The Big Four!

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

The Big Four

Objectives:– Recognize the building blocks of the Big

Four– Understand the functions of the Big Four– Draw the structural diagrams for amino

acids, and nucleotides

Organic Compounds

All organic compounds:– Have carbon as their core structure– Contain hydrogen, oxygen and a few other

atoms– Are considered macromolecules or

polymers (giant molecules)

polymer = monomer + monomer + monomer etc.

Organic Compounds

The Big Four:– Proteins– Nucleic Acids – Carbohydrates– Lipids

Organic Compounds: Matching

Polymers:

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Monomers:

Glucose

Nucleotides

Glycerol + Fatty Acids

Amino Acids

Organic Compounds

POLYMER MONOMERS

Protein Amino Acids

Nucleic Acid Nucleotides

Carbohydrates Glucose

Lipids Glycerol + Fatty Acids

Protein

Protein

Building blocks are called Amino Acids There are only 20 Amino Acids Amino acids all have the same basic

blueprint:

Amino Acid Structure

Amine GroupAmine Group

R Group / Side ChainR Group / Side Chain

Carboxyl Acid Carboxyl Acid GroupGroup

Central Central CarbonCarbon

Hydrogen Hydrogen AtomAtom

Dehydration Synthesis

Dipeptide Molecule – consists of 2 amino acids

Polypeptide Molecule– Consists of 3 or more amino acids

Polypeptide molecules are considered protein when there are at least 200 amino acids

Dehydration Synthesis

Links amino acids together to make protein

Carboxyl acid of one Amino Acid bonds to the Amine group of the next Amino Acid

A Peptide Bond forms Loss of water = Dehydration

What does Dehydration Synthesis look like?

Your turn:

Synthesize the following amino acids. Include structural diagrams for all reactants and products.

Alanine + Glycine + Alanine

Alanine + Glycine + Alanine

Last class…

Describe a polymer. What are the 5 parts of an amino acid?

How many H2O molecules are formed during the synthesis of 8 amino acids?

Why is water important to our diets? Digesting protein means breaking the peptide

bonds that hold amino acids together The amino acids that result are missing -OH

and H, which were lost during dehydration synthesis

Water in our diet helps replace it Adding H2O in a chemical reaction is called

Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Use structural diagrams to show the hydrolysis of a polypeptide consisting of:

In hydrolysis reactions involving protein, for every peptide bond broken, one water molecule is needed

Alanine-Glycine-Alanine

Alanine-Glycine-Alanine

Protein Functions

1. Main structural component of cells

2. Enzymes (organic catalysts) - control every chemical reaction in cells

3. Hormones (chemical messengers)

4. Antibodies

5. Passive and Active channels in the plasma membrane

Protein Shapes

Primary– linear arrangement of amino acids

Protein Shapes

Secondary– helix or folded arrangement

Protein Shapes

Tertiary– 3-D shape caused by the interaction of

amino acids with large r-groups

Protein Shapes

Quaternary– multiple polypeptides with 3-D shape

Protein Shapes

Try this!

– Match Protein Molecules

Last class…

What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

Name and describe the 4 different protein shapes.

Protein Shapes

Factors that may alter the shape of Protein: – Temperature– Changes in pH– Denaturation – temporary change in

shape– Coagulation – permanent change in

shape

Fryin an Egg Animation

Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalysts. Speed up chemical reactions that take place in

cells. Very specific, used in only one “type of” chemical

reaction Unaffected by the reaction, so they can be used

over again. If the shape of the enzyme changes, the enzyme

can’t do it’s job. Reduce the activation energy needed to start the

reaction

Enzyme Names

Enzyme: Substrate

Maltase Maltose

Lactase Lactose

Sucrase Sucrose

Lipase Fats/Oils

Cellulase Cellulose

Enzymes

“Lock and Key” principle

Animation (you tube)

Catabolic Reaction

enzyme

Reactant (substrate)

+

Enzyme/Substrate Complex

enzymeEnd product

AEnd product

B

+

+

Active site

Anabolic Reaction

enzymeSubstrate A Substrate B

+

+

enzyme

End product

+

Active site

Enzyme/Substrate Complex

Last class…

Explain the Lock and Key principal. What’s the difference between

denaturation and coagulation? Explain catabolic reactions. Explain anabolic reactions.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

There are 2 types of nucleic acids:

1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

a) mRNAb) tRNAc) rRNA

DNA

Nucleic acid that stores and transmits hereditary or genetic information

Double Helix shape Polymer created by monomers called

nucleotides

DNA

Nucleotides Phosphate - phosphorus + oxygen atoms

5 carbon sugar– DNA = deoxyribose

4 Nitrogen Bases– A - Adenine– T - Thymine– C - Cytosine– G - Guanine

BaseBaseSugarSugar

PP

Complimentary Bases

How do we know which bases are complimentary to each other?

DNA

Purines– Adenine & Guanine– Double ringed

structure

Pyrimidines– Thymine & Cytosine– Single ringed

structure

Adenine (purine) bonds Thymine (pyrimidine)

Guanine (purine) bonds Cytosine (pyrimidine)

Draw a DNA triplet using the the letters C, A and T on the left hand side

DNA triplet

Amino Acid Protein

AA

TT

GG

TT

AA

CC

5’3’

5’3’

Remember how to draw DNA?

