the anatomy lesson of dr. nicolaes tulp by rembrandt , 1632
DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632. Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D . 17 . September 201 3 TUESDAY . . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY. MOLECULES. ATOMS. . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 17 . September 2013 TUESDAY
![Page 2: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
ATOMS MOLECULES
![Page 3: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Trillions of the cells in the human body
![Page 4: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Tissues
![Page 5: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
78 organs in the body
![Page 6: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
9 -13 systems
![Page 7: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
HUMAN BODY
![Page 8: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1. Skeletal System2. Articular system 3. Muscular System 4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive (Alimentary) System7. Urinary (Excretory) System8. Reproductive (Genital) System 9. Endocrine System10.Nervous system11.Integumentary system
SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
Locomotor system
![Page 9: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
![Page 10: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMNone of the systems
functions in isolation.
passive skeletal & articular systems active muscular system collectively constitute a supersystem
locomotor system
must work together to produce locomotion of the body.
![Page 11: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMbrain and nerves of the nervous system
stimulate them to act.
arteries and veins of the circulatory system
supply oxygen and nutrients remove waste from these structures.
sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium)
play important roles in directing their activities.
![Page 12: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages form the skeletal system.
Skeletal Systembones and cartilages
![Page 13: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
For parts of the human body, other organs, muscles, vessels, etc. a framework is required.
The sketetal system actually provides this framework for the body with its strong composure.
Skeletal Systembones and cartilages
![Page 14: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Provides our basic shape. Supports the soft tissuesVital for the movement.Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, fascia, and muscle.
Skeletal System
![Page 15: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Skeletal System
PROTECTION
![Page 16: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cranium (Skull)skeleton of the head
protects the brain which resides within itself.
![Page 17: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Vertebral column
In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
4 coccygeal vertebrae
protects the spinal cord
![Page 18: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Thorax
Skeletal framework formed by
sternum in the middle12 ribs on each side a12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.
part of the body between the neck and abdomen
![Page 19: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thorax
The thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs; the heart and the lungs.
part of the body between the neck and abdomen
![Page 20: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
PelvisThe bones of the pelvis Right and left pelvic (hip) bones SacrumCoccyx
The three hip bones Ilium ischium Pubis
![Page 21: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
PelvisSacrum articulates superiorly with vertebra LV @ lumbosacral joint.
Pelvic bones articulate posteriorly with sacrum @ sacro-iliac joints anteriorly with each other @ pubic symphysis.
![Page 22: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pelvic skeleton protects
lower part of the digestive system and urinary system reproductive system.
Pelvis
![Page 23: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
BONES OF THE ARM & FOREARMBONES OF THE THIGH & LEG
1 bone
2 bones
![Page 24: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur.
Articular systemjoints & their associated ligaments
![Page 25: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3 types of muscles
FXN controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear
APPEARANCE striated (striped) or smooth
LOCATION associated with the body wall (somatic), or with organs and blood vessels (visceral)
Muscular System
![Page 26: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
transports fluids throughout the body.
the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation network, the cardiovascular system.
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
![Page 27: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemHeart pumps blood throughout the bodyBlood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood.
3 types of blood vessels Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Veins transport blood toward the heart.Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.
where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.
![Page 28: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemArteries in 3 classes
According to;1. Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica media2. Size of the vessel3. Its function
1.Large elastic arteries
2.Medium muscular arteries
3.Small arteries and arterioles
![Page 29: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemLarge elastic arteries
Too much elastic fibers @ tunica mediaExpansion and recoil and constant blood flow to the heart
An example aorta
![Page 30: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemMedium muscular arteries
Smooth muscles @ tunica media Regulation of the diameter of vessels and control of the flow to the parts of the body.
An example radial artery
![Page 31: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemSmall arteries and arterioles
control the filling of the capillaries contribute to the arterial pressure in the vascular system.
![Page 32: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemVeins into three classes
Large veins thickest layer tunica externa superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
Small and Medium veins small amounts of smooth musclesuperficial veins in the upper and lower limbs deeper veins of the leg and forearm
Venulessmallest veins drain the capillaries
![Page 33: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemWalls of the blood vessels consist of
three layers or tunics1. tunica externa (adventitia) outer connective tissue
layer2. tunica media middle smooth muscle layer 3. tunica intima inner endothelial lining of the blood
vessels
![Page 34: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Right heart (Suction)poorly- oxygenated(venous) blood
from the bodysuperior vena cava & inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle
pulmonary arteries lungs
Left heart (Pumping)well- oxygenated (arterial) blood
from the lungs pulmonary veins
left atrium left ventricleaorta
the body
![Page 35: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemThe main artery in the body aorta.
Arteries have also branches themselves.
![Page 36: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemBlood flow in arteries
Blood flow in veins
![Page 37: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Arteries have branchesArteries from the artery
Veins have tributaries Veins drain into veins
maxillary artery
Some arteries divided into part by distinct muscles!
![Page 38: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Lymphatic systema network of lymphatic vessels
These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymphfrom the body's intercellular fluid compartment
returns it to the bloodstream.
![Page 39: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Lymphatic systemlymph
lymph vessels
regional lymph nodes
larger lymph nodes
venous system
Right heartFinal destination
![Page 40: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
supply oxygen to the blood
eliminate carbon dioxide from it.
Respiratory Systemair passages &
lungs
![Page 41: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Respiratory SystemUpper respiratory tractNose-Pharynx-Larynx
Lower respiratory tractRespiratory organs of the thorax
The lower respiratory tract fills most of the thorax.
