American nations tomake laws on their reservations

A Supreme Court decision in the 1970s reaf-firmed the independence of tribal governmentsOther court decisions confirmed Native Ameri-cansrsquo rights to land granted in treaties

American Indian MovementBelieving the process of change too slow some

younger Native Americans began taking strongeractions In 1968 a group established the AmericanIndian Movement (AIM) which worked for equalrights and improvement of living conditions

AIM was founded by Clyde Bellecourt DennisBanks and others Later Russell Means became aleader AIM carried out several protests In

In the 1973 AIM takeover of Wounded KneeNative American leaders Russell Means (left)and Dennis Banks (right) protested brokentreaties and civil rights violations Why wasWounded Knee chosen as the place for the AIM protest

History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms

in a sentence that will help explain itsmeaning feminist Hispanic

2 Reviewing Facts Who was the firstfemale justice to serve on theSupreme Court

Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change What was

the purpose of the American IndianMovement What rights did NativeAmericans gain in the 1960s

Critical Thinking4 Analyzing Information Identify two

organizations that Native Americansdeveloped to help them take morecontrol of their own lives

5 Drawing Conclusions Re-create thediagram below and list two reasonswhy you think people with disabilitiesfelt the need to work for equal treat-ment in the 1960s and 1970s

Analyzing Visuals6 Political Cartoons Bring to class

a copy of a political cartoon from arecent newspaper or magazine Tryto find a cartoon in which the topic isthe rights of people Explain the car-toonistrsquos viewpoint and the toolsused to make the point

November 1969 for example AIM was one ofthe Native American groups that took over Alca-traz Island a former prison in San Francisco BayAIM wanted the island to serve as a cultural cen-ter The incident ended in June 1971 when thegroups surrendered to US marshals

In the fall of 1972 AIM members occupied theBureau of Indian Affairs in Washington DCThey demanded the lands and rights guaran-teed under treaties with the United States Theysurrendered the building after the governmentagreed to review their complaints


Citizenship Create a poster thatmight have been used in a marchto support or oppose the ERA

Working for equal treatment

In February 1973 AIM occupied the smalltown of Wounded Knee South Dakota the siteof the 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops Inthe early 1970s Wounded Knee was part of alarge Sioux reservation The people there sufferedfrom terrible poverty and ill health

AIM leaders vowed to stay until the govern-ment met demands for change and investigatedthe treatment of Native Americans The siegeended on May 8 but it focused national attentionon the terrible conditions under which NativeAmericans lived

Americans With DisabilitiesPeople with physical disabilities also sought

equal treatment in the 1960s and the 1970s Con-gress responded by passing a number of laws

One law concerned the removal of barriersthat prevented some people from gaining accessto public facilities Another required employersto offer more opportunities for disabled peoplein the workplace Yet another asserted the rightof children with disabilities to equal educationalopportunities As a result of these actions peo-ple with disabilities enjoy more job opportuni-ties better access to public facilities and agreater role in society

Identifying What act protects therights of all Native Americans

Since the 1960s people with physical disabilities havedemandedmdashsometimes through protestmdashbetter accessto stadiums restaurants and other public buildingsHow has Congress responded to their protests

History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861

Drawing ConclusionsWhy Learn This Skill

Drawing conclusions allows you to understandideas that are not stated directly

Learning the SkillFollow these steps in learning to draw conclusionsbull Review the facts that are stated directlybull Use your knowledge and insight to develop some

conclusions about these factsbull Look for information to check the accuracy of

your conclusions

Practicing the SkillThe excerpt on this page was written by Dr MartinLuther King Jr after he was arrested in Birming-ham Alabama for peaceably demonstratingagainst segregation King began writing this letterin response to a newspaper ad in which a group

of white ministers called for anend to the demonstrations

Kingrsquos words attempt toexplain to the white

ministers his use of civil disobedience

After reading the excerpt answer the questionswhich require you to draw conclusions

ldquoWe know through painful experience thatfreedom is never voluntarily given by theoppressor it must be demanded by theoppressed For years now I have heardthe word lsquoWaitrsquo It rings in the ear of everyNegro with piercing familiarity This lsquoWaitrsquohas almost always meant lsquoNeverrsquo We mustcome to see with one of our distinguishedjurists that lsquojustice too long delayed is justicedeniedrsquordquo

