the birth of free media in eastern libya

8/6/2019 The Birth of Free Media in Eastern Libya

1/18

The birTh o ree media

in easTern Libya


2/18

the birth of free media in eastern libya ////// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ////// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ////2

credits : andreas stenger/aPs-media

T itt cucl t ttl gt

ml et cttp v t pt w

t. i L, c-t gt u

cp t g utw t i-

tt t tll t wl wl ut t upg tutt p t ppult, uw t

w lucg t cut t utlt.

T l w wk ctu pt t w, ut

t t t cut, t ctl t g,

wl vlut tk plc.at 42

cttp, gtc v w

gt ctz jult g tug t

ct wpp TV tt.

2 the birth of free media in eastern libya ///// ////// ///// ////// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// /////2

Report directed by Servane Viguier

in Benghazi and Tobrouk in April 2011

Investigation carried out with fnancial support

rom the European Union


3/18

3////////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// // the birth of free media in eastern libya

Media under control despite

sMall opening-up in 2007

T g t t put w c t t wl t -

ttl ct gt t w lt 2004. but -

pt t G s al-il t p up

z t, t u ctl t

g t mvt rvlut Ctt.

s al-il al-G utz augut 2007

t ug t t tw pvtl-w wpp,

Oea Quryana, w tllt TV tt, Al-Li-

biya. T g p pp wt t 25

g . Al-Jazeera cul vw

cl TV ppl u t itt t -

.T g w gc, clug t c

AgenceFrance-Presse, p t t c Tpl.

but t utt l guggl u cl cct-

t gttg t v tll v cplct.

T p t lttl utpk ut t l

k-p. n wpp ll pt tt

pvtl-w tll ppg utp-

c t g t l ptt pltcl pt.

Jult ctu t lv pl c

tlv t c lw tt tt t. T

k p t t t u gt,

xp cupt w v t

ctcz t g v pu.

o t cut lt c-t, al r-

zk al-mu, w jl 18 t 2005 t

ctcg G plc t wt Akhbar-Libya.

T wt jult d al-Gzl, t L-

ppt wt Libya Al-Youm -

t mvt Ppl Ctt, w ttu

g u bgz t .ot

v t t cut p.

censorship backed by repres-

sive laws and four tabooss al-il G pc

2007, tg u tpc tt w t:

a tlk pplg ilc lw

T tlt L (cupt)

T cut ggpcl ut

(tl pcll t b)

a ctc T Gu t L

J (G) ct

but xp gut t L -

tcl 13 t 1969 tl cttut, tug wt

t lt pulc tt t pcpl t rv-

lut. dpt t t t pl c 2003,

t cg t t 2009, clu ut t -

v t cg. T p lw, t 1972,

pcll .atcl 178 t pl c pv

l pt puttg ut w tt cul t- t cut putt u cc

t .atcl 207 pv t t plt

w vct L, wtv ,

t pcpl g t cg t c tt

t tl cttut t c tuctu t

cl t, g t vtw t tt pltcl,

cl cc tuctu.

gaddafis libya,one of the worldsharshest regiMes


4/18


return to nationalization and

claMpdown in 2009-10T gvt tkv Ju 2009 t TV tt

Al-Libiya t luc w gvt tt, Al-

Wasat, k t t pg-up gu 2007.

T l pp Oea, wc pvt ,

pl ctcz t tkv t g ctl

t . Clg t t p ll, t tl

utt tpp Oea t Quryana g pt

t t cl Ju 2010. Al-Jazeera w -

v t cl TV twk.a ctc ut,

t g t up w gult cll n

a-s, w j utg w jult

utlt w pt cupt.Cc (-

t L), tc ct ll, w t cu

t p.

increased surveillance in

cyrenaica

L cp Tplt (wt), Cc (t)

zz (ut). T t lw glz

vu t t pp t tt, tl

tug s al-il at ac tu pjct

t t 2007 C dclt, v cg tg.

T tgt t L tt t t -

g, wc p cl ttt t t g ,

t c.

u jult t pg Massaa Al-Kheir

Benghazi (G vg, bgz) RadioBenghazi

w t 16 u 2010 ( t xt

g) t tlkg ut cupt t ct.T t-

t ct w c t ck t t pg-

up.

acc t g- pt wt clu-

g Libya Al-Ayoum, Al-Manara, Jeel Libya, Libya Wat-

tana, Libya Al-Mustakbal w lck t cut

Ju 2010.

acc t yuTu w up t t w l

tt bgz ltv t -

c au sl p 1996. T t l w

t cvtg G cl t pt t

w c ul t t g g.Jult

m sut w u t bgz p-

cut t pt Al-JazeeraOnline xul -t cl Jul 2010.Tw t jult, at

al-at Kl m, w qut t tl

ttv cupt w pt l.

it w up tt Cc, t tplc t

su c, w t t g t up gt

G g tt t l wv t lt Kg

i i , lck g fg wt t cct

t ptt t o al-mkt, t ltt

k kw t L t dt ( vllg

Tuk), w w l t vlt gt t itl

clz, w ug 1931.

et L v ccpt t ug Lut. G-

vtw 1969 Kg i ( ct

m b al a-su, u t su

bt 1843). T g lk wt t

mk gup cut t t t t -

pl tlt t t ctl gvt. it p t

c ct t.

