The Butterfly

                     

The last, the very last,So richly, brightly, dazzlingly yellow.Perhaps if the sun’s tears would sing against a white stone....

      

Such, such a yellowIs carried lightly ’way up high.It went away I’m sure because it wished to kiss the world good-bye.

For seven weeks I’ve lived in here,Penned up inside this ghetto.But I have found what I love here.The dandelions call to meAnd the white chestnut branches in the court.Only I never saw another butterfly.

                       That butterfly was the last one.Butterflies don’t live in here, in the ghetto.

The Interwar Years(1919-1939)

How was society affected by the

aftermath of war?

NEW LEADERSHIP

RECONSTRUCTION

PROBLEMSCHANGE

Crash of U.S.Economy

(decline of world trade)

UNEMPLOYMENT WWI DEBTS/DESTRUCTION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933

WorldTrade (inbillionsof U.S. $)

Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

United States 22,625,253,000

Russia 22,293,950,000

Italy 12,413,998,000

Germany 37,775,000,000

Causes for Euro Depression

"Don't be angry, just be amazed," was the calling card left by Germans on the destroyed town hall of Péronne.

                                                                                                                                                          

German cemetery at Bethune.

MAIN IDEA?

Germany, 1923

A new form of government emerges in

Europe…

What might you want if you lived in a country with these conditions?

Economic problems made people want CHANGE

Rise of Totalitarian Governments(to control all aspects of life)

 

POLITICAL

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL• ______

more important than

individuals

• 1-PARTY

•Dictator

• Citizens denied basic

______

• Secret ______

to enforce policies

• GOV controls ______

• Business exists to fulfill

______ objectives

Italy: Benito

Mussolini

USSR: Joseph Stalin

Germany: Adolf Hitler

Case Studies:

LENIN

Case Studies: Totalitarianism1. GOAL(S)2. METHOD

3. OUTCOME

Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution (1917)• Poor _________conditions - WWI• Bolsheviks (____________)

– Led by _________ (Reds)– “Call to Power”

• Overthrow _________(czar) & capitalism

• No more _________ property

• Promises: 1. _________ (WWI); 2. _________ (redistribution of wealth; public ownership); 3. _________

• Creation of the _________ – Union of Soviet Socialists

Republics

Case Study: VI LeninGoal: a. Communism (equality & prosperity)Methods:

a. Revolution/dictatorshipb. distributes land/factories to peasants (public

ownership)c. surplus food distributedd. Cheka = secret police; Red Army

Outcome/Effects:a. Low productionb. Switches goal: New Economic Policy

- Allow for some private enterprise- Peasants may sell surplus; economy improves

Economic Systems answer the following questions:

1.What to produce2.How to produce?

3.Who to produce for?

Economic Systems DIFFER in deciding WHO is making these

decisions!

Why was Communism appealing?

(How do you get there?)1st Step: Encourages proletariat to REVOLT

and take control of the factors of production! 2nd Step: “Dictatorship of the proletariat” 3rd Step: A classless society will emerge where all people share wealth and power; working cooperatively for the “common good”4th Step: (pure communism): government withers away (NEVER HAPPENED!)

Lenin Dies(1924)

POWER STRUGGLE

Joseph StalinLeon Trotsky

Murdered in Mexico by a Stalinist

agent

Supported by

Communist Party

Joseph Stalin~“Man of Steel”1. Personal Glorification

2. “Five-Year” Plans

3. Collectivization

Goals

Goal: Methods: Effects:

#1

#2

#3

“We know of the friendship between Stalin and the people”

“Long live the great

Stalin”

“Beloved Stalin – A Fortune of the Nation”

“We Will Turn the Five Year

Plan into a Four Year

One”

“Help Build The Gigantic Factories”

“Let's send millions of qualified

worker cadres to the 518 new factories and production

units”

"Come, comrades, to join us in the collective

farm."