mdashDr Martin Luther King JrldquoLetter from Birmingham Jailrdquo 1963

1 How does King say that freedom is earned

2 What were the African Americans ldquowaitingrdquo for

3 What happens to justice if it is delayed

4 What conclusions can you draw from Kingrsquosoverall tone in his letter

5 What evidence could help prove your conclusions

Applying the SkillDrawing Conclusions Read a newspaper ornewsmagazine article about a criminal court caseUse the facts in the article to draw a conclusionabout the innocence or guilt of the accused

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

Dr Martin Luther King Jr

AJ-861

null

13761086

African Americans challenge segregation

bull Brown v Board of Educationof Topeka Kansas

bull Montgomery bus boycott

bull Freedom Riders

bull March on Washington

bull Civil Rights Act of 1964

bull Voting Rights Act of 1965

HispanicAmericans organizebull Ceacutesar Chaacutevez organizes

United Farm Workers

bull La Raza Unida and LULACfight discrimination

bull Voting rights extended

Native Americans demand rights

bull Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968

bull NCAI and AIM call attention to problems

Women fightfor equalrights bull Equal Pay Act

bull National Organization forWomen

bull ERA brings attention to womenrsquos rights

Reviewing Key TermsUse these key terms to create a newspaper article in whichyou describe important events during the civil rights era 1 poverty line2 integrate3 segregation4 boycott5 sit-in

Reviewing Key Facts6 What Supreme Court case abolished segregation in

schools7 Whose arrest sparked the Montgomery bus boycott8 What is civil disobedience9 What was the main goal of President Kennedyrsquos New

Frontier program10 What conclusion did the Warren Commission reach11 What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibit12 What is significant about James Meredith13 Why was the March on Washington organized14 What was the goal of Black Power15 What did Herman Badillo accomplish

Critical Thinking16 Making Generalizations Why do you think the civil

rights movement gained momentum during this era17 Analyzing Themes Civic Rights and Responsibili-

ties According to Thurgood Marshall what constitu-tional amendment was violated by allowing schoolsegregation Explain why Marshall argued that segre-gated schools were unconstitutional

18 Compare and Contrast How did the idea of BlackPower differ from Martin Luther Kingrsquos goals for thecivil rights movement

19 Determining Cause and Effect Re-create the diagram below and describe two impacts that theAfrican American civil rights movement had on otherminorities


Civil rights movement

862

Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 29mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test

HISTORY


Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question

In Brown v Board of Education of Topeka Kansasthe Supreme Court ruled that Topekarsquos school dis-trict had engaged in which unconstitutional practice

A Prohibited school prayerB Bussed students to schools far away from their

homesC Had set up different schools for white and

African American studentsD Refused to offer required courses

Test-Taking Tip

The important word in this question is unconstitutionalTransporting students great distances seems inconven-

ient but it is not specifically banned by the ConstitutionTherefore you can eliminate answer B

Standardized Test Practice

Practicing SkillsDrawing Conclusions Read the passage below and answerthe questions that follow Remember to review the informa-tion and add your own knowledge before drawing any conclusionsMalcolm X a strong African American leader bitterly andregretfully recalled his youthful efforts at straightening his hairin order to look more like a white person

ldquoThis was my first big step toward self-degradation when I endured all of that pain literallyburning my flesh to have it look like a white manrsquoshair I had joined that multitude of Negro men andwomen in America who are brainwashed into believ-ing that the black people are lsquoinferiorrsquomdashand whitepeople lsquosuperiorrsquordquo

mdashMalcolm X Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965

20 What reason does Malcolm X give for straightening his hair

21 As an adult how did Malcolm X view his youthful actions22 What conclusion can you draw about the views of

many African American people toward white people at that time

23 What statement from the passage supports your conclusion

Geography and History ActivityStudy the map on page 839 Then answer the questions thatfollow24 Location What law regarding segregation did Colorado

have in place25 Region Explain why you agree or disagree with this

statement Many states in the West had no specific legis-lation concerning segregation in schools

