the childrens bequest 2010

7/23/2019 The Childrens Bequest 2010

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T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d

1010 Lessons to Tajweed ComprehensionLessons to Tajweed ComprehensionDr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute

www.studentofislam.com20102010

http://www.ilcjc.org/



LESSON ONE:

ى

ى

ي

ا

INTRODUCTION

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest




A S t o r y

A Place

One Book

One Man

A Statement

A Team

A Divine Chain

An I n v i t a t i o n




نن

ار

د

نن

ن

ن

ل

رول

ن

: ه»

و نآرا م

رم ن »

ن

د ار و

ذيل

فذاك ا

ذا

دي

دنآر ا

م و

ج

ػ ا

ن نز ف

وؾ .ن a l - T i r m i d h ī 2 9 8 5




THE COURSE:

A comprehensive review of the rules of Tajweed

according to the Reading of Ḥafṣ based upon the text

Tuhfah al-Aṭfāl by Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī.

INTRODUCTION

ى

ى

ي

ا

Practice

History

Theory The Formal Rules

of Tajweed

Biographies of the

Imāms of Recitation

Iqrā’ ارا



TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION

ى

ى

ي

ا

Advanced Topic Advanced Topic

اطل

طا

The Childrens Bequest




ى

ى

ي

ا

PREREQUISITES

• Ability to read Arabic script

• Basic knowledge of Tajweed

WHAT YOU NEED FOR

THIS CLASS

•Writing material• Mushaf (preferably Madinan

edition)

•Voice Recorder (optional)

• POSITIVE ATTITUDE




ى

ى

ي

ا

Will help you establish a relationship with Allah’s Book

Will help you understand Allah’s Book.

Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Qur’an.

Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of

the Qur’an.

Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.

Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

Benefits of

the Class




ى

ى

ي

ا

Course Outline

Lesson 1: Introduction/Terminology, Mistakes in

Tajweed

Lesson 2: How to Begin (Rules of Istiadhah and

Basmala)

Lesson 3: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin, Nun/Meem

Mushaddad

Lesson 4: Rules of Meem Sakin, Rules of Lam

Lesson 5: The Makharij

Lesson 6: The Sifaat

Lesson 7: Rules of Ra

Lesson 8: The Rules of Assimilation

Lesson 9: The Rules of Madd




ى

ى

ي

ا

Terminology

Tarteel

Qirā’ah

Tilāwah

Tajweed

Surah al-Muzammil 4

Surah al-Nahl 98

Surah al-Anfal 2




ى

ى

ي

ا

Contemporary

the precise methodology of reciting the Qur’ān as it was transmitted from

the Prophet to subsequent generations, based upon a body of rules and

principles developed by those well-versed in its recitation

TechnicalReciting the Qur’an by granting each letter its due including its intrinsic properties

and those features governed by its placement and relation to other letters

ى

ى

ي

ى

ك

ي

ى

و

ؼ

ى

ي

ي

ى

LinguisticBeautify Embellish Adorn

Definition of Tajweed




ى

ى

ي

ا

طرطرق

ا ار ر

ة را را

رئ

راو

أب

اطرق

أب

اطرق

راو

أب

اطرق

Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic Advanced Topic




ى

ى

ي

ا

Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic Advanced Topic

ن طرق ان طرق ال

ص

ا صر

ا ر

ة ة را را م

ص

رو ن

اح

ال

زرن

د




ى

ى

ي

ا


Learning the Variant Readings Today

رى

ا رشا

ط

اش

ع

ر

ك

ن

و

و

ر

ن

م

ص

ة

ز

ح

ئ

س

ك

ة

ر

اد

ر

ج

و

ب

ق

ف

خ

اشر

ارى

شر

ا /

ط

اشر

A

l

1




ى

ى

ي

ا

Mistakes in Tajweed ا

Mistakes

MajorAddition, ommision,

changing of words,

elements, vowels

Forbidden

MinorViolations of madd

duration, ghunnah,

finer rules

Disliked

T h e C o m p a n i o n s a n d e a r l y M u s l i m s w e r e v e r y

i n t o l e r a n t o f a l l t y p e s o f m i s t a k e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

Q u r ʼ ā n




ى

ى

ي

ا

Types of Reciters

Reciters

Experts

Noble Company

Those who make

mistakes

Excused

Double Reward

Blameworthy

T a j w e e d i s t h e o n l y s c i e n c e w h e r e m i s t a k e s a r e

r e w a r d e d




ى

ى

ي

ا

Ruling on Tajweed

Types of

Tajweed

Knowledge

Theoretical

Communal

Obligation

Practical

Individual

Obligation



TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest HOW TO BEGIN

ى

ى

ى

ا

ى

ك

ة

ى

ذ ا

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATIONThe Rules Of Isti‘adhah and Basmala

ى اىى

كى

اىذىة

ـي ىىى اىى

كى

اىذىة

ـي ىى




ى

ى

ى

ا

ى

ك

ة

ى

ذ ا

ة

ى

ذ ا

Form

ا

ف

ى

ا

ى

ي

ذ

ي

ى

ا

اىف

ى

ى

ا

ا

ذي

ي

ى

Manner

Silent If Alone or in Salah

Aloud All other cases

Al-Isti‘adhah ى

ذ

ى

ى

Surah al-Nahl 98




ى

ى

ى

ا

ى

ك

ة

ى

ذ ا

Al-Basmalah ى

ى

ى

ى

Surah al-Fatiha 1




ى

ى

ى

ا

ى

ك

ة

ى

ذ ا

Joining 2 Surahs

Why Only 3 Ways ?




