the circulatory system

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMTHE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Kelly Eom• Vivian Seo• Jessie Quan

Circulatory systemCirculatory system

• Diffusion is inefficient over long distances.Diffusion is inefficient over long distances.

• Circulatory system rapidly transport fluid Circulatory system rapidly transport fluid throughout the body.throughout the body.

• Main functionsMain functions

- exchange gases- exchange gases

- absorb nutrients- absorb nutrients

- dispose of wastes- dispose of wastes


• Open circulatory systemOpen circulatory system: :

-It pumps blood into an internal cavity called -It pumps blood into an internal cavity called sinuses, which bathe tissues with an oxygen- sinuses, which bathe tissues with an oxygen- and nutrient-carrying fluid called and nutrient-carrying fluid called hemolymph. hemolymph.

-The hemolymph returns to the pumping -The hemolymph returns to the pumping mechanism of the system, a heart, through mechanism of the system, a heart, through holes called ostia. holes called ostia.

-It occurs in insects and most mollusks.-It occurs in insects and most mollusks.


• Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system: :

-The nutrient-, oxygen-, and waste-carrying -The nutrient-, oxygen-, and waste-carrying fluid, blood, is confined to vessels. fluid, blood, is confined to vessels.

-It is found among earthworms, mollusks, -It is found among earthworms, mollusks, and vertebrates.and vertebrates.

- Humans and other vetebrates have a - Humans and other vetebrates have a closed circulatory system specifically called, closed circulatory system specifically called, cardiovascular system.cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system• Arteries- vessels moving Arteries- vessels moving awayaway from the heart/ from the heart/ oxygenated bloodoxygenated blood

• Arterioles- branched Arterioles- branched smaller vessels of arteriessmaller vessels of arteries

• Capillaries- smallest Capillaries- smallest vessels/ gas and nutrient vessels/ gas and nutrient exchangeexchange

• Capillary beds- networks of Capillary beds- networks of capillary vesselscapillary vessels

• Venules-vessels Venules-vessels returningreturning to the heart/ deoxygenated to the heart/ deoxygenated bloodblood

• Veins- larger vessels of Veins- larger vessels of venulesvenules

Please put this slide in slide show.

Blood flowBlood flow• 1. Oxygen-poor blood from the body flows into 1. Oxygen-poor blood from the body flows into

the right atrium (on the right side of heart) the right atrium (on the right side of heart) through two veins, the upper superior(anterior) through two veins, the upper superior(anterior) vena cava and the lower inferior(posterior) vena vena cava and the lower inferior(posterior) vena cava. cava.

• 2. The blood moves through the right 2. The blood moves through the right atrioventricular valve(AV valve) and flows into atrioventricular valve(AV valve) and flows into the right ventricle.the right ventricle.

• 3. Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via 3. Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. the pulmonary arteries.

• 4. As blood flows through capillary beds in the 4. As blood flows through capillary beds in the left and right lungs, it releases waste gases and left and right lungs, it releases waste gases and picks up oxygen. picks up oxygen.

• 5. This newly oxygen-rich blood returns from 5. This newly oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium through the the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. pulmonary veins.

• 6. The blood flows through the left atrium into 6. The blood flows through the left atrium into the left ventricle as ventricle opens and the the left ventricle as ventricle opens and the atrium contracts. atrium contracts.

Blood FlowBlood Flow• 7. The left ventricle pumps the 7. The left ventricle pumps the

oxygen-rich blood out through the oxygen-rich blood out through the aorta, which conveys blood to aorta, which conveys blood to arteries leading throughout the arteries leading throughout the body.body.

• 8. Branches from aorta lead to 8. Branches from aorta lead to capillary beds in the head and capillary beds in the head and arms.arms.

• 9. The aorta continues to posterior 9. The aorta continues to posterior direction, in abdominal organs direction, in abdominal organs and legs. and legs.

• 10. Oxygen-poor blood from the 10. Oxygen-poor blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs is head, neck, and forelimbs is channeled into superior vena channeled into superior vena cava.cava.

• 11. Blood from the trunk and hind 11. Blood from the trunk and hind limbs is drained by the inferior limbs is drained by the inferior vena cava.vena cava.

• 12. The blood goes into the right 12. The blood goes into the right atrium. atrium.