Citizenship Cooperative Activity26 Researching With members of your group research to

find out how many people of different ethnic backgroundslive in your county Make a graph to illustrate your findingsThen choose one of the minority ethnic groups to researchPrepare a written report with illustrations to provide moreinformation about this particular ethnic group in yourcounty You may want to find out if members of this ethnic

group have settled in one particular area of the county ifthey have formed special clubs or organizations or if theyobserve any special holidays

Technology Activity27 The United Farm Workers are still active today Search

the Internet for information about this organization andcreate a brochure that explains its goals

Alternative Assessment28 Creating a Time Line Review the chapter for dates

important to minority groups Create a time line thattraces the progress of African Americans HispanicsNative Americans and women in their struggle for equalrights during the 1950s and 1960s

The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition

Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science

How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards

How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science

The Illinois Constitution A Summary

Table of Contents

Previewing Your Textbook

Scavenger Hunt

How Do I Study History

The Structure of Illinois Government

Constitution Test Practice

Reading Skills Handbook

Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary

Reading for a Reason

Understanding What You Read

Thinking About Your Reading

Understanding Text Structure

Reading for Research

National Geographic Reference Atlas

United States Political

United States Physical

United States Territorial Growth

North America Physical

North America Political

Middle East PhysicalPolitical

World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography

How Do I Study Geography

How Do I Use Maps

How Does Geography Influence History

Geographic Dictionary

Be an Active Reader

Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625

Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492

Section 1 Early Peoples

Section 2 Cities and Empires

Section 3 North American Peoples

Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625

Section 1 A Changing World

Section 2 Early Exploration

Section 3 Spain in America

Section 4 Exploring North America


Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770

Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770

Section 1 Early English Settlements

Section 2 New England Colonies

Section 3 Middle Colonies

Section 4 Southern Colonies


Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770

Section 1 Life in the Colonies

Section 2 Government Religion and Culture

Section 3 France and Britain Clash

Section 4 The French and Indian War


Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791

Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776

Section 1 Taxation Without Representation

Section 2 Building Colonial Unity

Section 3 A Call to Arms

Section 4 Moving Toward Independence

The Declaration of Independence


Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783

Section 1 The Early Years

Section 2 The War Continues

Section 3 The War Moves West and South

Section 4 The War Is Won


Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790

Section 1 The Articles of Confederation

Section 2 Convention and Compromise

Section 3 A New Plan of Government


Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook

Section 1 The Constitution

Section 2 The Federal Government

Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities

Handbook Assessment

The Constitution of the United States

Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825

Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800

Section 1 The First President

Section 2 Early Challenges

Section 3 The First Political Parties


Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816

Section 1 The Republicans Take Power

Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase

Section 3 A Time of Conflict

Section 4 The War of 1812


Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825

Section 1 Economic Growth

Section 2 Westward Bound

Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism


Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860

Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845

Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy

Section 2 Conflicts Over Land

Section 3 Jackson and the Bank


Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853

Section 1 The Oregon Country

Section 2 Independence for Texas

Section 3 War with Mexico

Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah


Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860

Section 1 The Norths Economy

Section 2 The Norths People

Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom

Section 4 The Souths People


Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860

Section 1 Social Reform

Section 2 The Abolitionists

Section 3 The Womens Movement


Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896

Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861

Section 1 Slavery and the West

Section 2 A Nation Dividing

Section 3 Challenges to Slavery

Section 4 Secession and War


Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865

Section 1 The Two Sides

Section 2 Early Years of the War

Section 3 A Call for Freedom

Section 4 Life During the Civil War

Section 5 The Way to Victory


Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896

Section 1 Reconstruction Plans

Section 2 Radicals in Control

Section 3 The South During Reconstruction

Section 4 Change in the South


Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914

Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896

Section 1 The Mining Booms

Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers

Section 3 Native American Struggles

Section 4 Farmers in Protest


Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914

Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way

Section 2 Inventions

Section 3 An Age of Big Business

Section 4 Industrial Workers


Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914