ى

ى

ى

ا

ى

ك

ة

ى

ذ ا

Joining Surah Al-Anfal and Al-Tawbah

l-Tawbah is the only Surah that does not begin with the Basmalah.



LESSON TWO:

ا

ى

ك

ى

ا

اف

ي

ـ

ى

ى

RULES OF NŪN AND NŪNNATION





1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir

al-Shāmī (d 118H)

SPOTLIGHT




QUICK REVIEW

1. What is tarteel in the Qur’an?

2. Define Tajweed.

3. What are the 2 forms of istiadha?




Imām ‘Alī’s definition ofTarteel

:

اروف

ود

اووف

رو




Levels ofevels of Tajweedajweed

1. Tajweed ofIndividualLetters

2. Tajweed ofLetters inCombination

3. Knowledge ofStopping/Continuing

TT CC BB




The Rules of the Letter Nunن

and Meem م

TT CC BB




Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?

Surah al-Nisa 93

TT CC BB




DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

The LetterNun andMeem

ن م

Sakin Tanween

Ghunnah

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION

TT CC BB




ن ـو ـ

ن و ـ ون إن

ن ـو ـ

ن و ـ ون إن

ن ـو ـ

ن و ـ ون إن

ن ـو ـ

ن و ـ ون إن

ن ـ

ذ فـ

م ـ ـ

ـ نر ـ

ذ فـ

م ـ ـ

ـ نر ـ

ذ فـ

م ـ ـ

ـ نر ـ

ذ فـ

م ـ ـ

ـ ر

For theFor the nūnnūn without vowels and thewithout vowels and the tanwīntanwīn diction,diction,

exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.


TT CC BB




Rules ofules of

Nūnn

Sākinākin /

Tanwanwīnīn

IẒHĀR

IKHFĀ’

IDGHĀM

IQLĀB


TT C dr nsC dr ns B q sB q s




RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)

ـرؾ ل ل اظر ـ

فؾرـ ل ل اظر ـ



ف

رؾ ف تـ ـ

ر

ق ت ؾر ف تـ ـ

ر


ر


ر

ق ت

ـن

مـ

ـف

ـز

ـن

مـ

ـف

ـز

ـن

مـ

ـف

ـز

ـن

مـ

ـف

ـز

نـؼ

ـم ـن ـ ـ نـؼ



ـم ـن ـ ـ

The first of these, the rule ofThe first of these, the rule of Iẓhār Iẓhār , is before the letters hence, , is before the letters hence,

arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:

HamzaHamza andand HāHā’, then ‘’, then ‘ Ayn Ayn andand ḤāḤā’,’,

without the marks, thenwithout the marks, then GhaynGhayn andand KhāKhā’.’.






1. Definition

2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]

خ غ ح ع غ ح ع





RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

ت ـ

ـ

م ؼـد

ن إ ـ

ا و

ت ـ

ـ

م ؼـد

ن إ ـ

ا و

ت ـ ـ

د

دم

رون

فـ ـ

د

دم

رون

ف

The second isThe second is IdghāmIdghām , with six it takes effect, , with six it takes effect,

inin yarmuloon yarmuloon, a mnemonic which they accept. , a mnemonic which they accept.






•Definition

• Its Letters:

ن

و

ل

م

ر

ي

و

ل

م

ر

ي






ـؼد ن م

ــ ـؼد ن م

ــ

* * و ـ ـ ـ ـ

فـه ؽ و ـ ـ ـ ـ

فـه ؽ

ـف ـ ـ ـ اذإ

إ ـف ـ ـ ـ اذإ

إ

* *ـ ان

ـم ـدؼم د ان

ـم دؼم د

ؼــه

ؽـر

إدؼم

ان

ؼــه

ؽـر

إدؼم

ان

* *رـه ر

مـ

ا را

ام

فهـر ر

مـ

ا را

ام

ف

But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,

with the trait ofwith the trait of ghunnah ghunnah, and by , and by yanmu yanmu recognized.recognized.Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,

nono idghāmidghām in articulation, as in the wordsin articulation, as in the words dunyadunya andand ṣinwān ṣinwān..

The second type is Idghām without theThe second type is Idghām without the ghunnah ghunnah trait,trait,

inin lāmlām andand rārā , but the latter you must reverberate. , but the latter you must reverberate.






•Types of Idghām:

1. With Ghunnah: و م ن ي

2. Without Ghunnah: ر ل






EXAMPLES

Surah al-Nisa 123






EXAMPLES

Surah 6:98






EXAMPLES

Surah 24:45






EXAMPLES

Surah 42:44






EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah Al-Baqarah 5






EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah 24:37






E X C E P T I O N S :1. No Idghām within one word.