“You Too Can Be A Hero”

Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #2: Five Year Plans

• Goal:

– to make the SU a modern industrial power

– Mass production; economic growth

• Strategy:– Command

Economy ~ ALL economic activity under gov control

• Results:– Peasants kill

animals, destroy tools, burn crops

– Angry peasants grow just enough to survive•Gov seizes grain

–starvation/famine

– Execution of kulaks or death from being overworked

Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #3: Collectivization

• Goal: Revolution in agriculture

• Strategy: – forced peasants to

give up plots of land/animals and live on state owned farms (collectives)

– Kulaks (wealthy peasants) targets• Sent to labor

camps– Gulags

• Results:– Peasants kill

animals, destroy tools, burn crops

– Angry peasants grow just enough to survive• Gov seizes grain

– starvation/famine

– Execution of kulaks or death from being overworked

• Goal:– Personal Glorigification;

eliminate threats to rule•Paranoia

• Methods:– Cheka ~ Secret Police– Targets: Political rivals,

ethnic groups, religious leaders, ordinary people, kulaks (landowners)

– Gulags (labor camps), trials

• Results:– 4 mill purged;

800,000 executed– Purged 90% of

nation’s military officers

– Rule by FEAR

Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #1: Purges & Glorification

Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #1: Personal Glorification

• Goal:– To attain complete devotion, respect and

love (worship)• Strategy:

– Youth organizations; military edu– Statues/icons of Stalin– Atheism: belief in no god replaced Christianity

– Churches/synagogues seized; priests killed– Sacred Text: Writings of Marx, Lenin

• Results:

–MIXED!

Nationalism: A Force That Drives Leaders to Kill?

Historical Examples: Who were the victims?1. _____________; Roman Empire

2. _____________; Greece

3. _____________; Qin Dynasty (China)4. _____________; Catholics (Holy Roman Empire)

5. _____________; Spanish (conquistadores)

6. _____________; Robespierre

7. _____________; King Leopold

8. _____________; Otto Von Bismarck

9. _____________; Hutu (Rwanda)

10. _____________; Ottomans

11. _____________; Stalin

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce – “the leader;” founds National Fascist Party/Prime Minister -1922

BELIEVE, OBEY, FIGHT

• What does his slogan mean?

Fasces: ancient ___________

symbol for unity/strength

of state

EMBLEM of Fascist Party

Fascism: Totalitarian government; good of the ______ above individual rights

Mussolini is NOT a ____________________

• People have the right to own private property– Dictator may control your business

• He does not promise equality or collective ownership

Conditions in Italy – Post-WWI

•Unemployment•Poverty

•Political weakness - Versailles

• But this wasn’t always the case…

Roman Empire - 200

Glory of the past!

• What does he mean?

• What does he want?

“War is to the male as childbearing is to

the female”

Mussolini, 1932“The League of Nations has been an Anglo-French tool to maintain Anglo-French dominance in the world. There is no advantage for us in maintaining the peace as it was formulated at Versailles. It is our interest to set the Nations and history on the move.”

What is Mussolini’s opinion on the League of Nations?

Case Study: MussoliniCase Study: Mussolini• Goal:

– To make Italy a powerful nation• Methods:

– Form of Gov’t = Fascism– to imperialize– ignore Versailles– Alliance with Germany

• Effects: – Economy improves, strong centralized government, fear

prevails

Aim: How does Hitler win the support of the German people?

Bottom caption: “Vote Hitler!” Top caption: “Enough! End it Now!”

1. How is the Nazi party portrayed in this poster?

2. Why do you think the Nazis want to convey this message to the German people?

3. What are the Nazis referring to in the phrase, “end it now?”

4. According to the poster, how are the Nazis going to deal with Germany’s grievances?

Nazi Party Election Poster - 1932

Who was Adolf Hitler?

1. Serves in German army (WWI)2. Joins Nationalist Party aka Nazi

Party (1919); gains popularity a. Fascist (gov’t before individual)b. Party Emblem = Swastika

3. Attempts to overthrow the *Weimar Republic a. Blamed for post-war problems; Treaty of Versailles

4. Imprisoneda. Writes, Mein Kampf (“My Life”); reflects his ideas

Mein Kampf: What were Hitler’s ideas for Germany?