Section 1 The New Immigrants

Section 2 Moving to the City

Section 3 A Changing Culture


Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920

Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920

Section 1 The Progressive Movement

Section 2 Women and Progressives

Section 3 Progressive Presidents

Section 4 Excluded from Reform


Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917

Section 1 Expanding Horizons

Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific

Section 3 Spanish-American War

Section 4 Latin American Policies


Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919

Section 1 War in Europe

Section 2 Americas Road to War

Section 3 Americans Join the Allies

Section 4 The War at Home

Section 5 Searching for Peace


Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945

Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929

Section 1 Time of Turmoil

Section 2 Desire for Normalcy

Section 3 A Booming Economy

Section 4 The Roaring Twenties


Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941

Section 1 The Great Depression

Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal

Section 3 Life During the Depression

Section 4 Effects of the New Deal


Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945

Section 1 Road to War

Section 2 War Begins

Section 3 On the Home Front

Section 4 War in Europe and Africa

Section 5 War in the Pacific


Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975

Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954

Section 1 Cold War Origins

Section 2 Postwar Politics

Section 3 The Korean War

Section 4 The Red Scare


Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960

Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House

Section 2 1950s Prosperity

Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty


Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973

Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement

Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson

Section 3 The Struggle Continues

Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights


Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975

Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy

Section 2 War in Vietnam

Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home

Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam


Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent

Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981

Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy

Section 2 Nixon and Watergate

Section 3 The Carter Presidency


Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent

Section 1 The Reagan Presidency

Section 2 The Bush Presidency

Section 3 A New Century

Section 4 The War on Terrorism


Appendix

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One

Primary Sources Library

Presidents of the United States

Documents of American History

Supreme Court Case Summaries

Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index

Acknowledgements and Photo Credits

Feature Contents


Documents of Americas Heritage

More Abouthellip

What Life Was Likehellip

National Geographic Geography amp History

Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints

Technology and History

Linking Past amp Present

What Ifhellip

Hands-On History Lab Activity

TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History

Fact Fiction Folklore

Primary Source Quotes

Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition



























































































































































Activity Workbook - Student Edition

Local history activities

Activity 1 The First Americans

Activity 2 Exploring the Americas

Activity 3 Colonial America

Activity 4 The Colonies Grow

Activity 5 Road to Independence

Activity 6 The American Revolution

Activity 7 A More Perfect Union

Activity 8 A New Nation

Activity 9 The Jefferson Era

Activity 10 Growth and Expansion

Activity 11 The Jackson Era

Activity 12 Manifest Destiny

Activity 13 North and South

Activity 14 The Age of Reform

Activity 15 Road to Civil War

Activity 16 The Civil War

Activity 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath

Activity 18 The Western Frontier

Activity 19 The Growth of Industry

Activity 20 Toward an Urban America

Activity 21 Progressive Reforms

Activity 22 Overseas Expansion

Activity 23 World War I

Activity 24 The Jazz Age

Activity 25 The Depression and FDR

Activity 26 World War II

Activity 27 The Cold War Era

Activity 28 America in the 1950s

Activity 29 The Civil Rights Era

Activity 30 The Vietnam Era

Activity 31 Search for Stability

Activity 32 New Challenges

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition



























































































































































Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition

Capiacutetulo 1 Los primeros habitantes de las Ameacutericas Prehistoria a 1492

Guiacutea de estudio 1-1 Los primeros pueblos

Guiacutea de estudio 1-2 Ciudades e imperios

Guiacutea de estudio 1-3 Pueblos norteamericanos

Capiacutetulo 2 La exploracioacuten de las Ameacutericas 1400ndash1625

Guiacutea de estudio 2-1 Un mundo cambiante

Guiacutea de estudio 2-2 Primeras exploraciones

Guiacutea de estudio 2-3 Espantildea en Ameacuterica

Guiacutea de estudio 2-4 Exploracioacuten de Norteameacuterica

Capiacutetulo 3 La Ameacuterica colonial 1587ndash1770

Guiacutea de estudio 3-1 Primeros asentamientos ingleses

Guiacutea de estudio 3-2 Colonias de Nueva Inglaterra

Guiacutea de estudio 3-3 Colonias del Centro

Guiacutea de estudio 3-4 Colonias del Sur

Capiacutetulo 4 El desarollo de las colonias 1607ndash1770

Guiacutea de estudio 4-1 La vida en las colonias

Guiacutea de estudio 4-2 Gobierno religioacuten y cultura

Guiacutea de estudio 4-3 Choque entre Francia e Inglaterra

Guiacutea de estudio 4-4 La guerra francesa e india

Capiacutetulo 5 El camino de la Independencia 1763ndash1776

Guiacutea de estudio 5-1 Impuestos sin representacioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 5-2 Formacioacuten de la unidad colonial