4 Qur’anic Examples:

دد ن ا و او ن ا و ا و ن

2. No Idghām in the following 2 verses:Surah Yasin: v1-2

Surah Nun: v1-2

The rule in the above examples is called Izhār Mutlaq.








Surah Yasin 1-2

Surah al-qalam 1

E X C E P T I O N S :







Types ofAssimilation

Complete

ل

إدؼم

Incomplete

ص

إدؼم





RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)

ا

د

ب ـا

ث ـ

او ا

د

ب ـا

ث ـ

او

ـا

ـ

ـؽ

ـ ـا

ـ

ـؽ

ـ

The third rule ishe third rule is Iqlābqlāb which occurs with thehich occurs with the

letteretter bāā

,

which is converted tohich is converted to meemeem and pronouncednd pronounced

withith Ikhfākhfā.






• Definition

• Letter: ب

• 3 Steps: 1. Nūn converted to meem

2. Suppress meem (Ikhfā’)

3. Ghunnah






EXAMPLES

Surah al-Maidah 39





RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)

ال

ـد

ا

ا رالا

ـد

ا

ا را

ل اـب لن اروؾ اـب ن اروؾ

زر

ر

د

ن

فزر

ر

د

ن

ف

د

ت ا

ـذا

م

ف

د

ت ا

ـذا

م

ف

د ص د م م د ص د ؾ ذا ؾ ذا

ظ ف دز ـ ـ

دم ط ظ ف دز ـ ـ

دم ط

The fourth isThe fourth is IkhfāIkhfā for the respected student,for the respected student,

with specified letters mandatory for thewith specified letters mandatory for thestudent.student.

In fifteen letters it takes effect,In fifteen letters it takes effect,

within this prose that I erect:within this prose that I erect:

Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent isRelate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is

he who achieves status robust;he who achieves status robust;

Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,

and fend off the one who is unjust.and fend off the one who is unjust.






• Definition

• 15 Letters:

س ق ش ج ك ث ذ ص ق ش ج ك ث ذ ص

ظ ض ت ؾ ز ط د ض ت ؾ ز ط د

ففففذذذذ ث ث ث ثانانانانككككممممججججداداداداششششصخصخصخصخق ق ق قددددسسسس ددددممممططططاـبـاـبـاـبـاـبـ

ز

ز

ز

ددددز

ييييت ت ت تىىىىضضضضععععظظظظ

اااا




qq


B R E A K D O W N :R E A K D O W N :

1) The articulation of nūn like a

separate letter

2) between full manifestation and full

assimilation

3) without emphasis (shaddah)

4) with ghunnah (and 2 durations)

5) and association with the subsequent

letter (in characteristics)




qq


EXAMPLES




qq


THE 4 RULES: SUMMARY AND CASE STUDYMuslim Immigrant Mahmood

The Nun: Muslim Identity The Subsequent Letter: US Society

4 Scenarios

Suppression

Assimilation

C o n v e r s i o n

Manifestation




LESSON THREE:

ة

ى

د

ى

ي

ا ا

ى

ك

اف

ي

ـ

ى

ى

RULES OF NŪN/MEEM MUSHADDADAH

ى

ا ا

ي

ـ

ى

ى

RULES OF UNVOWELLED MEEM

qq




qq

1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir

al-Shāmī (d 118H)

SPOTLIGHT




RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM

دا

د

و

م

دو ؼن

د

و

م

و ؼن

دا

ؼ

رؾ

مود

ؼ

رؾ

مو

And articulatend articulate ghunnahhunnah of thef the nūnūn andnd meemeem

that carries the double accent,hat carries the double accent,

and refer to both as letters ofnd refer to both as letters of ghunnahhunnah, as isas is

obvious and apparent.bvious and apparent.




RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM

•Definition

م

من

ن

• Length of 2 Durations

In Continuing andIn Continuing and StoppingStopping

Surah al-Baqarah 20

Surah al-Rahman 39




RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

ا

ل

ن

إن

م ا

ا

ل

ن

إن

م ا

ا يذ

ؾ ا يذ

ؾ

ط

ن

ط

ن

إظر فط إظر فطإ إدؼم إ إدؼم

When stopping on meem before the letters of the alphabet,

but not before the alif layyinah, for he who is intelligent

are three rules for he who would endear them to memory,

and they are the rules of Ikhfā, Idghām and Iẓhār only.




RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

Rules ofules of

Meemeem

Sākinākin

IẒHĀR

IKHFĀ’DGHĀM




RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

Rules ofules of

Meemeem

Sākinākin

IẒHĀR

SHAFAWYHAFAWY

IKHFĀ’

SHAFAWYHAFAWY

IDGHĀM

MITHLAYNITHLAYN

ṢAGHĪRAGHĪR




RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY

ا

د

ا

ل

فو ا

د

ا

ل

فو

ا ر

يوا

ه

و را

يوا

ه

و

The first is Ikhfā with the letter bā,

And termed by the reciters as Labial Ikhfā.