HeartHeart• About the size of a About the size of a

clenched fistclenched fist• Consists mostly of cardiac Consists mostly of cardiac

musclemuscle• Two atria: have thin Two atria: have thin

walls and serve as walls and serve as collection chamber for collection chamber for blood returning to the blood returning to the heartheart

• Ventricles: have thicker Ventricles: have thicker walls and contract more walls and contract more strongly than the atriastrongly than the atria

- left ventricle: must - left ventricle: must pump blood to all body pump blood to all body organs→ strong organs→ strong contractioncontraction

HeartHeart

• The systemetic circuit: The systemetic circuit: the circulation the circulation pathway throughout the bodypathway throughout the body

• The pulmonary circuit: The pulmonary circuit: the blood pathway the blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heartlungs, and back to the left side of the heart

The cardiac cycleThe cardiac cycle• The cardiac cycle: The cardiac cycle: one complete sequence of pumping and one complete sequence of pumping and

fillingfilling - - SystoleSystole: the contraction phase: the contraction phase - - DiastoleDiastole: the relaxation phase : the relaxation phase • The cardiac cycle is regulated by The cardiac cycle is regulated by → → autorhythmic cells autorhythmic cells : specialized tissues in the heart: specialized tissues in the heart : self-excitable and able to initiate contractions without : self-excitable and able to initiate contractions without

external stimulation by nerve cells.external stimulation by nerve cells.• Cardiac outputCardiac output- the volume of blood per minute that the left - the volume of blood per minute that the left

ventricle pumps into the systemic circuitventricle pumps into the systemic circuit - depends on : 1. - depends on : 1. heart rateheart rate- the rate of contraction- the rate of contraction 2. 2. stroke volumestroke volume- the amount of blood - the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction.contraction.

The cardiac cycleThe cardiac cycle• Four valves in heartFour valves in heart -Consist of flaps made of connective tissue-Consist of flaps made of connective tissue -Prevent backflow -Prevent backflow -Keep blood moving in the correct dirrection-Keep blood moving in the correct dirrection• Atrioventricular(AV) valvesAtrioventricular(AV) valves: between each : between each

atrium and ventricleatrium and ventricle - Anchored by strong fibers that prevent - Anchored by strong fibers that prevent

them from turning inside outthem from turning inside out - Pressure generated by the ventricles closes - Pressure generated by the ventricles closes

AV valvesAV valves• Semilunar valvesSemilunar valves: where the aorta leaves the : where the aorta leaves the

left ventricle/ the pulmonary artery leaves the left ventricle/ the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricleright ventricle

- Forced open by pressure generated by - Forced open by pressure generated by contraction of ventriclescontraction of ventricles

• PulsePulse: the rhythmic stretching of arteries : the rhythmic stretching of arteries caused by the pressure of blood driven by the caused by the pressure of blood driven by the powerful contractions of the ventriclespowerful contractions of the ventricles

• Heart murmurHeart murmur - result of defect in one or more valves- result of defect in one or more valves - Detectable as a hissing sound when a - Detectable as a hissing sound when a

stream of blood squirts backward through a stream of blood squirts backward through a valvevalve

Heart beatHeart beat

• The cardiac cycle occurs asThe cardiac cycle occurs as1.1. The SA(sinoatrial) node, or The SA(sinoatrial) node, or

pacemaker, located in the upper pacemaker, located in the upper wall of the right atrium, wall of the right atrium, initiates the cycleinitiates the cycle

-by simultaneously -by simultaneously contracting both atria contracting both atria

-by sending a delayed -by sending a delayed impulse that stimulates the impulse that stimulates the AV(astrioventricular) node.AV(astrioventricular) node.

Heart beatHeart beat2.2. The AV node in the lower The AV node in the lower

wall of the right atrium wall of the right atrium sends an impulse through sends an impulse through the bundle of His, nodal the bundle of His, nodal tissue that passes down tissue that passes down between both ventricles and between both ventricles and then branches into the then branches into the ventricles through the ventricles through the Purkinje fibers. Purkinje fibers.

- This impulse results in - This impulse results in the contraction of the the contraction of the ventricles.ventricles.

Heart beatHeart beat• 3. →When the ventricles 3. →When the ventricles

contract(the systole phase)contract(the systole phase) - blood is forced through the - blood is forced through the

pulmonary arteries and aorta. pulmonary arteries and aorta. - the AV valves are forced to close - the AV valves are forced to close

as well. as well. → → When the ventricles relax(the When the ventricles relax(the

diastole phase)diastole phase) - backflow into the ventricles - backflow into the ventricles

causes the semilunar valves to close. causes the semilunar valves to close. - The closing of AV valves, - The closing of AV valves,

followed by the closing of the followed by the closing of the semilunar valves, produces the semilunar valves, produces the characteristic “lub-dup” sounds of characteristic “lub-dup” sounds of the heart.the heart.

BloodBlood

BloodBlood

• Volume of flow per second must be constant Volume of flow per second must be constant through the entire pipe.through the entire pipe.

• Blood is constantly flowing through out bodies.Blood is constantly flowing through out bodies.

Volume of flow per second must be Volume of flow per second must be constant through the entire pipe.constant through the entire pipe.