Guiacutea de estudio 5-3 Un llamado a las armas

Guiacutea de estudio 5-4 Avanzar hacia la independencia

Capiacutetulo 6 La Guerra de Independencia 1776ndash1783

Guiacutea de estudio 6-1 Los primeros antildeos

Guiacutea de estudio 6-2 La guerra continuacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 6-3 La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el Sur

Guiacutea de estudio 6-4 La guerra se gana

Capiacutetulo 7 Una unioacuten maacutes perfecta 1777ndash1790

Guiacutea de estudio 7-1 Los artiacuteculos de la Confederacioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 7-2 Convencioacuten y compromiso

Guiacutea de estudio 7-3 Un nuevo plan de gobierno

Capiacutetulo 8 Una nueva Nacioacuten 1879ndash1800

Guiacutea de estudio 8-1 El primer presidente

Guiacutea de estudio 8-2 Primeros retos

Guiacutea de estudio 8-3 Los primeros partidos poliacuteticos

Capiacutetulo 9 La era de Jefferson 1800ndash1816

Guiacutea de estudio 9-1 Los republicanos toman el poder

Guiacutea de estudio 9-2 La compra de Louisiana

Guiacutea de estudio 9-3 Una eacutepoca de conflicto

Guiacutea de estudio 9-4 La guerra de 1812

Capiacutetulo 10 Crecimiento y expansioacuten 1790ndash1825

Guiacutea de estudio 10-1 Crecimiento econoacutemico

Guiacutea de estudio 10-2 Rumbo al Oeste

Guiacutea de estudio 10-3 Unidad y seccionalismo

Capiacutetulo 11 La era Jackson 1824ndash1845

Guiacutea de estudio 11-1 Democracia jacksoniana

Guiacutea de estudio 11-2 Conflictos por la tierra

Guiacutea de estudio 11-3 Jackson y el banco

Capiacutetulo 12 Destino manifiesto 1818ndash1853

Guiacutea de estudio 12-1 El paiacutes de Oregoacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 12-2 Independencia para Texas

Guiacutea de estudio 12-3 Guerra con Meacutexico

Guiacutea de estudio 12-4 Nuevos colonos en California y Utah

Capiacutetulo 13 El Norte y el Sur 1820ndash1860

Guiacutea de estudio 13-1 La economiacutea del Norte

Guiacutea de estudio 13-2 La gente del Norte

Guiacutea de estudio 13-3 El reino surentildeo del algodoacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 13-4 La gente del Sur

Capiacutetulo 14 La era de la reforma 1820ndash1860

Guiacutea de estudio 14-1 Reforma social

Guiacutea de estudio 14-2 Los abolicionistas

Guiacutea de estudio 14-3 El movimiento femenino

Capiacutetulo 15 Caminono a la Guerra Civil 1820ndash1861

Guiacutea de estudio 15-1 La esclavitud y el Oeste

Guiacutea de estudio 15-2 Una nacioacuten dividida

Guiacutea de estudio 15-3 Retos para la esclavitud

Guiacutea de estudio 15-4 Secesioacuten y guerra


Guiacutea de estudio 16-1 Los dos bandos

Guiacutea de estudio 16-2 Los primeros antildeos de la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 16-3 Un llamado a la libertad

Guiacutea de estudio 16-4 La vida durante la guerra civil

Guiacutea de estudio 16-5 El camino a la victoria

Capiacutetulo 17 La reconstruccioacuten y sus consecuencias 1865ndash1896

Guiacutea de estudio 17-1 Planes de reconstruccioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 17-2 Los radicales toman el control

Guiacutea de estudio 17-3 El Sur durante la reconstruccioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 17-4 Cambio en el Sur

Capiacutetulo 18 La frontera occidental 1858ndash1896

Guiacutea de estudio 18-1 El auge de la mineriacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 18-2 Rancheros y agricultores