W G t nt l 1977

tt t (T Gt sclt Ppl

L a J, p t ru

C cut l), uppt pcut

t su c, ck t l plc C-

c, zg t ppt lgu ut t p

pgv il.T su su bt, u-

tlt lgu , vct tug t l

il.G tut tllctul lcl jult

w gt u lg pltcl c. mtg

cu t p l, pcll ut il,

cll wtc t n a-s.

Wll t vlt g 17 u 2011, C-

c vl t up gt t g

l p, tl 1976, w tut

t w g, 1980 t ut

Tuk.

T 1990 w gull ctvt t t L il-

c gtg Gup t L ilc mt m-vt p t t gg t jt

w t t t svt v T-

uk, wc l t clt tt g d.

G cck w ilt gup tw


5/18


6/18


G

w w ut t ct t 2011

a spg L ppl.T g

l Tu egpt ut t

g t itt.but pt cutl

t ct t, t utt v t gt lc l ppl tt.a t 17 -

u vlt g, ug L w l vcg

t vwlg ppt t t g ck,

Twtt yuTu.

cyber-dissidents replace

the MainstreaM Media

Wt pltcl ctt Jl al-hjj,

pltcl p, cll 1 u p-cc

tt L, l t t Tu, egpt

t a cut.h w t plclt

ct plc Tpl w t w tc cc-

t.

au ck ctvt cll g

L 17 u. Vt t t pg c

4,400 14 u t 14 000 tw lt.T

ptt cc wt t t v cl bgz w cut c kll 10 tt

ttckg t itl cult.

Lw t Tl, w ctg t c

t l t p t au sl p, w -

t 23 ct plc t bgz 15

u.h w kg pl tt t

gtg ut 100 c-l p w

v tu t t l.nw -

t p quckl cllgu u gt ct-

vt l t plc qut, w

w g tgt, t l.aut 100

t ppl j t.

a ptt uc ck 17 -

u ut w i w t, w tk t utt

up, t w u cc, tl t c

l Le Monde. Lt tt gt, G ct plc

c, all su ( t ppl p-l t au sl c), c t Tl

cll, upctg g t g

ppl.h k Tl t cll t .i tl i cult

ut i cul tlk t ppl t plc wtw t

tt.h tl t wt k t . at

02.30 p t xt , Tl w l t pu

t tt.T g p t cl

tg w.Tl, ck t w t

pgt, w uwttg tgg t vlt.

T t tg gt t g k ut bgz,

t cut c ct, ug t gt 15-16 -

u.scut c cu t ptt g t

ptt t t pctu t p g

ccultg l.T xt , t t ct

t l w t Irasa w t, lg wt lg-

g m al-a m, w pt

t vlt t BBCac vc Al-Jazeera.

ot tw ct w t 17 u -

ck ptt cll ppl xp t ggt t g t tt.T ck

plc tt bgz w ttck t-

t plc tp g p , kllg 24

ppl, ccg t ptl uc.

but t gvt-ctll TV tt w l

tt vu t g t cl Ja-

mahiriyaNewsAgencypt t t a -

g t L llgl t t tlz t

cut.T cp t lttl cvg t -

vlt pu t ptcpt t c julttlv, wt l tw wp t itt t

l p.

the birth of free Mediain eastern libya


7/18


Activists report their revolution online

o ctz l t g l p

t tt wt t l p. T pt t v-

pt pt t t t gtg t

cl twkg t, t w tl

u t wl l t ttl

.

a l clg-u L w w gz

t upg g, wt ctvt ll v t

wl, clug t L p, lpg

L gt u t g cp.ev w

xpctg u cut- cuct, t

t l cc t ck, Twtt yuTu

vu lg up.

a t upg gw, g pctu-

ccult, t g pctl cut t itt

18 u tw lt ll p l ut

t cut.

despite the blackout,

news continues to circulate

how the new mediA got Around

the blocked internet

Tugut t c, t g uu wt

t ut cc t t itt pl cut t

w g tugut t cut.T egpt

utt cut t tl, wl L llw v -

w cc tt pptl t ct plg

t t.