• Since volume of flow per second must be Since volume of flow per second must be constant through entire pipe, fluid must flow constant through entire pipe, fluid must flow faster as cross-sectional are of pipe narrows.faster as cross-sectional are of pipe narrows.

• The total cross-sectional are of capillaries The total cross-sectional are of capillaries determines flow rate.determines flow rate.

• Blood travels over a thousand times faster in Blood travels over a thousand times faster in aorta.aorta.

• Velocity change follows from the law of Velocity change follows from the law of continuity, which describes fluid movement continuity, which describes fluid movement through pipes.through pipes.

• A fluid flows through narrower segments of A fluid flows through narrower segments of the pipe faster than it flows through wider the pipe faster than it flows through wider segments.segments.

Blood is constantly flowing through out Blood is constantly flowing through out bodiesbodies

• Blood is pumped by the heart.Blood is pumped by the heart.

• Blood travels through blood vessels.Blood travels through blood vessels.

• Blood Carries nutrients, water, oxygen, and Blood Carries nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste products.waste products.

• Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma are in the blood.and plasma are in the blood.

Blood is pumped by the heart.Blood is pumped by the heart.

• Heartbeat gives pressure to blood.Heartbeat gives pressure to blood.

• Blood pressure is the main force driving blood Blood pressure is the main force driving blood from the heart to the capillaries.from the heart to the capillaries.

• Blood pressure, the hydrostatic force exerted Blood pressure, the hydrostatic force exerted against wall of blood vessel.against wall of blood vessel.

• Blood pressure is highest in the arteries during Blood pressure is highest in the arteries during systole which is called systolic pressure.systole which is called systolic pressure.

• Blood flow velocity decreases markedly in Blood flow velocity decreases markedly in arterioles and is lowest in capillaries.arterioles and is lowest in capillaries.

• Hydrostatic pressure drives blood from heart Hydrostatic pressure drives blood from heart to capillary beds.to capillary beds.

• Peripheral resistance which is caused by narrow Peripheral resistance which is caused by narrow openings of arterioles impeding the exit of blood openings of arterioles impeding the exit of blood from arteries causes swelling of arteries during from arteries causes swelling of arteries during systole.systole.

• Recoiling of stretched elastic arteries during Recoiling of stretched elastic arteries during diastole creates diastolic pressure. diastole creates diastolic pressure.

• Diastolic pressure maintains continuous blood Diastolic pressure maintains continuous blood flow into arterioles and capillaries.flow into arterioles and capillaries.

Blood travels through blood vessels.Blood travels through blood vessels.

• Blood leaves the heart from left ventricle to the Blood leaves the heart from left ventricle to the aorta which is the largest artery in the body. aorta which is the largest artery in the body.

• Blood that leaves the aorta has a lot of oxygen Blood that leaves the aorta has a lot of oxygen which is important for cells to do their function.which is important for cells to do their function.

• Oxygen rich blood travels throughout Oxygen rich blood travels throughout arteriesarteries into smallest arterioles.into smallest arterioles.

• Blood travels through Blood travels through capillariescapillaries to to veinvein to go to go back to the heart.back to the heart.

• When blood reaches lungs, carbon dioxide is When blood reaches lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from blood and replaced with fresh removed from blood and replaced with fresh oxygen that had inhaled through lungs. oxygen that had inhaled through lungs.

• Blood flows through vessels of circulatory Blood flows through vessels of circulatory system at uneven speeds and pressures.system at uneven speeds and pressures.

Arteries Arteries

• Arteries have three layers.Arteries have three layers.• On outside, a layer of connective tissue with On outside, a layer of connective tissue with

elastic fibers allows vessel to stretch and recoil.elastic fibers allows vessel to stretch and recoil.• Middle-layer contains smooth muscle and more Middle-layer contains smooth muscle and more

elastic fibers.elastic fibers.

• Lining the lumen of all blood vessels, an Lining the lumen of all blood vessels, an endothelium, is a single layer of flattened cells endothelium, is a single layer of flattened cells that provides a smooth surface that minimizes that provides a smooth surface that minimizes resistance to flow of blood.resistance to flow of blood.

• Blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood.Blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood.

• Arteries transport blood away from heart.Arteries transport blood away from heart.

• Arteries carry bright red blood which color Arteries carry bright red blood which color comes from oxygen that it carries.comes from oxygen that it carries.

• Arteries have thicker middle and outer layers Arteries have thicker middle and outer layers than veins.than veins.

• Thicker walls of arteries provide strength to Thicker walls of arteries provide strength to accommodate blood pumped rapidly and at high accommodate blood pumped rapidly and at high pressure by heart.pressure by heart.

• Thinnest arteries are called arterioles.Thinnest arteries are called arterioles.