Guiacutea de estudio 18-3 Luchas de los nativos americanos

Guiacutea de estudio 18-4 Protesta de los agricultores

Capiacutetulo 19 El crecimiento de la industria 1865ndash1914

Guiacutea de estudio 19-1 Los ferrocarriles ensentildean el camino

Guiacutea de estudio 19-2 Inventos

Guiacutea de estudio 19-3 Una era de grandes negocios

Guiacutea de estudio 19-4 Trabajadores industriales

Capiacutetulo 20 Hacia una Ameacuterica urbana 1865ndash1914

Guiacutea de estudio 20-1 Los nuevos inmigrantes

Guiacutea de estudio 20-2 Mudarse a la ciudad

Guiacutea de estudio 20-3 Una cultura cambiante

Capiacutetulo 21 Reformas progresistas 1877ndash1920

Guiacutea de estudio 21-1 El movimiento progresista

Guiacutea de estudio 21-2 Las mujeres y los progresistas

Guiacutea de estudio 21-3 Los presidentes progresistas

Guiacutea de estudio 21-4 Los excluidos de la reforma

Capiacutetulo 22 Expansioacuten extranjera 1865ndash1917

Guiacutea de estudio 22-1 Expansioacuten de horizontes

Guiacutea de estudio 22-2 Imperialismo en el Paciacutefico

Guiacutea de estudio 22-3 Guerra hispana-estadounidense

Guiacutea de estudio 22-4 Poliacuteticas latinoamericanas

Capiacutetulo 23 La Primera Guerra Mundial 1914ndash1919

Guiacutea de estudio 23-1 Guerra en Europa

Guiacutea de estudio 23-2 El camino de Estados Unidos hacia la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 23-3 Los estadounidenses se unen a los aliados

Guiacutea de estudio 23-4 La guerra en casa

Guiacutea de estudio 23-5 En busca de la paz

Capiacutetulo 24 La eacutepoca del jazz 1919ndash1929

Guiacutea de estudio 24-1 Tiempo de caos

Guiacutea de estudio 24-2 Deseo de normalidad

Guiacutea de estudio 24-3 Un auge de la economiacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 24-4 Los clamorosos antildeos veinte

Capiacutetulo 25 La Depresioacuten y FDR 1929ndash1941

Guiacutea de estudio 25-1 La Gran Depresioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 25-2 El Nuevo Trato de Roosevelt

Guiacutea de estudio 25-3 La vida durante la Depresioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 25-4 Efectos del Nuevo Trato

Capiacutetulo 26 La Segunda Guerra Mundial 1939ndash1945

Guiacutea de estudio 26-1 El camino hacia la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 26-2 La guerra empieza

Guiacutea de estudio 26-3 En el frente nacional

Guiacutea de estudio 26-4 Guerra en Europa y Aacutefrica

Guiacutea de estudio 26-5 Guerra en el Paciacutefico

Capiacutetulo 27 La Guerra Friacutea 1945ndash1954

Guiacutea de estudio 27-1 Oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 27-2 Poliacutetica de posguerra

Guiacutea de estudio 27-3 La Guerra de Corea

Guiacutea de estudio 27-4 La amenaza roja

Capiacutetulo 28 Estados Unidos en la deacutecada de 1950 1953ndash1960

Guiacutea de estudio 28-1 Eisenhower en la Casa Blanca

Guiacutea de estudio 28-2 Prosperidad en los antildeos cincuenta

Guiacutea de estudio 28-3 Problemas en tiempos de abundancia

Capiacutetulo 29 La era de los derechos civiles 1954ndash1973

Guiacutea de estudio 29-1 El movimiento de los derechos civiles

Guiacutea de estudio 29-2 Kennedy y Johnson

Guiacutea de estudio 29-3 La lucha continuacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 29-4 Otros grupos buscan derechos