DNA

Helicase – The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen

bonds between nucleotides (DNA unzips)– Allows for replication

AA

TT

GG

TT

AA

CC

5’ 3’

5’

3’

TTAA

DNA polymerase - allows for attachment of free-floating nucleotides

RNA

(mRNA, tRNA & rRNA)

mRNA

mRNA = messenger RNA

BaseBaseSugarSugar(Ribose)(Ribose)

PP

Single stranded molecule

Consists of nucleotides

Nitrogen Bases:– Adenine– Uracil– Cytosine– GuanineRR

mRNA

mRNA is produced in the nucleus in a process call transcription (DNA copies its coded message - transcribes - onto a mRNA molecule)

mRNA’s code is contained in groups of 3 nitrogen bases called codons

Each codon codes for 1 amino acid

mRNA Codon

A U G

RRRRRR

AA

TT

GG

TT

AA

CC

5’ 3’

5’

3’

AA

DNA polymerase - allows for attachment of free-floating nucleotides

RR

mRNA Codon Wheel

tRNA

tRNA = transfer RNA Each tRNA molecule carries (transfers)

one amino acidA A

U A C

tRNA Anti-codon

rRNA

rRNA = ribosomal RNA Forms the structure of a ribosome

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are polymers of simple sugars (C6H12O6)

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (C-H-O ratio of 1-2-1)

Used as a source of energy and in some cases for structural purposes

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides – Simple sugars (C6H12O6)

– Single sugar molecules (glucose, galactose, fructose)

– All simple sugars are isomers of each other. They have the same formula, but different structures

Carbohydrates

Disaccharides– Consist of 2 monosaccharides bonded through

dehydration synthesis

• Glucose + Glucose -> Maltose + H2O • Glucose + Fructose -> Sucrose + H2O• Glucose + Galactose -> Lactose + H2O

– Maltose, Sucrose & Lactose are isomers with the formula C12H22O11

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

Carbohydrates

To break down a disaccharide: hydrolysis

Lactose + Lactase +H2O ->

Glucose + Galactose + Lactase

Catabolic Reaction

lactase

lactose

+

Enzyme/Substrate Complex

lactaseglucose galactose

+

+

Active site

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides– Long chain of monosaccharides – Examples:

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

Carbohydrates

Starch– Stored in amyloplasts of plant cells, usually

in the roots– Foods like potatoes, bread, pasta, rice

Carbohydrates

Cellulose– Component of the cell wall of plant cells– Most abundant organic compound

Carbohydrates

Glycogen– “Animal” starch– Large molecule stored in animal muscle

cells

Last Class…

What are purines and pyrimidines? What is the name of the enzyme that splits

the DNA molecule? Groups of 3 nitrogen bases are called:

____________ in DNA____________ in mRNA____________ in tRNA

What is the difference between an isomer, a monomer and a polymer? Give examples.

Lipids

Lipids

Types of Lipids– Triglycerides– Cholesterol– Steroids– Hormones

Cholesterol Overview

Video

Where is excess cholesterol stored? What is atherosclerosis? What are the controllable factors of

cholesterol levels? How is high cholesterol treated?

“The Good and Bad of Cholesterol”Answer the following questions in your notes:

1. What is the difference between HDL and LDL?2. What are the 3 components that make up your total

cholesterol level?3. What are healthy levels for HDL and LDL?4. If you normally had 65 mg of HDL in your blood,

how many mg of HDL would you have if you started smoking? What would that mean in terms of your heart health?

5. In your opinion, should doctors prescribe medications as soon as a patient is diagnosed with high cholesterol? Why?

Lipids

Gram for gram lipids contain more energy potential than other organic compounds

Lipids are our cell’s second choice for energy Carbon is the backbone of lipids with a lot of

hydrogen and some oxygen Lipids are hydrophobic (not soluble in water)

Lipids Triglyceride lipids are composed of 1

glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules

Lipids

Triglyceride molecules fit together like this:

They attach by dehydration synthesis

+

+

+

Lipids

Saturated fats: "the enemy" – Solids at room temperature– Found in animal products (meat, eggs and

cheese)– Associated with LDL’s– Hard to digest – Structure: long chains of carbon attached

by single covalent bonds.

C--C--C--C--C--C--HO

HO

H H H H H

H H H H H

Lipids

Monounsaturated fats: "the good guys" – Liquids at room temperature– Found in plant products (olive oil)– Less connection to LDL’s– Structure: chains of carbon with a double

bond between 2 carbons

C--C--C--C--C--C--HO

HO

H H H H

H H H H

Lipids

Polyunsaturated fats:"the good guys"– Liquids at room temperature– Found in oils from seeds (sunflower oil)– No connection to LDL’s– May be connected to HDL’s– Structure: more than 1 double bond in the

chain of carbon

C--C--C--C--C--C--HO

HO

H H H

H H H

Trans fats

Lipids

Steroids & Hormones– Include estrogen, progesterone and

testosterone– Anabolic Steroids

THE END

:o(