• The Letter: ب

•The Meem pronounced with Ghunnah and Ikhfā

• Only occurs between 2 words

• Functionally identical tounctionally identical to Iqlqlābb




RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM

مؼدإ ن

ا و مؼدإ ن

ا و

ف

ؽرا

ؼدإ

م

فو

ؽرا

ؼدإ

م

و

The second is Idghām when its likeness appears,

and name it the Smaller Idghām my dears.





Idghām Mithlayn Ṣaghīr

•The Letter: م

• The Meem is doubled (pronounced with Ghunnah)

• Only occurs between 2 words

• Functionally identical to Meem Mushaddah





IDGHĀM due to assimilation of 2 meems

MITHLAYN due to 2 identical letters

ṢAGHῙR due to 1

st

Meem unvowelled, 2

nd

vowelled





RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY

ه

ا ف رظا ث

ا وه

ا ف رظا ث

ا و

وه

و

رؾ

وهن

و

رؾ

ن

The third is Iẓhār which occurs with the balance

of the letters, and termed Labial Iẓhār in our

parlance.





• The Remaining 26 Letter

•The Meem is pronounced normally

• Can occur within a word or between 2 words




RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

ن ف و واو اد و اذر ن ف و واو اد و اذر

فرؾ

اد

و

رؾرف

اد

و

ر

And be wary of making Ikhfā with wāw and fā when

you read,

due to the closeness and unity of its makhraj, so

take heed.




RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

Al-Fatiha 7

AlAl--BaqarahBaqarah 1717




LESSON FOUR:

اـ

ي

ـ

ى

ى

THE RULES OF LĀM




1. Imām Ibn Kathīr al-

Makkī (d 120H)

2. Imām Abu ‘Amr al-

Baṣrī (d 154H)

SPOTLIGHT




RULES OF L ĀM

ارؾ

ل

ن

ل

ؾرا

ل

ن

ل

رؾ ف

رظ

وأؾر ف

رظ

وأ

ه ذ ةر ل ار ه ذ ةر ل ار

ه

ؾ

ك

ػ ا

هن

ؾ

ك

ػ ا

ن

ر ف ؼد ر ف ؼد

ف زر رز ف رة رة

The lām of the definite article exists in two states before the letters,

the first is its manifest articulation, and should be understood better,

Occurring before fourteen letters, so learn them well,from this mnemonic: Seek your goal and vain pursuits repel.

The second is its assimilation, which in fourteen does exist,

and likewise, facilitate your recollection of them from this:

Be meritorious, maintain relations for success, and host those who are beneficent;

Shun ill estimations of others, and frequent the noble ones for munificence.

م

ذا

ؾ

ز

ر

ل

م

مطب

ذا

ؾ

ز

ر

ل

م

طب

رم ر رز

رمدع و ظن ر رز

دع و ظن

ه

ر

م او

ه ا

ر

م او

ا

ه

ىرا م

ه ا

ىرا م

ا

م فل ط

ظرن م فل ط

ظرن

ا م و ل ف ا م و ل ف




RULES OF L ĀM

TYPES:

1. Lām of the Definite Article

ارفم

(ا

م

)

2. Lām of the Verb

ام

3. Lām of Commands

ام

4. Lām of the Noun ا م

5. Lām of Particles

ارف

(م

و

ل

م )





RULES OF L ĀM Lām of the Definite Article

• Definition

با كت ابل ت

“a book”“a book” “the book”“the book”

• 2 Rules: Manifestation and Assimilation




RULES OF L ĀM

The Lām of al-

The MoonLetters: Iẓhār

ك و

اػ

ه

ؾ

The Sun Letters:Idghām

ططبب

ث

ححررللصصممث

تتضضففذذاا ددععسس و و

ظ

ظ

ن

ن

ز

ررز

ش

ش




RULES OF L ĀM Lām of the Definite Article

AlAl--FatihaFatiha 22--33




RULES OF L ĀM Other Types of Lām

• Default: Iẓhārhār

• If followed by the letter Lām or Rā: Idghdghāmm






Ā



RULES OF L ĀM The Grand Word (Laf ż Jalālah)

• If preceded by fatha or dhamma: Heavy

• If preceded by kasrah: Light


Ā



MAKH ĀRIJ




RULES OF LAM SAKINAH

The Childrens BequestThe Childrens Bequest




Izhār Idghām [ followed by ل or ر ]

[al-Kahf 18: 72]

[al-Kahf 18: 75]

The Other Types of Lām






Izhār Idghām [ followed by ل or ر ]

Say, He Allah is one. [al-Ikhlas ]

O my Lord, increase me in knowledge.

[Taha 20: 114]

Say: “The Guidance of Allah, that is the

(only) Guidance.” [al-Baqarah 2: 120]

Say: "If the ocean were ink (wherewithto write out) the words of my Lord.Sooner would the ocean be exhaustedthan would the words of my Lord, evenif we added another ocean like it, for its

aid." [Kahf 18:109]







Izhār Idghām [ followed byل

orر

]

Nay, We hurl the Truth against falsehood,and it knocks out its brain, and behold,

falsehood doth perish! Ah! woe be to you forthe (false) things ye ascribe (to Us). [al-Anbiyā

21:18]

Nay, Allah raised him (Jesus) up untoHimself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.