CapillariesCapillaries

• Capillaries are tiny and thin blood vessels.Capillaries are tiny and thin blood vessels.

• capillaries connect arteries to veins.capillaries connect arteries to veins.

• Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes pass in and out Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes pass in and out of blood through capillary walls.of blood through capillary walls.

• Capillaries’ thin walls consist only of Capillaries’ thin walls consist only of endothelium and its basement membrane.endothelium and its basement membrane.

• Total cross-sectional area is much greater in Total cross-sectional area is much greater in capillary beds than in any other part of capillary beds than in any other part of circulatory system.circulatory system.

• Capillaries are only vessels with walls thin Capillaries are only vessels with walls thin enough to permit the transfer of substances enough to permit the transfer of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid.between the blood and interstitial fluid.

• The slower flow of blood through tiny vessels The slower flow of blood through tiny vessels enhances exchange.enhances exchange.

• When blood leaves the capillaries and enters When blood leaves the capillaries and enters venules and veins, it speeds up reduction in venules and veins, it speeds up reduction in total cross-sectional area.total cross-sectional area.

• During strenuous exercise, blood is diverted During strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract and supplied more from digestive tract and supplied more generously to skeletal muscles and skin.generously to skeletal muscles and skin.

• Two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood Two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds.in capillary beds.

• Both depend on smooth muscles controlled by Both depend on smooth muscles controlled by nerve signals and hormones.nerve signals and hormones.

• In one mechanism, contraction of smooth In one mechanism, contraction of smooth muscle layer in wall of an arteriole constricts muscle layer in wall of an arteriole constricts vessel, reducing its diameter and decreasing vessel, reducing its diameter and decreasing blood flow through it to a capillary bed.blood flow through it to a capillary bed.

• In other mechanism, rings of smooth muscle In other mechanism, rings of smooth muscle called precapillary sphincters which are called precapillary sphincters which are located at entrance to capillary beds control located at entrance to capillary beds control flow of blood between arterioles and venules.flow of blood between arterioles and venules.

• Exchange of substances between blood and Exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid that bathes cells takes place interstitial fluid that bathes cells takes place across thin endothelial walls of the capillaries.across thin endothelial walls of the capillaries.

• Small molecules, like oxygen and carbon Small molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, diffuse down concentration gradients dioxide, diffuse down concentration gradients across endothelial cells.across endothelial cells.

• Diffusion can occur through clefts between Diffusion can occur through clefts between adjoining cells.adjoining cells.

• Blood pressure within capillary pushes fluid Blood pressure within capillary pushes fluid through capillary clefts.through capillary clefts.

• Blood cells suspended in blood and most proteins Blood cells suspended in blood and most proteins dissolved in blood are too large to pass readily dissolved in blood are too large to pass readily through endothelium and remain in capillaries.through endothelium and remain in capillaries.

• Blood proteins remaining in capillaries create Blood proteins remaining in capillaries create constant osmotic pressure from arteriole to constant osmotic pressure from arteriole to venule end of a capillary bed.venule end of a capillary bed.

• Difference between blood pressure and osmotic Difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure drives fluids out of capillaries at the pressure drives fluids out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule end.end.

• Lost fluid and proteins return to blood via the Lost fluid and proteins return to blood via the lymphatic system.lymphatic system.

• The fluid called lymph is in lymphatic system; its The fluid called lymph is in lymphatic system; its composition is about same as interstitial fluid.composition is about same as interstitial fluid.

• Lymph vessels have valves that prevent backflow Lymph vessels have valves that prevent backflow of fluid toward capillaries.of fluid toward capillaries.

• Along a lymph vessel are organs called lymph Along a lymph vessel are organs called lymph nodes.nodes.

• When body is fighting an infection, lymph nodes When body is fighting an infection, lymph nodes become swollen and tender.become swollen and tender.

• Lymphatic system helps defend against infection Lymphatic system helps defend against infection and maintains volume and protein concentration and maintains volume and protein concentration of blood.of blood.

VeinVein

• Arteries have three layers.Arteries have three layers.

• On outside, a layer of connective tissue with On outside, a layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers allows vessel to stretch and recoil.elastic fibers allows vessel to stretch and recoil.

• Middle-layer contains smooth muscle and more Middle-layer contains smooth muscle and more elastic fibers.elastic fibers.

• Lining the lumen of all blood vessels, an Lining the lumen of all blood vessels, an endothelium, is a single layer of flattened cells endothelium, is a single layer of flattened cells that provides a smooth surface that minimizes that provides a smooth surface that minimizes resistance to flow of blood.resistance to flow of blood.

• Veins carry oxygen poor blood back to heart. Veins carry oxygen poor blood back to heart.

• Smallest veins, venules, join larger veins that Smallest veins, venules, join larger veins that open into heart.open into heart.

