THE CELL IN ACTION

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS

• Write the three parts of the cell theory:

–1. The cell is the basic unit of life

–2. All organisms are made of 1 or more cells

–3. All cells come from existing cells

Cells• A living organism is like a factory. The

organism must be able to obtain….ENERGYAnd…RAW MATERIALSAnd get rid of…WASTE• The CELL performs these functions• The exchange of materials between a cell

and its environment takes place at the…CELL MEMBRANE

ALL LIVING THINGS MAKE ENERGY.

• Diffusion/osmosis

• Passive transport/active transport

• Endocytosis /exocytosis

CHEMICALS ARE MOVED INTO THE CELL AND WASTES OUT OF THE CELL THROUGH THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES:

Diffusion• definition of diffusion (p 88).

– The movement of particles from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

• definition of osmosis (p 88).– The diffusion of water through a semi-

permeable membrane

• What does the word concentration have to do with diffusion?– Particles move from crowded areas (highly

concentrated) to less crowded areas (low concentration)

Illustration of Diffusion & Osmosis Notebook page 88

See example in your book – pg.90

Or

Think of the food coloring DEMO

Osmosis Notebook page 88• Review:• What is a molecule?

– A substance made when 2 or more atoms combine

• What is a semi-permeable membrane? (p. 91)– A membrane where only certain substances

can pass through• What does equilibrium mean?

– In balance• Cells must keep water and concentration of

particles in balance (equilibrium) to remain healthy

Passive Transport

• definition of passive transport.– Movement of substances across a cell

membrane without the use of energy by the cell

• Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

• Examples:– Diffusion and Osmosis

Illustration of Passive Transport across a cell membrane

Picture Notebook on p 88

NO ENERGY IS USED

Active Transport

definition of active transport– The movement of substances across the

cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy

•Usually this process involves the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

10. Illustration of Active Transport

Notebook page 92

ENERGY IS NEEDED.

Endocytosis

• Definition of endocytosis

–The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell

–Think “enter”

Exocytosis

• Definition

–The process by which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane.

–Think “exit”

Illustration of the three steps of EXOCYTOSIS Notebook page 92

Note: The 4th picture

is a real image of

exocytosis under a

microscope

Illustration of the three steps of ENDOCYTOSIS Notebook page 92

Note: The 4th picture is a

real image of exocytosis

under a microscope

Photosynthesis• PLANTS

__________capture energy from the sun and change it into food.

• The food that plants make supplies them with…

ENERGY• Chlorophyll.

– The main pigment found in chloroplasts that is used in photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll gives plants their green color.• Chlorophyll is found in the…

CHLOROPLASTS (hint: both start with “chloro”)

Photosynthesis Notebook page 94

• Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Under each component draw an illustration to help you remember this equation.

6CO2 + 6H20 + Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2Carbon Dioxide

Water Glucose Oxygen

+ ++

Illustration of a PLANT obtaining energy from the sun and an ANIMAL obtaining

energy from the plant (food)

CHLOROPLAST

MITOCHONDRIA

Illustration of a PLANT CELL obtaining energy from the sun and an ANIMAL CELL obtaining energy from the plant (food).

Cellular Respiration Notebook page 96

• Cellular respiration occurs most in complex organisms.

• During cellular respiration food (such as glucose) is broken down into CO2 and H2O and energy is released.

• In animals, most of the energy released helps maintain body temperature.

• Some of the energy is used to form ATP (energy that fuels cell activities).

Cellular Respiration Notebook page 96

• Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Under each component draw an illustration to help you remember the equation.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)Carbon Dioxide

Glucose Oxygen Water

+ + +

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Draw Picture from textbook page 96 onto Notebook Page 98

• Photosynthesis transforms energy from the sun into glucose. During photosynthesis, cells use CO2 to make glucose, and the cells release O2.

• During cellular respiration, cells use O2 to break down glucose and release energy and CO2.

• Each process makes the materials that are needed for the other process to occur elsewhere.

Fermentation Notebook page 102

• Write the definition of fermentation.– The breakdown of food without the use of oxygen

• One kind of fermentation happens in your muscles and produces lactic acid.

• The buildup of lactic acid contributes to muscle fatigue and causes a burning sensation.

• This kind of fermentation also happens in the muscle cells of other animals and in some fungi and bacteria.

• Another type of fermentation occurs in some types of bacteria and in yeast.

ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY

• All cells need energy to live, grow and develop, respond to changes, and reproduce.

• Plant cells get energy from the…– SUN

• Animal cells get energy from – FOOD

• Animal Cells get this energy in 2 waysCELLULAR RESPIRATION and FERMENTATION• Photosynthesis

– the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, CO2 ,and H2O to make food

• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells use oxygen (O2)to produce energy

from food• Fermentation

– THE BREAKDOWN OF FOOD WITHOUT THE USE OF OXYGEN (O2)

If all the plants in the world were destroyed, what would happen to the rest of the living

things and why?

– Everything would die because plants capture energy from the sun to make food. This food also becomes the source of energy for the organisms that eat plants. The meat of those organisms becomes the source of food for meat-eaters. Without plants which are the only organisms that can capture the sun’s energy and convert it into food, everything else would die.

ALL LIVING THINGS GROW AND DEVELOP,REPRODUCE, AND

HAVE DNACell Cycle and Cell Division

• Write a definition of the cell cycle.– The life cycle of a cell

• The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed.• The cell cycle ends when the cell divides.• Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its

DNA (hereditary material that controls all cell activities, including the making of new cells).

• Copying chromosomes ensures that each new cell will be an exact copy of its parent cell.

Cell Division in Prokaryotes• Write a definition of prokaryotic cell.

– A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

• Draw an illustration of a typical prokaryotic cell.

• What organisms contain prokaryotic cells?

–Bacteria and Archaea• Define binary fission.

–SPLITTING INTO 2 PARTS• Binary fission results in two cells that each contain one copy of the

circle of DNA.

Illustration of Binary fission

ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE DNA Eukaryotic cells and DNA

• Eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than prokaryotic cells do.

• The number of chromosomes depends on the organism

–Example: fruit flies have 8 chromosomes, potatoes have 48, and humans have 46.

Illustration of the human chromosome

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

• There are three stages:-Interphase- the cell grows and copies its

organelles and chromosomes.– Mitosis- a process of cell division that forms

two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

– Cytokinesis- the cytoplasm begins to divide and two identical cells are formed.

The cell cycle

• Draw, label, and write a caption for the three stages of a cell’s cycle including the four phases of mitosis. There are six total.

List the six characteristics of life and at least one cell process the cell does to achieve this.

1. Living things have one or more cells– Ex: Cell Theory

2. Living things sense and respond to change– Ex: The cell allows materials to move in and out

3. Living things reproduce– Ex: Mitosis or Meiosis

4. Living things have DNA– Ex: All cells have chromosomes made of DNA

5. Living things use energy– Ex: Active transport, Endocytosis and Exocytosis

6. Living things grow and develop– Ex: The cell cycle (the cell is formed, grows, and divides)

32. REVIEW• Name the five building blocks of the cell. Beside the

building blocks list any cell part or cell process that depends on this chemical.

1. Proteins – cell membrane for passive and active transport

2. Lipids – cell membrane is made of phospholipids

3. ATP – produced by cellular respiration in the mitochondria

4. Nucleic Acid – Nucleus (DNA) – carries genetic information during reproduction

5. Carbohydrate – cellular respiration makes glucose which is a carbohydrate