[al-Nisā 4: 158]

Nay, they deny the Hour (of the Judgment to

come): but We have prepared a Blazing Firefor such as deny the Hour. [al-Furqan 25: 11]

Nay, Allah's curse is on them (Israelites) for

their blasphemy: little is it they believe. [al-Baqarah 2: 88]

Is there any reward for good other than good? [al-Rahmān 55: 60]

And say (O Mūsā ) to him (Pharoah ): “Would you purify yourself (from the sin of disbeliefby becoming a believer)?” [al-Nāzi„āt 79:18]





LESSON FOUR:

كؼ

ي

ي

ا

ي

رج

ى

ى

THE MAKHĀRIJ

(POINTS OF ARTICULATION)




1. Imām Nāfi‘ al-Madanī

(d 169H)

2. Imām ‘Āṣim al-Kūfī (d

127H)

SPOTLIGHT




QUICK REVIEW

1. What are the 3 possibilities of what canhappen to the meem sakin?

2. What are the two possibilities that can occurwith lam sakin?

3. When is the lam pronounced heavy?


MAKHĀRIJ



MAKH ĀRIJ

Singular: Makhraj

Plural: Makhārij

Definition: The Point of Articulation of each letter

Total Number: 17 in 5 Locations

Technique: Make the letter unvowelled and precede

it with a vowelled hamzah

اىـ

اىر

اىؾ

اىث

اىؽ


MAKHĀRIJ



MAKH ĀRIJ


MAKHĀRIJ



MAKH ĀRIJ


MAKHĀRIJ 1 ORAL CAVITY (AL JAWF)



MAKH ĀRIJ 1.ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)

Not a real makhraj, approximated

Makhraj of the Madd Letters

واي

Madd Letters:

Unvowelled Alif preceded by fatha

ىؿى

Unvowelled Yā preceded by kasrah

ى

Unvowelled Waw preceded by dhamma

ىيؿي

Mnemonic:

ى

ي


MAKHĀRIJ 2 THROAT (AL ĤALQ)



MAKH ĀRIJ 2. THROAT (AL-ĤALQ)

Six Guttural Letters ا فورا

خ

غ

ح

ع

ػ

أ

3 Levels:

The Farthest Portion

اق

أ

أ

The Middle of the Throat اق

وط

ح ع

The Closest Portion أد اق

خ

غ


MAKHĀRIJ 3 THE TONGUE (AL LISĀN)



MAKH ĀRIJ 3. THE TONGUE (AL-LISĀN)

Posterior:

ق ك

Middle: م ش ج

Edge:

ض ؿ

Tip: ف ر

ت د ط

س ز ص ث


MAKHĀRIJ 4 THE LIPS (AL SHAFATAYN)



MAKH ĀRIJ 4. THE LIPS (AL-SHAFATAYN)

Bottom lip with upper teeth (incisors):

ف

Between the lips: و


MAKHĀRIJ 5 NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)



MAKH ĀRIJ 5. NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)

Ghunnah




LESSON FIVE:

كؼ

ي

ي

ا

ىت

THE ṢIFĀT (ATTRIBUTES)




Attributes

ت

ا

Basic

ا ا

ت ا

ا ت

ا

Paired

ا

ا

ت

ا

ز

ا ت

ا

Unpaired

ت أداد

ا

Conditional

را ت

ا

e.g. Idghām,Ikhfā, etc.

OVERVIEW OF THE ATTRIBUTES

كؼ

ي

ي

ا ت

ى




THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES

ى

زا

ت

ى

ا

1. Whispered or Loud

2. Forceful or Soft orr

Moderateoderate

3. Elevated or Depressed

5. Flowing or Sharp

4. Closed or Open

• There are a total of 11 paired attributes

arranged within 5 pairs that

necessarily affect each letter.

Every Lettervery Letter

is either:s either:





ى

زا

ت

ى

ا

Pairair 1:

Examples

Attribute

QualityExhalation of Breath

ى

ا

ي

ف

ى

ى

Whisper

ى

ا

ه

ى

ي

ى

ى

ى

ى

Loudness

ى

ا

The Rest





ى

زا

ت

ى

ا

Pairair 2:

Examples

Attribute

QualityFlow of Sound

ات

ي

ف

ى

ى

Soft

ة

ى

ك

ى

ا

The RestThe Rest

Moderate

ى

ا

ى

ي

Forceful

ة

ا

ى

ى

ى

ي

ى





ى

زا

ت

ى

ا

Pairair 3:

Examples

Attribute

QualityHeavy/elevated articulation

ا

Elevated

ا

و

ى

ي

Depressed

ؿ

ى

ا

The Rest





ى

زا

ت

ى

ا Pairair

44:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Adhesion of tongue againstpalate

Closed

ؽ

ى

ا

ظ

ط

ض

ص

Open

ح

ى

ا

The Rest





ى

زا

ت

ى

ا

Pairair 5:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Smooth, flowingarticulation

Flowing

اذؽ

ى

ي

Sharp

ت

ى

ا

The Rest





ى

زا

ت

ى

ا

Pairair 5:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Smooth, flowingarticulation