• Thinner-walled veins convey blood back to the Thinner-walled veins convey blood back to the heart at low velocity and pressure.heart at low velocity and pressure.

• Blood in the vein flows mainly by muscle Blood in the vein flows mainly by muscle actions.actions.

• Skeletal muscles squeeze veins and push blood Skeletal muscles squeeze veins and push blood through them.through them.

• Flaps of tissue within veins act as one-way Flaps of tissue within veins act as one-way valves that allow blood to flow only toward the valves that allow blood to flow only toward the heart.heart.

Blood Carries nutrients, water, oxygen, Blood Carries nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste products.and waste products.

• Nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste products Nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste products are carried by blood cells in blood vessel to are carried by blood cells in blood vessel to transport to and from body cells.transport to and from body cells.

Red blood cells, white blood cells, Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma are in bloodplatelets, and plasma are in blood

• Red blood cellsRed blood cells

• White blood cellsWhite blood cells

• PlateletsPlatelets

• Plasma Plasma

Red blood cellRed blood cell

• Red blood cells carries oxygen and carbon Red blood cells carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.dioxide.

• Red blood cells pick up oxygen in lungs and Red blood cells pick up oxygen in lungs and transport it to all body cells.transport it to all body cells.

• Red blood cells gather up carbon dioxide Red blood cells gather up carbon dioxide after delivering oxygen to cells.after delivering oxygen to cells.

• Red blood cells transport carbon dioxide Red blood cells transport carbon dioxide back to lungs where it is removed from body back to lungs where it is removed from body when human exhales.when human exhales.

• About 5,000,000 red blood cells are in one About 5,000,000 red blood cells are in one drop of blood.drop of blood.

• Red blood cells are heavier than other blood Red blood cells are heavier than other blood cells.cells.

• Red blood cells are made in bone marrow Red blood cells are made in bone marrow which is a soft tissue inside of bone.which is a soft tissue inside of bone.

• Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes.Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes.

• The small size and biconcave shape of The small size and biconcave shape of erythrocytes provide a large collective surface erythrocytes provide a large collective surface area for the total population of erythrocytes.area for the total population of erythrocytes.

• The greater of total area of erythrocyte The greater of total area of erythrocyte membrane in a volume of blood leads to more membrane in a volume of blood leads to more rapid oxygen diffusion.rapid oxygen diffusion.

• Hemoglobin are iron-containing protein that Hemoglobin are iron-containing protein that transports oxygen.transports oxygen.

• Erythrocytes lack nuclei and mitochondria and Erythrocytes lack nuclei and mitochondria and generate AP exclusively by anaerobic generate AP exclusively by anaerobic metabolism.metabolism.

White blood cellsWhite blood cells

• White blood cells are also called leukocytes.White blood cells are also called leukocytes.

• White blood cells help body fight off germs.White blood cells help body fight off germs.

• White blood cells attack and destroy germs White blood cells attack and destroy germs when they enter the body.when they enter the body.

• Body produces more white blood cells if Body produces more white blood cells if infection exists in the body.infection exists in the body.

• White blood cells produce in bone marrow.White blood cells produce in bone marrow.

• Blood contains five major types of white blood Blood contains five major types of white blood cells which are monocytes, neutrophils, cells which are monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.

• Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytes Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and debris which engulf and digest bacteria and debris from body’s own dead cells.from body’s own dead cells.

• Lymphocytes develop into specialized B cells Lymphocytes develop into specialized B cells and T cells which produce immune response and T cells which produce immune response against foreign substances.against foreign substances.

• White blood cells spend most of time outside White blood cells spend most of time outside the circulatory system, patrolling through the circulatory system, patrolling through interstitial fluid and lymphatic system, where interstitial fluid and lymphatic system, where most of battles against pathogens are waged.most of battles against pathogens are waged.

• Platelets are blood cells that help stop Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding.bleeding.

• As platelets stick to opening of damaged As platelets stick to opening of damaged vessel they attract more platelets, fibers, and vessel they attract more platelets, fibers, and other blood cells to help form a plug to seal other blood cells to help form a plug to seal broken blood vessel.broken blood vessel.

PlateletsPlatelets

• The wound stops bleeding when platelet plug is The wound stops bleeding when platelet plug is completely formed; the platelet pugs are called completely formed; the platelet pugs are called scabs.scabs.

• Platelets produce in bone marrow.Platelets produce in bone marrow.

• Platelets have no nuclei and originate as Platelets have no nuclei and originate as pinched-off cytoplasmic fragments of large pinched-off cytoplasmic fragments of large cells in bone marrow.cells in bone marrow.

Stem cellsStem cells

• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from a common source.develop from a common source.