Idea/Plan

d) e) f)

a) b) c)

Initial your response please.

Hitler Youth: The Song of the Faithful (1933) Two men are joined as one in you:

One seems cold and hard, One who achieves his goals. Another is tender and kind,

He forgets not even the poorest. He feels for all of us.

Two streams owe their strength to you. You are the sap rising from each root,

The seed that gives them birth — A new spirit rose from you,

That forged us together as a nation And dwells in us forever!

Question: According to the poem, how was Hitler perceived by his people?

*(underline the evidence to support your claim)*

HW: Answer today’s aim: How does Hitler win the support

of the German people?Cite THREE examples to support

your response from today’s classwork and discussion.

January 30, 1933

Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor•End of Weimar

Republic

• “Enabling Act” – Hitler establishes

dictatorship

The Gestapo is Born…April 1933• Nazi Brown-Shirts

• Secret State Police (Geheime Staats Polizei) ~ Gestapo– S.S

• Police prohibited from interfering with their actions

Hitler’s Domestic Policy

Interests within GermanyComplete Handout:

- Nuremberg Laws- Visual Evidence

Research Paper Checklist:

1. Thesis?2. 4 sources (1 primary)3. Sources integrated?4. CITATIONS (avoid long quotes)5. Did I prove my thesis?6. Cover Page7. Works Cited Page (NOT

ANNOTATED)8. Turnitin.com

Oral Presentation

1. Visual Due Monday – 3/5; EMAILED, PPT SLIDEa. Effectiveness?

2. Presentations begin, Tuesday – 3/6a. 2 Index Cards

i. Guiding Questions (MAIN IDEAS)/Answersii. 3 Questions to the class

3. Technique – BE PROFESSIONAL

Extra Credit: Night of Remembrance

1. Somers High School, April , pm

2. Attendance = 100% Quiz Grade

3. Attendance + Reflection = 100% Exam Grade*

4. Projects = up to 3 points on 3rd MP final average

Krystallnacht“Night of the Broken Glass”

"Germans! Defend Yourselves! Don't buy from Jews!" Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933

Hadamar Institute

Karl Brandt

Why didn’t the Jews leave Hitler’s Germany…or did they?

Task: Read source, “Documentation Required for Emigration from Germany”

Do Now: Why would leaving Germany be difficult if you were a German Jew in the 1930’s?

Steps Toward War: Hitler’s Foreign PolicyInterests outside Germany

Early German Aggression I. Into the Rhineland (March 1936)

•Demilitarized Zone– Violation

of Versailles

2. AnschlussUnion of Austria/Germany (1938)

3. SudetenlandWest. Czech

(German population)

Munich Conference (1938)Meeting b/w Britain and Germany to discuss

Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland

• Decision to ______________ Hitler (give him what he wants)

– MUNICH PACT: Czech may go to Hitler but that is it

• Pledge to protect ________________

Chamberlain

Hitler

Munich Conference (1938)Why did they APPEASE Hitler?

Democratic Attitude:• Giving into the demands of an aggressor in order to

keep _____________– Not responding/noninvolvement

• Voters demand “no more war”– Disgust by ____________________

• Maybe Versailles was too _________________?• Hitler was a defense against _________________?• Suffering from Great _________________

– U.S. passes Neutrality Acts– Forbids sale of arms to any nation at war

"You were given the choice between war and dishonor. You

chose dishonor, and you will have war."

-Churchill (in a speech given to the House of

Commons)

Who do you agree with, Chamberlain or Churchill?

Why?

Italian Aggression

1. Invasion of _______________ a. No sanctions

Japanese Aggression –19371. Seizes Manchuria (E.

China)a. Resources b. No sanctions

GermanyJapan

Italy

“Axis Powers”Would not interfere with each other’s plans for expansion!

(Tripartite pact)

ALLIED RESPONSE:__________________

Failure of the League of _______________

World War II1939-1945

On Sept. 1, 1939 German troops invade Poland

World War II begins…