Flowing

اذؽ

ى

ي

Sharp

ت

ى

ا

The Rest

Advanced Topic Advanced Topic Linguistics Rule:inguistics Rule: Any Arabic word of more thanny Arabic word of more than 3

letters must contain a Flowing letteretters must contain a Flowing letter

TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE UNPAIRED ATTRIBUTES

دادأ ت

ا



• The hissing Sound of

ص

Whistle ا

•The echo when stopping on: طب د

Echo

ى

ى

ى

ا

• The soft –aw and –ay madd soundsLenience

ا

•The slight bending of the tongue tip

towards the roof of the mouth in:

ر ل

Drifting اؼ

ى

ا

• The vibrating, trilling quality of

ر

Repetition ار

ى

ا

• The expansive sound of ش

Spreading

ى

ا

• The expansive, elongated quality of Lengtheningض

ى

ى

ا

TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest Advanced Topic Advanced Topic



HEAVY versus LIGHT

ا ا

Separating the noviceeparating the novice

from the expertrom the expert

Always Heavy

• 7

Letters:

و

ى

ي

و

ى

ي

Variable

ل •

•ر

• The Madd

Alif ػ ػى ى

Always Light

• The Rest

Note the configurationote the configuration

of the mouthf the mouth




HEAVY versus LIGHT

ا ا



By the 5

Heavy Letters:

•Heaviest to least:•

ط

•ض

ص •

•ق •ظ

غ •خ •

By the States

of the Letters:

•Vowelled by fatḥa

and followed by

alif

ل

• Vowelled by fatḥa

ل

•Vowelled by

dhammah

ووا

• Unvowelled

وا

• Vowelled with

kasrah

ل

By Vowels:

•Strongest: fatḥah• Strong: dhamma

• Weakest: kasrah

ي

ؿ

ي

ى

ى

ؿ

ى

ى

Scales of HeavinessScales of Heaviness




HEAVY versus LIGHT

ا ا



Attributes Summarized by StrengthAttributes Summarized by Strength



T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d

77 Lessons toLessons to TajweedTajweed ComprehensionComprehensionDr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute

20092009


http://www.ilcjc.org/



SPOTLIGHT

Witness Excellence and Precision in

Recitation: Shaykh al-Ḥuṣarī




QUICK REVIEW

1. How many total attributes are there?

2. What are conditional attributes?

3. What are the 2 types of Basic Attributes?

4. Name the 7 heavy letters.




SPOTLIGHT

1. Imām al-Kisā’ī (d 189H)

2. Imām Abū Ja‘far al-

Madanī (d 130H)

LESSON SIX:




LESSON SIX:

اا

ي

ـ ىى

THE RULES OF THE LETTER RĀ

TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ

ااي

ـ

ى

ى



A Peak at the Rules of Rā:

Basic Premise:asic Premise:

Fatḥa/dhamma heavy vowelseavy vowels

Kasrah light vowelight vowel

Basic Principles:asic Principles:

1. Look to the vowel of the rā

2. If unvowelled, look to preceding

vowel

3. If unvowelled, look to preceding,

etc.

4. Pay attention to heavy letters,

conditional vowels


ااي

ـ

ى

ى

Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.



• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or

dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by

fatḥa or dhamma

• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by

unvowelled (other than yā) and

preceded by fatḥa or dhamma


conditional kasrah of hamzah al-

waṣl


kasrah but followed by heavy

letter

HEAVY

• 1. Vowelled with kasrah


kasrah, with no heavy letter

following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT

Relax and Take

a Deep Breath.


ااي

ـ

ى

ى






fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT

ر

ه

ى

ر

ه

كح

ر

ؿه هرى


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT

ا

ىآفى

ى


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT

ى

ى

Note that this sukūn is due to

stopping on the word


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT

ىا

ىا

ا

ا


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


ااي

ـ

ى

ى





dhamma


fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT

Only 5 such examples in

the Qurʼān:

و

س

ى

/وى

ىدنركى

ا

ن

د

ى

/

ى

د

ى

ى

ف

ى


ااي

ـ

ى

ى

E X C E P T I O N SX C E P T I O N S





fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY


•2. Unvowelled and preceded by


following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


There are a limited number of

Qurʼānic words which are

exceptions to these rules

In their case the rā may be

pronounced heavy or light

These are subject to the rules of

Riwāyah


ااي

ـ

ى

ى






fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah

but followed by heavy letter vowelled

with kasrah:

ؽو

Only one such example in the Qurʼān: al-

Shu‘arā 63

•The rā may be pronounced heavy (due to

the preceding rules)

•But it may also be pronounced light due to

that heavy letter being vowelled with

kasrah which is a “light vowel” that lessens

its heaviness


ااي

ـ

ى

ى






fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


ر يي

كى

Al-Qamar 54:16

•The rā may be pronounced heavy

(due to the preceding rules)

•But it may also be pronounced

light due to a fine grammatical

point:

The original word was

ذري


ااي

ـ

ى

ى


d d id d i





fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


ىى

/

ى

•The rā may be pronounced heavy


• But it may also be pronounced

light due to a fine grammatical

point:

The original word was ر/ ري

The yā was dropped in writing


ااي

ـ

ى

ى


Ad d iAd d i





fatḥa or dhamma






waṣl



letter

HEAVY




following



preceded by kasrah


unvowelled yā

LIGHT


Unvowelled and preceded by

unvowelled (other than yā)

heavy

letter and preceded by kasrah

/ا

Only two such words in the Qurʼān: al-Saba’

34:12, Yūsuf 12:21/99, and al-Zukhruf 43:51

•The rā may be pronounced light


• But it may also be pronounced

light due to it being preceded by a

LESSON SEVEN:




ادىـ

ـي ىى

THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION

ىا

ـي ىى

THE RULES OF ELONGATION

SPOTLIGHT




1. Imām Ya‘qūb al-Baṣrī (d

205H)

2. Imām Khalaf (d 229H)

LESSON SEVEN:




ادىـ

ـي ىى

THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION

TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION

ـ

ى

دا

ي

ـ ىى

Basic Issue:asic Issue: When are two adjacent letters assimilated into each



other?

Basic Rule:asic Rule:

1. The default articulation of every letter is iẓhār (overt pronunciation)

2. Sometimes the letters are assimilated based upon their similarities and their vowel states

Basic Principles:asic Principles:

There are four basic types of adjacent letter pairs:

1. Mithlayn

2 Identical Lettersdentical Letters (same makhraj + attributes)

2. Mutaqāribayn

2 Close Letterslose Letters (similar makhraj + attributes)

3. Mutajānisayn

2 Similar Lettersimilar Letters (same makhraj, different attributes)

4. Mutabā‘idayn

2 Distant Lettersistant Letters (very different makraj + attributes)

There are four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:

1. Unvowelled/vowelled

Ṣaghīraghīr: often results in assimilation

2. Both vowelled

Kabīrabīr: rarely results in assimilation

3. Both unvowelled

Muqayyaduqayyad: no assimilation

4. Vowelled/unvowelled

Muṭlaquṭlaq: no assimilation


ـ

ى

دا

ي

ـ ىى

Basic Examples:asic Examples:



Mithlayn Letters:

ب

ػ

ب

Mutaqāribayn Letters:

ؾ

ػ

ؽ

Mutajānisayn Letters:

ت

ػ

ط

Mutabā‘idayn Letters: ػ ـ ح

Four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:

1.

Unvowelled/vowelled

Ṣaghīraghīr:

ذا

ى

2.

Both vowelled Kabīrabīr:

3. Both unvowelled

Muqayyaduqayyad:

4. Vowelled/unvowelledMuṭlaquṭlaq:

Note that these last 2 categories never result in assimilation and will not be

discussed further, leaving only Ṣaghīr and Kabīr.


ـ

ى

دا

ي

ـ ىى

1 MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS

1 . M I T H L A Y N



ṢAGHĪR

• When 2 identical letters appear

adjacently, with the first

unvowelled and the second

vowelled, they are always

assimilated

• This is known as Idghām

Mithlayn Ṣaghīr

• This can occur within one word

or between 2 words

• Examples:

ى

دك ا

ي

ى

ر

ي

ي

KABĪR

• When 2 identical letters appear

adjacently that are both

vowelled, their default

articulation is iẓhār in nearly all

cases:

ى

ا

ح

و

ى

• Only a few limited exceptions

exist, where these letters are

assimilated (Idghām Mithlayn

Kabīr) **details next slide **

1. MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS


ـ

ى

دا

ي

ـ ىى

1 . M I T H L A Y N



Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Examples

•Original word

ىػيػىى

ػ ىى

• The nūn is pronounced with ishmām or ikhtilās as a remnant of the

first nūn

•Ishmām = circling of the lips

• Ikhtilās = 2/3 of a ḥarakah

Surah Yusuf 12:11


ـ

ى

دا

ي

ـ ىى

1 . M I T H L A Y N



Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Other Examples

• The word

ػ

ى

Original word

ى

ى

[18:95]

• The word

ىيى

Original word

ىىيى

[6:80]

•The word

ك

ي

ي

ى

Original word

ى

ك

ي

ي

ى

[39:64]

• The word

Original word

ى

ى

[2:271/4:58]



ـ

ى

دا

ي

ـ ىى

MUTAQARIBAYN

2 . M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N



ر • ل

•

ث

ت

Similar makhraj

& attributes

ث • ك

imilar attributes

but not makhraj

•

س

د

ر • ض

Similar makhraj

but not attributes

ج • د

•

ح

Same attributes,

similar makhraj

ت • ك

• ث

ث • ح

Same attributes,

different makhraj

MUTAQARIBAYN

(CLOSE) LETTERS


ـ ىدا

ي

ـ ىى

2 MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS

2 . M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N



ṢAGHĪR

• Assimilation mandatory in 4

specific cases [next slide]


Mutaqāribayn Ṣaghīr

KABĪR

•Never assimilated

2. MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS


ـ ىدا

ي

ـ ىى

. M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N



Idghām Mutaqāribayn Kabīr 4 Cases

• Single Qurʼānic

example 77:20

• ى

ى

ى

•

ا

ى

ر

ى

ك

•

اي

•

ي

ا

•

بر

ي

كى

•

ا

ي

ى

ى

ر

ى

ر

ل

اروف

ل

شا

ك ق

Nūn

Sākin/Tanwī

n followed

by [

رو

]