• A single population of cells called pluripotent A single population of cells called pluripotent stem cells in red marrow of bones, particularly stem cells in red marrow of bones, particularly ribs, vertebrae, breastbone, and pelvis.ribs, vertebrae, breastbone, and pelvis.

• A negative- feedback mechanism, sensitive to amount of A negative- feedback mechanism, sensitive to amount of oxygen reaching body’s tissues via blood, controls oxygen reaching body’s tissues via blood, controls erythrocyte production.erythrocyte production.

• If tissues do not receive enough oxygen, kidney synthesizes If tissues do not receive enough oxygen, kidney synthesizes and secretes a hormone called erythropoietin which and secretes a hormone called erythropoietin which stimulates production of erythrocytes.stimulates production of erythrocytes.

• If blood transport excessive oxygen, level of EPO falls and If blood transport excessive oxygen, level of EPO falls and erythrocyte production slows.erythrocyte production slows.

Plasma Plasma

• Plasma is the liquid part of the blood.Plasma is the liquid part of the blood.

• Approximately half of blood is made of Approximately half of blood is made of plasma.plasma.

• The plasma carries blood cells and other The plasma carries blood cells and other components throughout body.components throughout body.

• Plasma is made in liver.Plasma is made in liver.

• Plasma is lighter than other blood cells.Plasma is lighter than other blood cells.

• Plasma is 95% of water and other 5% of Plasma is 95% of water and other 5% of dissolved substances including salts.dissolved substances including salts.

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular DiseaseDisease

Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

The The Cardiovascular diseasesCardiovascular diseases are are disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The tendency to develop cardiovascular disease is tendency to develop cardiovascular disease is inherited to some extent, but lifestyle also plays inherited to some extent, but lifestyle also plays a important role. smoking, lack of exercise, a a important role. smoking, lack of exercise, a diet rich in animal fat, and high levels of diet rich in animal fat, and high levels of cholesterol in the blood are the nongenetic cholesterol in the blood are the nongenetic factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. problems.

<Cardiovascular Disease><Cardiovascular Disease> LDLs and HDLsLDLs and HDLs

- One measure of an individual’s - One measure of an individual’s cardiovascular health or risk of cardiovascular health or risk of arterial plaques can be gauged by the arterial plaques can be gauged by the ratio of ratio of low-density lipoproteins low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)(LDLs) to to high-density lipoproteins high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)(HDLs) in the blood. in the blood.

-LDLs is often called as the “bad -LDLs is often called as the “bad cholesterol” and is associated with cholesterol” and is associated with the deposition of cholesterol in the deposition of cholesterol in arterial plaques, growth that develop arterial plaques, growth that develop on the inner walls of arteries.on the inner walls of arteries.

-HDLs (“good cholesterol). may -HDLs (“good cholesterol). may reduce cholesterol depositionreduce cholesterol deposition

<Cardiovascular Disease> <Cardiovascular Disease> AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

Deposition of cholesterol thickens andDeposition of cholesterol thickens androughens this smooth lining.roughens this smooth lining.

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis is a disease in which is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. At plaque builds up inside your arteries. At plaque sites, the smooth muscle layer of plaque sites, the smooth muscle layer of

an an artery thickens abnormally and becomes artery thickens abnormally and becomes infiltrated with fibrous connective tissue infiltrated with fibrous connective tissue and lipids such as cholesterol. The rough and lipids such as cholesterol. The rough lining of an atherosclerotic artery lining of an atherosclerotic artery encourages the adhesion of platelets, encourages the adhesion of platelets, triggering the clotting process, and triggering the clotting process, and interfering with circulation interfering with circulation

<Cardiovascular Disease> <Cardiovascular Disease> HEART ATTACK AND STROKEHEART ATTACK AND STROKE

- A A heart attackheart attack occurs when blood flow to a section of heart occurs when blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes blocked. If the flow of blood isn’t restored muscle becomes blocked. If the flow of blood isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and begins to die.from lack of oxygen and begins to die.

- A A strokestroke is the death of nervous tissue in the brain is the death of nervous tissue in the brain.

- Both heart attack and stroke are the final blow from Both heart attack and stroke are the final blow from unaware of their disease (ex. Atherosclerosis) until unaware of their disease (ex. Atherosclerosis) until catastrophe strrikes.catastrophe strrikes.

- These diseases frequently result from a thrombus that These diseases frequently result from a thrombus that clogs a coronary artery or an artery in the brain.clogs a coronary artery or an artery in the brain.

HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INTERACT WITH OTHER SYSTEM INTERACT WITH OTHER

SYSTEMS?SYSTEMS?

HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INTERACT WITH OTHER SYSTEMS?INTERACT WITH OTHER SYSTEMS?