T tccl fw w z up L ck,

lp t , clug t au

gup.

at wkg wt t Tu egpt, a-

u luc opt L w wk

cl g t lp t v ppl L, -

g c pck lg ppl t gt u l

cp, xcg w wt t ut wl, -

tut v gz tg. au ckt-

vt t up llgl px t u ctz jult

wt l p v pt t pt yuTu,

ck Twtt, clug pctu u

utlt t lugtu tt a-

u Tpl c.

T g cu v u l upt 18

u tug t cut itt v, L

Tlc Tclg (LTT), w G

m, wc p lt cplt utw

3 mc.but t itt r ul

iP tll pt t cut.a w L-

c tll gt l ut t v cut . T

egpt g u t pl utl t

lckg t bGP (b Gtw Ptcl) dns(d n sv), wc ut w ll vc. L

t lck t k ptcl ut tcll uc

wt, lwg w ll pt. T p-

ct t t g, J Cw r.

benghazi - media center - credits: andreas stenger/aPs-medias


8/18


T itt vlul wt uc, lk ctcl

g v wc uppl c fw. a lg u c

t t u , u t lw t up u kp ttct u w u.

ol 350,000 (5.5%) L 6.5 ll ppl v i-

tt cc, ccg t T opnt ittv 2010.

but t t pvt t w gg

l plg k pt t upg.

ol cc L tll pltc, wc g

tcl t gg w .excpt lt

ckg t l u t w ut t cut w-

tut tllt cct, L cut t wl.

without sAtellite link-ups, libyAn Are cut

off from the outside world

T g, lg naTo, j t Tpl-

l-p twk L u 20 u

ptl uplugg t t L u tlc

cl lkg t cut t t ut wl.

sc t, L l wk t cut

lw cgt, wt t z ttpt -

t k p cll. sim c tc ut $150

t lck kt.T w ppl wt tllt-p (uc

Tu) c k ttl cll.o t ttlt,

gt w lt l p lk t t w w

u ptv w cuct uc g

fg t gl vc tt.

T ntl Ttl Cucl (nTC) uc

l apl t ck t t l twk u

t g ct plc t t cuct. T

g t vl txt-g wg gt

ilt plt gt L.b jckg ltg t

twk, t l g t l cll v tllt

lgg t etlt.

a t l L-ac tlc xcutv

ou aug wk t t up t w l

twk pt wt L cll L.

it w uccptl ut tut tt u ct, . The Wall Street Journal pt tt

tccl t t l clu pltc uppt

t gvt Qt t Ut a et.

T t t tk ctl t w t g

21 mc w cplt l apl pt

qupt g l up l wk t t egpt

cg t slu.

but L tll l u t t -

t L wt t-p, k tl wt tt t

t ppult, clug t , t v.

the eMergence of

free Media online

tweeting the revolution

Cutl cl twk pg ct w ll

v L. hck ctvt wt t-p v

l t t l l u u t

wl t ctu t jultc wk wt

v c ptt t t g .T BBC

ac vc Al-Jazeera ct pt t

gtg t ut fux tg GupTV,

tt t up t l t t t g

ct mt.T bt g oc pt lt uc t Twtt:ttp://twtt.c/#!/gc/

l-twt/

some exAmples on twitter:

@17vc: J sctt-rlt, 28--l Cl-

, tt ctu t Twtt t wt t

lp Us- L xptt. T gt t w

ut 100 L t ctct t p,

t t gg t upg, t tllt

ckg c t g utw.T t put ut

t-p pt v t tu t t

tcl. it tk vl wk t gt w mt,

utl t-p cul t t ut

t. T uc l jult L.

@L:T t v 30,000 uc

t gz t p t Tu

egpt vlut.

@ultlq: ru du- sult al-Q-, w wt t bt l pp TheGuardian

et l TheNational, llw vt v

cll tug ctct L t -

p.C ll uc g .


9/18


@GupTV:Cllctv ctvt pvg l

gt wt t-p lg t t l lt

ttl mt. Tt t v lv tg.dl tvw u u t tut

t gu wl t ct cut t ut.

a t, clug:@_lg, @nwi-

L, @CgiL, @L_Ut, @Lnwm,

@L4l, @io2005, @l2p0 mt 17.

