The AppendicularSkeleton

Ch. 8

HUMAN ANATOMY

LATIN TERMS to know!

Pect = breast Pelv = basin Sutur = seam Meta = after, adjacent Articulus = come together,

joint

Vert = turn; jointEndo = withinEpi= uponLamina = thin plateCondyle = knuckleSym = together

Be familiar with all bones & regions identified in the following notes & all underlined regions of bones!

Appendicular Skeletal System

126 bones Consists of the:

– Upper Extremities• Pectoral Girdle• Humerus• Ulna & radius• Carpal bones• Metacarpals• Phalanges

– Lower Extremities• Pelvic girdle• Femur• Tibia & fibula• Tarsal bones• Metatarsals• Phalanges

The Upper Extremities

The Upper ExtremitiesBones & bone regions to be familiar with!

Pectoral girdle– Clavicle– Scapula

• Superior & medial borders• Lateral border• Inferior angle• Caracoid process• Acromion process

Brachium– Humerus

• Head• Greater & lesser tuberosities• Medial & lateral epicondyles• Ulnar nerve

Antebrachium– Radius– Ulna

• Olecranon process• Trochlear (semilunar)

notch Carpals

– Carpus Metacarpals

– Manus Phalanges

– Pollex

Clavicles– “S” shaped bones that

originate at the superior lateral border of the manubrium of the sternum

Scapulae– Flat bones located at

the posterior lateral portion of the body

SUPERIOR

INFERIOR

MEDIALLATERAL

Manubrium

Regions to be familiar with Brachium (upper

arm) contains the humerus

Antebrachium (forearm) contains the radius & ulna

Humerus: Long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow

Superior round portion that articulates with the scapula is known as the “head”

Greater & lesser tuberosities

Medial & lateral epicondyles

Sites of skeletal muscle attachment

“Tuberosity” – refers to a process

“Epi” – on, “condyle” – knuckle

Ulnar nerve: runs the length of the humerus & attaches at the proximal end of the ulna (olecranon process)

Blow to this nerve sends sensation known as a “funny bone”

The humerus articulates with the radius & ulna at a location known as the “condyle”

Ulna: long bone that is medial to radius

Olecranon process: superior/ proximal end of ulna

Forms point of elbow

Trochlear (semilunar) notch: large depression where distal end of humerus articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna

Radius: long bone that is the lateral bone of forearm

Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Carpus (wrist) –– Contains 8 carpal short bones – 2 rows

Manus (hand) contains 19 bones in 2 groups– Metacarpals (5 in palm of hand) –

• Short bones that articulate with distal carpal bones to support the hand

• Roman numerals (I-V) are used to identify the metacarpals from lateral to medial

– Phalanges (14 finger bones) –• Articulate distally to metacarpal bones

– Proximal, middle & distal sets• Thumb is known as the pollex

– Only has proximal & distal sets

V I

IVIII II

The Lower Extremities

The Lower ExtremitiesBones & bone regions to be familiar with!

Pelvic girdle – ossa coxae– Ilium– Ischium– Pubis

• Pubis symphysis• Acetabulum• Greater sciatic notch• Ischial Tuberosity

Femur– Head– Neck– Shaft– Greater (anterior) & Lesser

(posterior) Trochanters– Medial & Lateral Epicondyles

Patella Fibula

– Head Tibia

– Tibial Tuberosity– Lateral & medial condyles

Tarsals– Talus– Calcaneous bone– Navicular bone– Cuboid– Lateral, medial & intermediate

cuneiform bones Metatarsals Phalanges

Paired hipbones - “ossa coxae” Each hipbone – os coxa

– Fusion of 3 bones• Ilium (pl. – Ilia)

– Extensive area of muscle, tendon, ligament attachment

• Ischium (pl. – Ischia)– Posterior

• Pubis – Anterior joint - Articulation of pubis bone at the anterior portion

of the pelvic girdle – pubis symphysis• Fibrocartilage at joint

– Posterior articulation – Ilia articulate to sacrum of vertebral column

More on the Ossa Coxae Acetabulum

– Articulation socket of ilia & head of each femur

– All 3 bones of ossa coxae meet here

Greater sciatic notch – – Area through which large sciatic nerve

runs & reaches lower extremities

Ischial Tuberosity –– Projection on posterior, lateral side of

ischia– Bears all body weight when sitting

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Female: – Less massive, shallower pubic arch, pelvic inlet round/oval

Male: – Heavier, upper pelvis nearly vertical, coccyx more vertical, pelvic inlet heart-

shaped, outlet smaller

FemurFibulaTibia

FEMURLongest & heaviest bone in body

Articulates proximally with ossa coxae at hip joint & distally with tibia at knee joint

Regions to identify:

Head

Neck

Shaft

Greater (anterior) & Lesser (posterior) Trochanters

Medial & Lateral Epicondyles

Patella (Kneecap)

Triangular sesamoid bone

Enclosed in the quadriceps tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia (lower limb)

Guards knee joint anteriorly & improves leverage of thigh muscles acting across knee joint

Tibia & Fibula

Tibia – – Large medial bone that

articulates with the epicondyles of the femur

– Helps support weight– “shinbone”

Fibula – – Parallels the lateral

border of the tibia – Aids in moving foot &

toes

Tarsal bones: – Talus: ankle– Calcaneous bone: heel bone– Navicular bone– Cuboid– Lateral, medial & intermediate cuneiform

bones Metatarsals –

– Short bones that articulate with distal tarsal bones

– Identified by Roman Numerals (I-V) Phalanges (toes, digits)

– Articulate distally to metatarsal bones• Proximal, middle, distal (14 total)• Big toe – “Great toe”

– Has 2 phalanges (proximal & distal)

V

IV

IIIII I