• The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, hormones, nutrients and white blood cells hormones, nutrients and white blood cells around the body by pumping blood, and it around the body by pumping blood, and it removes waste products. By interacting with removes waste products. By interacting with other systems, it maintainsother systems, it maintains homeostasis homeostasis (The (The steady state physiological conditions for steady state physiological conditions for body.)body.)


• With Respiratory System..With Respiratory System..The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchange between the The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchange between the external environment and an organism's external environment and an organism's circulatory systemcirculatory system. Gas . Gas exchange facilitates blood oxygenation with removal of carbon dioxide exchange facilitates blood oxygenation with removal of carbon dioxide and wastes from the circulation. Alveolus are multilobed air sacs that and wastes from the circulation. Alveolus are multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs. The epithelial cells in constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs. The epithelial cells in these walls are close to the pulmonary capillaries which are composed of these walls are close to the pulmonary capillaries which are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. Their location allows permeability of a single layer of endothelial cells. Their location allows permeability of gases, hence, and gas exchange.gases, hence, and gas exchange.


• With Endocrine System..With Endocrine System..The hormones are produced by the endocrine system. The The hormones are produced by the endocrine system. The hormones are transported through the blood from the hormones are transported through the blood from the circulatory system and they carry the information and circulatory system and they carry the information and instructions from one set of the cells to another. For example, instructions from one set of the cells to another. For example, one of the hormones produced by the heart helps control the one of the hormones produced by the heart helps control the kidneys' release of salt from the body. kidneys' release of salt from the body.


• With Reproduction System..With Reproduction System..The circulatory system also transport gases, nutrients, wastes, The circulatory system also transport gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones for reproduction. It supplies the nutrients for and hormones for reproduction. It supplies the nutrients for making sperms in male and eggs in female. During the making sperms in male and eggs in female. During the pregnancy, The placenta (the structure in the pregnant uterus pregnancy, The placenta (the structure in the pregnant uterus for viviparous fetus) grows tightly fused to the wall of the for viviparous fetus) grows tightly fused to the wall of the uterus. Its blood vessels, supplied by the fetal heart, are uterus. Its blood vessels, supplied by the fetal heart, are literally bathed in the mother's blood. Although there is literally bathed in the mother's blood. Although there is normally no mixing of the two blood supplies, the placenta normally no mixing of the two blood supplies, the placenta does facilitate the transfer of a variety of materials between does facilitate the transfer of a variety of materials between the fetus and the mother. the fetus and the mother.


• With Nervous System..With Nervous System..The nervous system definitely needs nutrients to be brought to The nervous system definitely needs nutrients to be brought to it and waste molecules to be taken away, which is it and waste molecules to be taken away, which is accomplished by the circulatory system. The nervous system accomplished by the circulatory system. The nervous system also affect the circulatory system. The signals from various also affect the circulatory system. The signals from various parts of the nervous system change the heart rate, either faster parts of the nervous system change the heart rate, either faster or slower, change the constriction or dilation of the blood or slower, change the constriction or dilation of the blood vessels, which alters the rate of flow for the circulatory vessels, which alters the rate of flow for the circulatory system. It also uses the circulatory system to dissipate heat if system. It also uses the circulatory system to dissipate heat if the body and the brain senses that it is too warm. the body and the brain senses that it is too warm.


With Excretion System..With Excretion System.. Malpighian tubules are excretory organs that operate in Malpighian tubules are excretory organs that operate in

association with the open circulatory system of grasshoppers association with the open circulatory system of grasshoppers and other insects. Blood in the open sinuses of the grasshop and other insects. Blood in the open sinuses of the grasshop pers' body surrounds the Malpighian tubules. The ends of the pers' body surrounds the Malpighian tubules. The ends of the tubules absorb fluid from the blood. As the fluid moves tubules absorb fluid from the blood. As the fluid moves through the tubules, uric acid is precipitated. A lot of the water through the tubules, uric acid is precipitated. A lot of the water and other salts are reabsorbed into the grasshopper's blood. and other salts are reabsorbed into the grasshopper's blood. The remaining fluid plus uric acid passes out of the The remaining fluid plus uric acid passes out of the Malpighian tubule and enters the gut. Water is reabsorbed Malpighian tubule and enters the gut. Water is reabsorbed from the digestive tract. Finally, the uric acid is eliminated from the digestive tract. Finally, the uric acid is eliminated from the rectum as a dry massfrom the rectum as a dry mass


With Immune System (lymphatic system)..With Immune System (lymphatic system)..Wastes and excess interstitial fluids enter the circulatory Wastes and excess interstitial fluids enter the circulatory system when they diffuse into capillaries. However, some of system when they diffuse into capillaries. However, some of them are returned to the circulatory system by way of the them are returned to the circulatory system by way of the lymphatic system, a second network of capillaries and veins. lymphatic system, a second network of capillaries and veins. The fluid in these lymphatic veins, called lymph, moves The fluid in these lymphatic veins, called lymph, moves slowly through lymphatic vessels by the contraction of slowly through lymphatic vessels by the contraction of adjacent muscles. Valves in the lymphatic veins prevent adjacent muscles. Valves in the lymphatic veins prevent backflow. Lymph returns to the blood circulatory system backflow. Lymph returns to the blood circulatory system through two ducts located in the shoulder region. In addition through two ducts located in the shoulder region. In addition to returning fluids to the circulatory system, the lymphatic to returning fluids to the circulatory system, the lymphatic system functions as a filter.system functions as a filter.