T Us wt llwlw.c l lpg L

ctz jult. u ct b Cl t

up alv L l mc, t l ug alv

bg, T, mxc, Gz, b, egpt

agt. T L t l gg w

t tuctu tlv l. Cl pgg

xpt Lu al wt t bgz mc t t

L t t m Ct.

mohAmmed nAbbous, new fAce

of citizen journAlism

bgz tlc g m m nu,

28--l -jult ctvt, l t wlwl t llw vt l bgz c t tt

t upg.h t up l L t pt TV

tt, LibyaAl-HurraTV( L), ct fux

tg tug tllt lk, t g p

ck t t tt t upg.T t, wc -

clu ct-, l u t t

, w t p. nu w

t gt u cp t t ckg ut

gt tllt lk.

nu w tuc wt vl g w g-

zt, clug t c wt sttP.c,

pl t t cvg g , wl

ctu t pt t g u.a w u

naTo lt tvt g 19 mc,

nu t t l vt.W t g tk

v t t tc t t ct, g p

p w kll t tt.

h c t t vlut

pt c t tt bgz tt m Ct t.h l ctu t u TV

tt t v j t tllt tt LibyaTV,

t up mu s t nTC.

new Media forM

around the ntceditoriAl line And stAff

T w gt jult tll ttlg t gt ut

t w l ut c 17 u t v l

gtcll ttg up wpp TV t-

t L.

T w utlt t t lck qupt -

tuctu ut gwg v t.T ctt p-

c G ct lg put L

t ut w ppl tc up wpp t

tt.T cug w pulct p

ppl gt t pk ut xcg p

t p uvllc t g

mvt Ppl Ctt.

stut vlut (g tw 20 30) lt t u-

vt (cl cu t cvl w) j t

w , t t wt xpc t ll. T

tt ut ptg w l t t t wl.nw t wkg t ul l tuctu

ulg v wt .a ct gzt

u t t vlt t ctxt t gtg, t

g t gt t pt vw wkg ctvl

t ct t pll cc.

Wt, lk, lw, ct, tllctul (clu-

g t p) v tutcll uppt

t w t 42 gvt ppg.

m v lt t j t t pt

cut t j ug ppl ug w pulct.

s t v u w vct t wul

t t pc t.

Jult t l g tlv c

utt. but t c t cl t t l

g v pu t .

T v c Qt, bt, t Ut stt

lw t gv tccl lp, clug

t Us wt llwlw.c (alv L).

W v j t vlut c t-

l t uc .s v t

vl, v t, ut w w v


10/18


pt t ct. T tll up gt

v cvtv ct g t t

t tvw w vc-v.

T pc t p lg t w p--

cc gt l plu t ttl gt t-

t L w t wll w t.

bt l w, t ct vt W-

t-tl tkg cu cultu ck g

t tt.etl cl tw ll

cvtv t p v t t

t cut.

T p ctt t cgg.Gt

ptc gv t llutt, clu t

wv tll pl. T t g ttc

ct v tu t pg t g lk t

p, wc fct t gg G g.

dlgu cll tt ct tt lttl u

t t w t tll v cvtv, wc

t pg-up t ltv gl.

A degree of censorship

T pltcl pttv cll pg

g cp t t lt jut-

wt ct.T g ut L

tg tgt wt t vlut t plt-

cl l fct ll t w .

T nTC tu t tpc pt

t gtg tll lt t cuct t-

tg t w pltcl l.dcug l, l-

g, tl, G uppt c-

w v ct t t nTC lct tt

ct tkg t t tp tw cc.

but uplt, l, uct, ltc t t-

ut t cut wlt c l cu.b-

gz tt plg c- uc

gl lct t g.U cultu,

tt u t ugu (tt wul t ctl t

ct t g) ll v t gz tt tt

pp ctv. T gv pc t c-tc G g. Ctt, tt ul t

wk, w j pkg u t t ctt l.

but ct v pp nTC c mut

aul Jll t l l.T l t

v tl t t tt t w l t -

al-Q t t tlk ut plt

pttg t cut.T cg tp wtt nTC ut t utu ttu L.

o wkl tt wt t ul-pg p

mc ut tllg cttutl c l-

lwg t tu Cw Pc m al-su,

xl L c 1988, w c t p t pl

l apl t pltcl pu.a u uc t

t pp t w tl tt uc tpc w ptu

wul tlzg t nTC t wk.

s t nTC cll tg t ctl t w .

yug jult w tp v t l tt-

cll g t pltcl pttv

t v , ccg t lcl

uc.T c xp tw

tvlut l l t wpp

t t ck t w gt jult.

T tt t w cul c t p-

pg tl k ug ppl w t utt.

T v pulcl pltcl pttv t, clug t t tg t t m C-

t -m.

etcg t pcpl w -

tl cttut ptctg tlv wt t

u pt t w jult. W v t

tk ut w t ptct t ul t up

ctc, jult, cu u G,

t w l lw t tz p jult.

Media centre - anarchy and

lack of resources

T m Ct w tll t bgz

cutu, wc u g t t w

tk t l. it ccup tt w c u

t t t-G t. Qt pv qupt

mc. T ct l u w. m

t lcl g cv wl nTCw ctvt. rl t gu t t tc wt

Klkv lug c t ul. a g

t c pcl lt wt jult kll

c t tt t w.


