Plant and Animal Circulatory Systems

Group Reporting

Circulatory System • The circulatory system also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.

• The circulatory system is composed of the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Functions of the Circulatory System

1. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between respiratory organs and tissues.

2. Transports water and digested foods from the digestive tract to other organs.

3. Transports stored food from one organ or tissue to another as needed.

4. Transports organic wastes, excess minerals and solutions to the excretory organs.

5. Transports hormones from the glands where they are produced to the places where they are utilized.

6. Regulates amounts of acids, bases, salts, and water in cells.

7. Regulates body temperature.

8. It’s blood clotting mechanism prevents loss fluid of its fluid.

Circulatory System StructuresHeart - This amazing muscle produces electrical impulses through a process

called cardiac conduction. These impulses cause the heart to contract and then relax, producing what is known as a heart beat. The beating of the heart drives the cardiac cycle which pumps blood to cells and tissues of the body.

Blood Vessels - Blood vessels are intricate networks of hollow tubes that transport blood throughout the entire body. Blood travels from the heart via arteries to smaller arterioles, then to capillaries or sinusoids, to venules, to veins and back to the heart. Through the process of microcirculation.

Blood - The blood delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes that are produced during cellular processes, such as cellular respiration. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells contain enormous amounts of a protein called hemoglobin.

BLOOD consists of:• BLOOD PLASMA a.) Aids in maintaining

osmotic pressure b.) Aids in maintaining acid-

base pressure c.) Provides immunity

• BLOOD CELLS a.) Erythrocytes (RBC) b.) Leukocytes (WBC) c.) Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells

Functions:•Transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body•Aids in transport of CO2 from tissues to the lungs•Prevents blood from becoming too acidic by removing CO2•Assists in maintenance of pH balance and viscosity of the blood

Leukocytes or White Blood Cells

a.) Agranulocytes or mononuclear

b.) Granulocytes or polymorphonuclear

Functions:• Protects the body from infection by phagocytosis or by

producing substances called antibodies• Aids in tissue repair and regeneration• Aids in the absorption in the intestines• Maintains blood proteins• Aids in the clotting mechanism of the blood

Thrombocytes or blood platelets

Functions:• Initiates BLOOD CLOTTING.

Human Blood Groups – A, B, AB, & OType O– blood is considered the “universal donor” because it can be donated to people of any blood type. Type AB+ blood is considered the “universal recipient” because people with this type can receive any blood type.

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries – permits the exchange of food, gaes and wastes, between blood and tissues

• Arteries – carry blood from the heart through capillaries of an organ

• Veins – carry blood to the heart formed by the confluence of the capillaries

The Heart

What is the heart?• The human heart is a muscle

that lies left of the chest.

• It has about the size of a fist.

• The heart is like a pump that sends blood around your body.

The blood gives you the oxygen you need .

An average heart pumps about 70 milliliters of blood into your body with every beat . That’s about 5 liters every minute or about 7200 liters every day.

Parts of the HeartThe heart is made up of 4 chambers. There are two chambers on each side of the heart. The top two chambers are called the ATRIA. They fill with blood.

The two chambers at the bottom of the heart are called VENTRICLES. Their job is to squirt out the blood

In the middle of the heart there is a thick muscle called the SEPTUM that separates the left and the right side.

Pathway of Blood Flow

The atria and ventricles work together. The atria fill with blood and when they are full they let the blood into the ventricles.

When these ventricles pump the blood out of the heart, the atria fill up again and the whole process starts again.

There are valves in the heart that make sure that the blood is pumped in the right direction. When the heart contracts , it pumps blood from its chambers into the body. Then the heart muscle relaxes and lets the chambers fill up.

Cardiac CycleThe cardiac cycle is the cycle of events that occurs as the heart contracts. There are two phases of the cardiac cycle.

1.) Diastole Phase

2.) Systole Phase

Systole Phase - the ventricles contract and pump blood into the arteries.

During the systole phase, the ventricles contract pumping blood into the arteries. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta. Here is a summary of the events that occur during the systole phase: 

•The ventricles contract. 

•Atrioventricular valves close and semilunar valves open.

•Blood flows to either the pulmonary artery or aorta.

During the diastole phase, the atria and ventricles are relaxed. Blood flows into the right and left atria. The valves located between the atria and ventricles are open, allowing blood to flow through to the ventricles. Here is a summary of the events that occur during the diastole phase: 

•Atrioventricular valves are open. 

•The sinoatrial (SA) node, which starts cardiac conduction, •contracts causing atrial contraction. 

•The atria empty blood into the ventricles. 

•Semilunar valves close preventing back flow into the atria.

Diastole Phase - the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood

Heart Sounds

• Lub – vibration caused by the atrio-ventricular valves and contraction of ventricles. This sound is low pitched, not very loud and of longer duration.

• Dub – produced by the closure of the semilunar valves and marks the end of ventricular contraction. The sound produced is high pitchers, louder, sharper and shorter duration.

Factors Affecting Frequency & Strength of Heart’s Actions

a.) Temperature of blood

b.) Characteristics of heart muscle (tonus, irritability, conductivity and contractility)

c.) Physical factors affecting heart beat (gender, age, posture, activity, resistance and condition)

d.) Hormonal section

e.) Pulse

f.) Blood pressure

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

1.) Strength of heartbeat

2.) Elasticity of arteries in muscular tone of walls

3.) Resistance offered

4.) Respiration

5.) Amount of blood and gravity

Type of Blood Circulation in the Human Body

The SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION transfers oxygenated blood from a central pump (the heart) to all of the body tissues (systemic arterial system) and returns deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide content from the tissues to the central pump (systemic venous system).

The PULMONARY CIRCULATION is where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the blood and alveolar air occurs.

The PORTAL CIRCULATION normally is only one capillary bed for each branch of a circuit, however, there are a few instances where there are two capillary beds, one after each other, in series. 

Lymphatic System – The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph directionally towards the heart.

Functions:

- Serves as reservoir for the multiplication of lymphocytes

- Produces a hormone that regulates maturation of lymphocytes

Plant Vascular System

Transport systems are found in the vascular plants. Vascular networks provide intercellular communication in terrestrial plants.

The systems consist of tubelike connective tissues organized into XYLEM and PHLOEM.

Xylem transports water and minerals in the plants, while phloem transports food materials and hormones.

• Xylem and phloem tissues are grouped in arrangements called vascular bundles. In monocot plants, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the parenchyma tissue in no particular pattern.

• In dicot plants, the vascular bundles occur in a circle around a central region of pith.

• In woody dicot plants, new xylem forms on the inside of the cambium each season; the old xylem forms the annual rings of the plant.

Circulatory System vs Plant Vascular System