Capiacutetulo 30 La era de Vietnam 1960ndash1975

Guiacutea de estudio 30-1 Poliacutetica extranjera de Kennedy

Guiacutea de estudio 30-2 Guerra en Vietnam

Guiacutea de estudio 30-3 Los antildeos de Vietnam en casa

Guiacutea de estudio 30-4 Nixon y Vietnam

Capiacutetulo 31 En busca de estabilidad 1968ndash1981

UnGuiacutea de estudio 31-1 Poliacutetica extranjera de Nixontitled

Guiacutea de estudio 31-2 Nixon y Watergate

Guiacutea de estudio 31-3 La presidencia de Carter

Capiacutetulo 32 Nuevos retos 1981ndashPresente

Guiacutea de estudio 32-1 La presidencia de Reagan

Guiacutea de estudio 32-2 La presidencia de Bush

Guiacutea de estudio 32-3 Un nuevo siglo

Guiacutea de estudio 32-4 La guerra contra el terrorismo

Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition

Objectives Addressed in the Activities

Workbook Overview

Preparing for a Standardized Test

Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order

Activity 2 Interpreting Charts and Tables

Activity 3 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data

Activity 4 Using the Scale of Distance on a Map

Activity 5 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact

Activity 6 Descriptive Writing About a Visual

Activity 7 Comparing and Contrasting

Activity 8 Making Inferences

Activity 9 Drawing Conclusions

Activity 10 Interpreting Diagrams

Activity 11 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships

Activity 12 Outlining Information for Writing

Activity 13 Classifying Facts and Details

Activity 14 Recognizing Point of View

Activity 15 Detecting Bias

Activity 16 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions

Activity 17 Identifying the Main Idea

Activity 18 Predicting Outcomes

Activity 19 Analyzing a Political Cartoon

Activity 20 Analyzing Statistics

Activity 21 Persuasive Writing About an Issue

Activity 22 Interpreting Primary Sources

Activity 23 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda

Activity 24 Forming Hypotheses

Activity 25 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence

Activity 26 Making Decisions

Activity 27 Writing a News Story

Activity 28 Interpreting Graphs

Activity 29 Making Generalizations

Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience

Activity 31 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem

Activity 32 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full available on OS X and Windows in Reader 601

Page Navigator

Exit

837

1970bull Grape workers gain increased

pay and better conditions

1971bull Floppy disk introduced

1972bull Britain imposes direct rule

on Northern Ireland

bull Terrorists kill Israeli Olympic athletes

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 29mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information

March on Washington On August 28 1963 more than 200000 peoplegathered to urge support for civil rights legislation


1970 1975

1967bull First heart transplant

performed in South Africa

1968bull Dr Martin Luther King Jr

assassinated

bull Indian Civil Rights Act passed

Nixon1969ndash1974

The Civil Rights EraWomenrsquos Rights

Hispanic AmericansNative Americans

Americans with DisabilitiesAfrican Americans

Step 1 Collect 3 sheets of paper and placethem about 1 inch apart

Identifying Main Ideas Study FoldableMake and use this foldable to identify the majorissues about the Civil Rights era and to classifyinformation under those topics

Reading and Writing As you read the chapterwrite (under each appropriate tab) what you learnabout the struggle for civil rights by differentgroups of Americans

Step 2 Fold up the bottom edges of the paperto form 6 tabs

Step 3 When all the tabs are the same sizefold the paper to hold the tabs in place andstaple the sheets together Turn the paper andlabel each tab as shown

Keep theedges straight

Stapletogether along

the fold

This makesall tabs thesame size

















Roles

Linda Brown

Rosa Parks


Guide to Reading

1954 1955 1956 1957

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ARIZONA

COLORADO

NEWMEXICO

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NEBRASKA

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Kennedy proposals

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Stokely Carmichael


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Guide to Reading

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History


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ON THE ROAD


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ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

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Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


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Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

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Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

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Women and Sports


HISTORY








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your conclusions

















AJ-861

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bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