11/18


bg wt g, t w p u t m C-

t t u t ctvt. nt wk g wtut

w tt, TV tt, wpp wt gluc. bt w jult l wl

t g ppv gp c t t m C-

t t gt w t tl t l lck.

mediA thAt lAck everything,

even bAsic resources

sctt u t ct, t lcl uull v

itt cct. dz jult c u

l t t t t m Ct, ug t -

tllt t . T pw lggg W

w ( qut o al-mkt). T cc-

t lw t g w. Lcl tt wt

cg tu c c u t Qt tu

t t m Ct t c t pg, ut t

ctt . T pw uppl gul,

w t pw, ppl cl t plug t lptp

t t vll ckt. dl wkl wpp

pt p pt. ev l .

P, itt, pp, pt, c, v c-, cp, cput, TV t, tllt , -

cg tu tl c t lt

lg. a w (uc t Berenice Post,

Libya Al-Hurra TV Al-Sawt) tt u pvt

p t t L p, t w

wk wt l uc.

o t m Ct t-lck wll, t

pt m nu, lg t

t tuggl gt itl cll, o al-mk-

t, C Guv ct t G

l. at cp, t p ctt

gg ll ut wt t cll. h t t t

g, gtg vl t l t pw tt-

t tt. allug t uu tt t w

il, ct w lg tug G

bk wt llw t wtk t cv.

letterbox replAcing internet

i t c itt vc, g lttx tll t c t m Ct w

p- pt u ltt t vu

ctg t gt wul- jult.

mt t uc uvl t t

t ctct. T lt t v uc t-

xtl gu cltt t ccult

uu t w . it g wtut g tt t w gc ucpt.

T w ll k pcult ut mt, wc w

lck ut t t p wt Wl Pg-

uppl tllt qupt v 7 apl. T

t w t ct ppult w ugt t t m

Ct w f t g ct t t

l t t t m. i pv p

cc tt w tl pt l, c

tct p-G tp c. h l

tl lt tt t ppult w tvg tt

t cct pw wt uppl cu

pulc lt t. a t tt mt cul

t c, t w pl t v cl. Wt

w tk gpl , , t

uqutl pv t v cct. T t u

ct tcl wt pl ccut lt-

t lv t t m Ct lttx.

rAndom news conferences

T nTC v jult t gt t cct-

t t u. a L p c t

vlut clu vll t gt jult. b

t tt apl, 1,300 cctt u. but

t t t, t u t 2,100. nw

cc t pv t t lt t

t l t t t. Jult c

c t cc. T w t c, xpl,

wt w cc p t cll t

clu p gt t w cttut. T nTC

lg w cc t t Uzu htl v

vg c apl. n t t tl w g

jult t (Uzu, Tt el l) tllt

cct. T Uzu wl, ut t qupt

w tl. g jult gt v t Tt uplx

ptt, w t c tll t w qupt.


12/18


benghazi cultural centre

and Media politicalrepresentatives

T cultul ct lc plc. b t

17 u vlut, t w u t ct

, hu b a, kw hu t ex-

cut. s ug t xcu-

t gg G ppt al-sk al-h

suw 1984, wc w ct lv tt TV.

s w gg gvg t cup

gc. Cl. G lv p ppt twc. s f t Tpl t j G t

t upg u bgz w tc

t l. o l sk al-h suw

u t gutt vll c.

T pltcl pttv w ug t

ct t cu t ct t cultu

cuct. Tk t uppt Qt, t ul-

g t ull qupp.

T luckt Berenice Post, Al-Sawt Libya TV

v llw t t up c cg t

ct lc ut. T c ull qupt,

clug pcu tllt cv, t p-

pg ct Qt.

b t apl, t nTC u lcc t tw

tt, TV tt z wpp. T

ct t cultu cuct

g pp bgz tl l c-

t m u, w nTC pk tct ctt c, tt, yu

s, w v c t t cultul ct. bt t

tu t Ut stt.

L t t ptt gu mu

s, w ptl Qt ptl t U-

t stt. it s w ct Libya TV, tllt

TV tt t t t c t rvlut, wc

cutl t qut d tu L-

bgz (t t cultul ct). a t

t ac v Newsweek ForeignPolicy,

l t nTC ttl pk. a cult,

wt t tt t ct t ut cvl ct,

t ul lw t tg w cttut.