ـ ىدا

ي

ـ ىى

3 MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS

3 . M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N



ṢAGHĪR

•General rule is iẓhār

• Assimilation mandatory in only

5 cases and optional in 2 cases

[next slide]


Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr

KABĪR


3. MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS


ـ ىدا

ي

ـ ىى

. M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N



Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 5 Mandatory Cases

1. Unvowelled [

د

] followed by vowelled [

ت

]

2. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ت] [د]

3. Unvowelled [

ت


ط

]

4. Unvowelled [

ذ


ظ

] occurs in 2 verses

5. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ط] ت] ]

Incomplete Idghām


ـ ىدا

ي

ـ ىى

. M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N

Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 2 Optional Cases



1. Unvowelled [

ث


ذ

]

2. Unvowelled [

ب


ـ

]


ـ ىدا

ي

ـ ىى

4 MUTABA‘IDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS

4 . M U T A B Ā ‘ I D A Y N



ṢAGHĪR

•Never assimilation

KABĪR


4. MUTABA IDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS

These are the majority of letter combinations


ـ ىدا

ي

ـ ىى



LESSON SEVEN:




ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى

THE RULES OF ELONGATION

TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION

ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى



Basic Issue:asic Issue: When are some vowels and sounds elongated

to longer durations, and exactly how long?

Onlynly Tajweedajweed term found in theerm found in the Sunnahunnah

Linguistically:inguistically: To elongate/lengthen/prolong

Technical Definitionechnical Definition:

Elongation of the vowel sounds of the three madd letters

و


ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى

A Peak at the Rules ofPeak at the Rules of Maddadd




ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى



Types of Madd

اد

Basic

ا

اد

طا

اد

Derived

را

اد


ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى

T H E B A S I C M A D D



All the madd rules are built upon the 3 basic madd letters:

Unvowelled Alif preceded by Fatḥa

ىؿى

Unvowelled Yā preceded by Kasrah

ى

Unvowelled Wāw preceded by Dhamma

ىيؿي

Mnemonic:

ى

ي

Its duration: 2 ḥarakas [referred to as

ى

ا

]


ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى




Even small mistakes in Basic Madd changes meanings

ىى

“I”

ى

“Verily we”

ىف

“that”

ىىى

“we took”

ىىف

“the women took”


ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى




The Basic Madd is the most common type of madd, with

examples in every Qurʼānic verse

How many examples can you find in the following verse?


ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى


There are 4 additional types of madd that follow the pattern of the Basic Madd:



1. MADD LĪN

Unvowelled

Wāw

preceded by Fatḥa

ـ

ى

Unvowelled Yā preceded

by Fatḥa

ى

Its duration: 2- ḥarakas

[

ى

ا]

2.

5 DISJOINTED

LETTERS [

ي

ى

]

ح

ى

,

م

ى

,

ط

ى

, ق

ى

,

ر ا

ى

ر

3. SUBSTITUTE

MADD

[

ض ى

ى

]

Stopping on tanwīn

fatḥa is articulated as a

Basic Madd Alif

ا

ن

ر

ي

ى

/ا

ن

ي

/

ن

ى

/

ى

Exception words

ending with ػ are

pronouned with

unvowelled hā on

stopping

ى

ى

ر

ى

4. LESSER

CONNECTING

MADD

[

ل

ى

ا

ى

ا

ى

]

The attached 3

rd

person

masculine pronoun [

/ ]

plus the word [ هذ] also

follows the basic madd

when

it is vowelled and between 2

vowelled letters




ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى

T H E D E R I V E D M A D D



Sometimes the basic madd is prolonged beyond 2 durations

due to certain elements (known as causes,

sabab,

for madd)

There are 2 causes of madd

Causes of

Madd

اد

ب أ

Hamzah

زة

Sukūn

ون


ى

ا

ي

ـ ىى

T H E D E R I V E D M A D D



The Derived Madd

Hamzah

After

Different

word

د ئز

ل

2 4 5

يى

ى

Same

word

واب

د

ل

4 5

ىا

Before

دل

د

2

ـ

ى

اد

ى

Sukūn (following madd letter)

Actual

زم

د

6 ḥarakahs

ا In a word

Shaddah

Heavy

ى

ا

Sukūn

Light

ى

ا

ى

را

In a letter

ص

ل

م

Shaddah

Heavy

Sukūn

Light

Presented

(due to

stop)

د ئز

2, 4, 6

ػ

ى

ى

ا




Congratulations

What NEXT ?

The Advice to Sufyaan

ibn Abdillah:

I ST IQAMAH

ن

ة

ى

ى

و

ة

ي

ى

ك

ن

ة

و

ى

ى

ي

ف

ل

ى

ى

ا

ى

ى

ي

ى

ي

ي

ى

ى

ى

ف

ى

ى

ى

ى

ى

ى

ى

ى

ذ

ى

ى

ى

ى

ك

the childrens bequest 2010

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