With Skeletal System..With Skeletal System..

The bone marrow inside the bone produces red blood The bone marrow inside the bone produces red blood cells and white blood cells (making blood). After cells and white blood cells (making blood). After making the blood, the bone marrow sends its new making the blood, the bone marrow sends its new blood to the circulatory system. Then the circulatory blood to the circulatory system. Then the circulatory system sends it to the heart and the cycle continues.system sends it to the heart and the cycle continues.

Heart ActivityHeart Activity

15

14

13

12

11

2

4

6

10

16

7

8

9

3

1

5

Write corresponding structure name.

1. 9.

2. 10.

3. 11.

4. 12.

5. 13.

6. 14.

7. 15.

8. 16.

Blood Activity Blood Activity

Hydrostatic pressure

Osmotic pressure

1. Carbon dioxide

2. Oxygen

Number 1Number 1 Number 2Number 2

What kind of pressures cause What kind of pressures cause each movement to each movement to different direction?different direction?

What is number 1 and 2?What is number 1 and 2?

<Cardiovascular Disease> <Cardiovascular Disease> ACTIVITYACTIVITY

1

2

▶ HDLs (High density lipoprotein)

▶ LDLs (low density lipoproteins)

11) It is also known as “good cholesterol” and it may reduce cholesterol deposition. 1) It is also known as “good cholesterol” and it may reduce cholesterol deposition.

2

2)2) It is known as “bad cholesterol” It is known as “bad cholesterol” and is associated with the and is associated with the deposition of cholesterol in deposition of cholesterol in arterial plaques, growth that arterial plaques, growth that develop on the inner walls of develop on the inner walls of arteries.arteries.

HINT!!HINT!!

• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bg.ic.ac.uk/Staff/khparker/homepage/BSc_lectures/2002/Capillary_sketch.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bg.ic.ac.uk/Staff/khparker/homepage/BSc_lectures/2002/_Cardiovascular_Mechanics_2003.html&usg=__yEw90IO3ncB_9qFMpKsqeFDtJHU=&h=454&w=409&sz=55&hl=ko&start=9&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3NJK5xFrQdTHiM:&tbnh=128&tbnw=115&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcapillary%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dko%26lr%3D%26tbs%3Disch:1

• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/class/bio590/pictures/lect5/artery-vein.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://www.freewebs.com/biosimplicity/transportinmamalplant.htm&usg=__bRLMVtaM6Epzkt9npZgcOD5qKuM=&h=375&w=500&sz=47&hl=ko&start=7&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=PS2GmS8HA4OWMM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcapillary%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dko%26lr%3D%26tbs%3Disch:1

• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/images/19192.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/bloodless/000217.html&usg=__fJLDUSC-vRacmGR-IaOSFH1ezgc=&h=320&w=400&sz=18&hl=ko&start=17&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=s2CxmA7H2uDX3M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dred%2Bblood%2Bcell%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dko%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1

• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.siteman.wustl.edu/xmlfiles/Media_big/CDR0000526538.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.siteman.wustl.edu/PDQ.aspx%3Fid%3D763%26xml%3DCDR258006.xml&usg=__1pRbArWj-lhLGQ225Uk7ozDXYTY=&h=2342&w=3138&sz=1316&hl=ko&start=15&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=lil6NFsRMWCHbM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwhite%2Bblood%2Bcell%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dko%26lr%3D%26tbs%3Disch:1

ResourcesResources

• http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/cir1.htm

• http://www.globalclassroom.org/hemo.html

• http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/circulatorysys.html

• http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.html

• http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookcircSYS.html• http://thevirtualheart.org/3dpdf/Heart_3d.pdf• http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units18to20/vessels/blood.htm• http://www.southdartmoor.devon.sch.uk/pe/300px-

Diagram_of_the_human_heart_cropped.svg.png• http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/images/pacemaker.jpg• http://science.jrank.org/pages/2625/Excretory-System-Excretion-by-land-animals.html• http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/heart.html

the circulatory system

Documents

blood flows

blood pathway

blood moves

blood flow1

blood flow7

oxygenpoor blood

right ventricle pumps

oxygenrich blood returns