Roles

Linda Brown

Rosa Parks


Guide to Reading

1954 1955 1956 1957

AJ-838

null

62642128








N

S

EW

500 kilometers0

500 miles0



30degN

40degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

PaCIFIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

WASH

OREGON

CALIF

NEVADA

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

UTAH

ARIZONA

COLORADO

NEWMEXICO

NORTHDAKOTA

SOUTHDAKOTA

NEBRASKA

KANSAS

OKLA

TEXAS

MINN

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

WIS

ILL

MICH

IND OHIO

KY

TENN

MISS ALA GA

FLA

SC

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY

MAINEVTNH

MASS

RICONN

NJDELMD

CANADA

MEXICO





Segregated by law




AJ-839

null

9670425














History

AJ-840

null

116869736


title FPO

















AJ-841

null

13546861






May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957




























May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957























AJ-842

null

66038086














843









associate














843









associate

AJ-843

null

18014236








Kennedy and Johnson






War on Poverty





Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

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N

S

EW

500 kilometers0

500 miles0



30degN

40degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

PaCIFIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

WASH

OREGON

CALIF

NEVADA

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

UTAH

ARIZONA

COLORADO

NEWMEXICO

NORTHDAKOTA

SOUTHDAKOTA

NEBRASKA

KANSAS

OKLA

TEXAS

MINN

IOWA

MO

ARK

LA

WIS

ILL

MICH

IND OHIO

KY

TENN

MISS ALA GA

FLA

SC

NC

VAWVA

PA

NY

MAINEVTNH

MASS

RICONN

NJDELMD

CANADA

MEXICO





Segregated by law




AJ-839

null

9670425














History

AJ-840

null

116869736


title FPO

















AJ-841

null

13546861






May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957




























May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957























AJ-842

null

66038086














843









associate














843









associate

AJ-843

null

18014236








Kennedy and Johnson






War on Poverty





Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














History

AJ-840

null

116869736


title FPO

















AJ-841

null

13546861






May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957




























May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957























AJ-842

null

66038086














843









associate














843









associate

AJ-843

null

18014236








Kennedy and Johnson






War on Poverty





Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


title FPO

















AJ-841

null

13546861






May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957




























May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957























AJ-842

null

66038086














843









associate














843









associate

AJ-843

null

18014236








Kennedy and Johnson






War on Poverty





Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit






May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957




























May Dec Jan Sept 1954 1955 1957 1957























AJ-842

null

66038086














843









associate














843









associate

AJ-843

null

18014236








Kennedy and Johnson






War on Poverty





Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














843









associate














843









associate

AJ-843

null

18014236








Kennedy and Johnson






War on Poverty





Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit








Kennedy and Johnson






War on Poverty





Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1962 1964 1966

AJ-844

null

71314545

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















AJ-845

null

16833386



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit



















AJ-846

null

19968385
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit
























Kennedy proposals

AJ-847

null

16713211

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















Roles

James Meredith

Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

AJ-848

null

68180016












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit












History


AJ-849

null

14665012

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















850

AJ-850

null

11368296
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit
















AJ-851

null

16812486

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















History

AJ-852

null

18797986


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


















Racial unrest







AJ-853

null

17183461


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

First bus route


854

AJ-854

null

10104035


Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


L O U I S I A N A





ON THE ROAD


TROUBLE DEVELOPS


ENFORCING THE LAW



FREEDOM RIDERS

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers

Freedom Riders

Second bus route

Air route

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854

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10104035


Mis

siss

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ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

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Selma

Meridian

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Jackson

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S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

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May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

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Mis

siss

ipp

iR

ive

r

Birmingham

Annapolis

Petersburg

Charlotte

Rock Hill

Greensboro

Danville

Farmville

Fredericksburg

Augusta

Athens

TallapoosaAnniston

Selma

Meridian

New Orleans

Atlanta

Nashville

Richmond

Raleigh

Columbia

Montgomery

Jackson

Baton

Rouge

S O U T H

C A R O L I N A


A L A B A M A

G E O R G I A


T E N N E S S E E

V I R G I N I A

Washington DC

M A R Y L A N D

Ap

pa

l ac

hi a

n

Mo

un

t ai n

s



May 20

May 13

May 5

May 25

May 17

A

TL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

G u l f

o f

M e x i c o

N

S

WE














Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit












Jesse de la Cruz




Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970 1975

Roles

Phyllis Schlafly


Herman Badillo

AJ-856

null

669262













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit













Women and Sports


HISTORY








AJ-857

null

16033961





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit





















AJ-858

null

22152435

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















History

WoundedKnee button

AJ-859

null

18040361























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit























History

AJ-860

null

10574215

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

861





your conclusions

















AJ-861

null

13761086




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit




bull Freedom Riders





United Farm Workers




















862


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


HISTORY







Test-Taking Tip


























Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

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