T p ll t L ug p cutl

t p t p gu t -

wl. at ucg t g uttug tt bgz, s f t

cut 1976 t pltcl lu t U-

t stt. h ctu t-G ctv

tut t mcg stt Uvt, ctg g

uppt uc mu Ku, w tu t t

uvt pp t ut G.

s c Ku ct ct wl -

g t pptutc pp ttpt

t ppct wt t nTC.

diAsporAs role, feAr of ntc

dominAtion of press

u lv t ul g cp

wt. Ct ujct wll cu t u-

tu ut t ug t w, . u ujct

tctl -lt t w . T :

T cvl w (cu t t, t wt, t

L ppl ut gt t G g)

Tl u (cu t jut t, L)

ilc utl ( t t cl

al-Q pc)

G uppt

Cc tt t CnT wt t ctl t w ,

ug jult v l cpl t s.

h t t u t, pg t wtc ut

ttpt t t pltcl lgcl ctl v

t p. Tw tttu t t lgg wt

t pltcl utt ct , t p

tttu t tttu L w v v g

.

T p ut gv L tt

p, s tl Foreign Policy. W wt t

pt cultu gvg pk t t wl wt

gl vc. s tt pt-G L wll

g c, tl cvl w. all t u ut l cu t cut t cv

(...) T p wt t lp t cut ul

tug u vu xpc t tt -

cc p . T ppult u


13/18


tt t 42 utt. T wkg

ut gtl v wll v t w t

tgt t c t utu wt t. a t t jut lut lgu.

reporters without borders

recoMMendations

rpt Wtut b uppt t L

tt tg t wk l. L v pvul

j uc xp. T t clt t u tt g-

pl. T gzt utk t pv

t ull uppt t tt t L ppult

wtut pltcl cc ctt.

rpt Wtut b cll ttl g-

zt t t ttl cut t uppt

pt p tl vcl

pc ctzt.

ittl ug t pv L

wt uppt t lv t l t gl cut, Qt.

ivtgt t u gt jult lg-g ul g t c. rpt Wtut b

l pv t ittl Cl Cut wt -

t ut t t vl jult L.

rpt Wtut b ug mu G t

put t tp t ll u gt jult

wkg Tpl t ct u utt. h

ul l t t l jult w

tll t llw t g t cv t

w l.

rpt Wtut b ug t nTC t u tt

lcl g jult t wk wtut -

tuct t t u t ctl.

T nTC ul l utk t t tuc c-

p u. T p ul l t xc

t gt t ctcz.



14/18

14 the birth of free media in eastern libya ////// ////// ///// ////// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ////14

a t l t w wt

W TV tt t v, w

v g t L c t

tt t vlut. i ctc w-t

ug wtv uc vll, t jult

wk t t m Ct vu pv w,

ctug t gt gt pp. s wpp

pulg l ut t c wt t p-

tg lck tllt cct. T jult

v cul ut xcgg t l, g

ltt uppt t G g. T j t

cg quckl, c tll tkg p.

mt t c lt cvg t w

t ttl tvt, tut t w ,

t ut t L ct, t t C-

c, t gg u cultu, p, ct mu G , s al-il. T

tt v cl uppt gg t

u clu t pl ctv tuc.

print Media

T pt xpcg j c

wt z w pulct uc Al-Sawt, Libya

Al-Hurriya, Al-Burniq, Berenice Post, Omar Al-Mukhtar

Magazine, Libya Post, Al-Haqiqa, Panorama, AshabInteathat Al-Ahrar. T l uull v u pg

t wkl v 20 pg. T vg tl pc

0.20 u. T l t tt t vu

ttgc lct t t tlv.

Al-burniq

T ac-lgug wkl g ug t t

t vlut t Al-Quryna (ac

C), wpp u s al-il G-

. it gt t t ac v t Gk

bgz. but t l uc. b,

t w pl t ctcz G, t t

al-K. h w v t lw, v vtg,

w G. Tt v w. T wpp ctl

u cl ck t p l cp

ll wt t ppt.

st : ttp://www.q.c.

Ctct : @.c

Al-hAqiqA

Ct t elu l, t l w

L ggt wpp t 1970 wt pt-u

15,000 cp. b cup, mu G t

t w, r elu, wt vw t vg t

pt lt wpp. at g tu w, t

Gu lt p u t wpp pc,

ccug t lg vlut tw . Al-Ha-

qiqasw lt t cut 1980. i L, hj a-

sl elu u t lg p-a lAl-Arab. T tw lt c cg t L

t t t, mk al-Gwl h sl,

tu Al-Haqiqa t wl p cl -

gt cp tt w ptl tt-w. T g

tll t c, lg wt cut pt t

Gt m-m rv autt lt ul.

eg lg xl L, t u ct,

i, nl s elu, tu t bgz t

t uct , ltug t t lw tl t

t t w t , t p t l w-

pp wll u pulg L t xt w

t. T svt- ptg p tll wk, ltug

t g l t pt. i t gtl g, 1980

t tclg uvv . at t t, t ptg

nTC fg, lg cuqu cg.

Al-sAwt (the voice)

T ac-lgug wpp tgt ug ppl. it

pt-u w tu cp. it ctl vt c t t bgz Cultul Ct, w t p

t.at t w pt t wpp u w p-

t wk , alzz, 22. Wt

w t v itt cct, w gt u t

overview of the newlibyan Media


15/18


t w cul, lk v l, gg v t

gt l t g lttx t t m Ct. o

t tt t, w wt t tcl tt wpul u t u. nw, tk t t itt, -

ptg cg t ll ccultg.

W t pvg cplt lt . W

v pg, v w tll lck vtg.

Tctct : m s & a Zberenice post

T gt-pg u w wkl t t w-

pp t v pul t egl ac.

Ct kw gup t c p

t InteathatAl-Ahrar, t c pvtl-w

lcl k w, wll-qupp c t t b-

gz Cultul Ct wt tllt cct. it

t t uccul w pulct. Wt gl cv

cluul twk, t kg w gu ct-

vt L. it t t ct ttp g

cg. it pt t g 18 t

25 t w. s w mul c,

t wt tl. it t t cv c

t l Tw tt tw. blw tt, t al-Q xt t L. T pg l

t p m nu.

Tctct : GttintefAthAt Al-AhrAr

T wkl t c egl-l-

gug c tt u vl cvl ct g-

zt. T t v uc tll u t m-

Ct lttx t uc t.

T puc t wkl pt-u 3,000 cp

pt tt gg t gv up, cpl vg

pp t xt u. T t u w tut

cg. nw t wpp l 0.50

(0.30 u) cp. a t c wt t pulct,

l pclt.

h w pt p pc. o t t

u v t K l: ev tt

c t .a ug l t wt clu

pg tut t K, gt tt w w t ttt p. it ccp puct

tt gt, cctu G, ut t p-

t k t. W k wt wt w v,

mtg, t w jult. T ltt l

t tk t lk t cl tt al-Q

gtg lg t l. T

gzt, ltt u tp, Wl. Tt jut pct u G t gt t wt.

nefusA mountAin mediA group

T t t gz t pul t Tzgt

(b) lgug, w u k, uvt

cl w t g. it g puc

t nu mut, g tt ttc t

Tu t G ( ct t t ut Tpl),

t g pul l ug t L TV tllt

lk. it l tlt t ac.

st : ttp://ltt.c

pAnorAmA

T wkl puc ut 20 tut wt -

tcl tlt t u lgug ac, egl,

c itl. it ct lt l ct,

cvg uc ujct uplt, t l w-

uct. W w t tvw ppl,

t t t pk l, a al-J,w cv pltc. lg ppl

wll tk t t w t 42 pctc.

W p tt ct wll lt tl tt w wll

llw tlv t ptgp wtut g c-

t, v w ut pct t cc. T ju-

lt c t t u tlv. Wt pt u

2,000 cp, t ct 575 (336 u) t puc.

T ctct : a al-J

AshAb (friends)

Wtt t lgug tt, t 32-pg clu -

gz puc t 16 ppl cv

g ujct u t vlu, wt p-

cultu. r t t quckl wt t

lgug t l lv, cu ppl w ck

t g cl lgug, t t .

T ctct :yu L

libyA post

T cut cultu wkl egl-l-

gug t. Twk mu t t h a-

ulg pl pulc lt.

Ctct : [email protected]


16/18

16 the birth of free media in eastern libya ////// ////// ///// ////// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ///// ////// ///// ////16

radio stations

tribute fm

Luc bgz m tw ug p

L, t t t egl-l

tt. bctg 92.4 m, t tuc uc

ucl lg d r mcl Jck t

t L -wv. it clu tvw wll

t cll ll v t cut. sc t tt

t vlut, u m a, w v

bt L ul ctzp, lg t

vl t g. W tvllg, i v iw l L, m . all tt cg

w cu i pu wt u ppl v .

T tt tl u t v lk wt t nTC

kp t lct ct pl G-

uppt. m a v up

t tu wll tt t k lv Klkv

g t .

st : ttp://www.tut.c.

Ctct : @tut.c

Al-jAzeerA

T Qt- p-a tllt TV tt, wc gv

t lcl lt cptt, w v TV

cl tut G. it ctg

t m wv bgz c -mc.

rAdio benghAzi

rqut t l 17 u, t

gvt tt ct t ll t L.m l w ptct t tu t utkt

bgz. T tu w ck t

lcl p w w l t gvt t t

upg tt t ul g t pg t ct,

u g Kl al-d xpl. it qupt

lt ltug upplt wt cv lt

qupt. Cll t t tt ll v t

cut t pv t ut wt ppg

t t g v t t. T v

uul t t l c.

st pt a el-nl, w wk t -

tt tt 16 , : W u t tlk

ut tg ut G t . nw w lg

t xp u vw l. i cvg

p. i ct, t i cg p.

nw ccultg w kp ppl ut

vlpt t vlut. it l w t nTCt ut w G tp .

T ctct : et Kl al-h

& Pt a el-nl

voice of free libyA or sAwt libyA Al-hurrA

T twk t tt ptg ut t ct

bgz, al-b mt. Luc u,

t ull t ptt l lg wt t.

ot l ctl c Tuk nlut. a ll

t lclt t nu ut, 240 k utwt

Tpl, nlut wt L lt tw.

T tt t ct 98.2m t b l-

gug Tzgt. svl t tt v pp

jult w w t cll ct wt t l

g. Kl al ctu t pt bg-

z ut w t lt cu t vw

xp ut t cttp, clug c

t t t c au sl p. T l

tt u t tt ct ttt. Wt t

lp g w u t wk t tt ,t v g t t-ccut t tt t -

g u t ctl. 98.9 m bgz.

T ctct : Pt Kl al

tobruk free rAdio

Twt-v ppl, clug 12 jult w u t

wk tt , t up t tt ulg

Tuk uu l ccup L tt TV.

T tlv ugt t qupt wc t u

t g ctg t lz t ctg

tt. Wt ut uc, w v

g t c u vc t t t ct ,

aull blg, 29--l g w wk

tt TV t . T tt ct u t

clck c tt ttc t egpt

(130 k t t t) t d (200 k t t wt).

ak ut pkg l t , blg : all w

kw G. T tl pl g

wt w c ct t . evtg w u. it wll tk lt t u cp t gt u t

tlc pc.

T ctct : aullblg


17/18


satellite television

libyA tv for the free fAce of the revolu-

tion

htl t up u t nTC g

mu s, t tt cll Libya TVor the

Free, jut LibyaTV, egl LibyaAl-Hurra ac

t t W TV ct t ctz jul,

m nu. it t pt t c

t rvlut, t ctg d c

lt apl wt tl tu bgz L.

Zu al, w l ctz jul lgnu, t t lv ct tt luc t

bgz tu 30 m.

Wt cpt vu pt t cut, t

vg tt Libya TV qut wll vtull

v d t Tpl. dug t t w t,

t pl u u gl pgg ,

clug 20-ut w ullt l-u tlk-

w. T wll lt xt.

T uc ug L t tllt TV

tt t L p u-

clug $250,000 wlt

L. a wll g LibyaTV tp ,

Qt lpg t t vlp. Al-Rayyan, Qt TV t-

t pclzg cultul pgg, pvg

qupt uppt t tccl t.

m hw j jult wt

t tt TV tt Al-Jamahiriya 19 u j-

t Libya TVt d, w w p-t. h cul t t t w t gvt

t t u t t t. T g wt t u

t cu t upg t t ctg l,

t -w tu Qt. but i

ug cp. i wt t ll j

tll t tut.

Wl al-sg, lk w u t k cu-

t t gvt, c g t ttct

tut t L, l j LibyaTV. h pt x

t p t g pt ut au slp t. a b Kl, t t c

bgz, tg t Al-Jazeera-tl t.

T clu c vlut jult g 18 t 25

t bgz ug.

s, w LibyaTV, w t Al-

Jazeera u t pp

Al-Jazeera. W uc ck plpg tt w lkg jult, cv 200

pplct w . o t pplct, w

j t t d, t gt tw aj.

s wt ug ppl w t t -

t t upg t v lg vc t LibyaTV.

T ut w lt L c u t. i w t lt t

tk plt w, w gg t tul.

h ggt p t vc t ct-

t t G g. W v g

lgu, . h wt t tt t l t

cttutl , plc, nTC lct, uc-

t ujct tt w t c utl

w. h gt t ct tt t t t ll t

g cctt t t.

LibyaTV tllt: at b 26 et 10730 hz-

tl nut 11585 Vtcl nust.

st : ttp://www.l.tv.

st egl: ttp://gl.l.tv.Ctct : et r mg: [email protected].

i bgz: t c a b Kl.

Jult Zu al.

television streaMed online

freedomgrouptv

st : ttp://www.utu.c/u/ut17ut

libyA Al-hurrA tv (web tv creAtedby mohAmed nAbbous)

st : ttp://www.lvt.c/l17

nTC ck c m, p vc

Ctct : @tc.t


18/18


RepoRteRs Without BoRdeRsis an international press freedom organisation. It monitors and reports violations of media freedom throughout the world.Reporters Without Borders analyses the information it obtains and uses press releases, letters, investigative reports and recommendations to alert public

opinion to abuses against journalists and violations of free expression, and to put pressure on politicians and government ofcials.

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the birth of free media in eastern libya

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