![Page 42: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
superior thoracic aperture superiorly
inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly.
Superior thoracic aperture open, allowing continuity with the neck
Inferior thoracic aperture closed by the diaphragm.
THORAXirregularly shaped cylinder
![Page 43: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
important muscle for respiration forms a section between thorax and abdomen.
DIAPHRAGM
![Page 44: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
consists of skeletal elements and muscles
THORACIC WALL
Po s te r i o r l y12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs L a te ra l l y Ribs (12 on each side) & 3 layers of flat muscles
AnteriorlySternummanubrium of sternum, body of sternum, andxiphoid process
![Page 45: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
THORACIC CAVITYenclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm
![Page 48: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
digestive tract from the mouth to the anus
all its associated organs & glands function in:
ingestion
chewing
Swallowing
digestion
absorption of food
elimination of the solid waste (feces)
Digestive (Alimentary) System
![Page 49: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Digestive (Alimentary) System
bounded superiorly xiphoid process third-most inferior part- of the sternum costal margins
posteriorly vertebral column
inferiorly upper parts of the pelvic bones
Abdomen Abdominal wall
![Page 50: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Digestive (Alimentary) SystemSurface anatomy
![Page 51: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Digestive (Alimentary) SystemSurface anatomy
![Page 52: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
filter blood produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete
urine (liquid waste)
Urinary (Excretory) Systemkidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, &
urethra
![Page 53: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Urinary (Excretory) SystemThe two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the posterior abdominal region.
The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
![Page 54: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Urinary (Excretory) SystemThe ureters descend down to the pelvis exiting from the kidneys on each side.
They enter the pelvic cavity, and continue their journey to the bladder.
![Page 55: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Pelvis (L.basin)part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen
area of transition between the trunk & lower limbs
Pelvic cavity inferior most part of the abdominopelvic cavity.
![Page 56: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Abdominopelvic cavity
extends superiorly into the thoracic cage inferiorly into the pelvisits superior and inferior parts are relatively protected.
Perforating wounds in either the thorax or the pelvis may therefore involve the abdominopelvic cavity and its contents.
![Page 57: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Pelvic cavitylimited inferiorly by musculofascial
pelvic diaphragm
suspended above the pelvic outletforming a bowl-like pelvic floor.
![Page 58: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Pelvic cavitybounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrum
superior part of the sacrum formes a roof over the posterior half of the cavity.
![Page 59: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Pelvic cavityAnteroinferior wall
Bodies of the pubic bones +pubic symphysis uniting them
Posterosuperior wall & ceilingSacrum & Cocyx
![Page 60: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Pelvic cavity
Terminal parts of the uretersUrinary bladderRectumPelvic genital organsBlood vesselsLymphatics Nerves +an overflow of abdominal viscera
contains
![Page 61: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms, the ducts that transport them, and
the genitalia that enable their union.
Reproductive (Genital) System
![Page 62: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Reproductive (Genital) SystemThe reproductive tracts are located
in the pelvic cavity. between the pelvic inlet superiorly and the pelvic diaphragm
inferiorlycontains
terminal parts of the urinary and digestive systemsinternal genital organsassociated vascular structuresnerves supplying both the pelvis and lower limbs.
![Page 63: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Hormonesinfluence metabolism & other processes
menstrual cyclepregnancyparturition (giving birth)
Endocrine System
discrete ductless endocrine glands
isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls
specialized nerve endings.
specialized structures secreting hormones
![Page 64: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
![Page 65: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
NERVOUS SYSTEM1.C.N.S.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain + spinal cord
2. P.N.S.PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS.conduct impulses to or away from the CNS.organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures
![Page 66: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Nerve cell Neuron structural & functional units of the nervous system
Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons
Neurons are specialized for rapid communication.Neuron has:Axon carries information Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons
![Page 67: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s)
In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei)
In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia)
![Page 68: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
A nerve fiber TWO TYPES
efferent fibersgoes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord to the periphery
carrying information to accomplish a behavior/actionafferent fiberscarries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain
Arc reflex
![Page 69: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Transmit sensations from the body to the CNSExteroceptive sensations from
skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or painProprioceptive sensations from
muscles, tendons, and joints
Somatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers
General sensory fibersgeneral somatic afferent [GSA] fibers
![Page 70: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Somatic motor fibers general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers
transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles.
Somatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers
![Page 71: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Visceral fibersVisceral sensory fibers
general visceral afferent [GVA] fiberstransmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations
e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels
from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS
![Page 72: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Visceral fibersVisceral motor fibers
general visceral efferent [GVE] fibersTransmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues.
presynaptic & postsynapti fibers conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands.
presynaptic fibers
postsynaptic fibers
![Page 73: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMsomatic parts of the CNS & PNS
provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body (G. soma)
except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands
transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors
![Page 74: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMvisceral nervous system or
visceral motor systemmotor fibers that stimulate
smooth (involuntary) muscle
modified cardiac muscle
glandular (secretory) cells
![Page 75: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
![Page 76: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
![Page 77: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
![Page 79: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
![Page 80: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
![Page 81: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
In a spinal nerve you will find:Motor fibers
Sensory fibers
Autonomic nervous system fibers
![Page 85: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
CRANIAL NERVES Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves
bundles of sensory or motor fibers innervate muscles or glandscarry impulses from sensory receptorsor a combination of motor and sensory fibers.
![Page 86: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
CRANIAL NERVES12 pairs part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.
![Page 87: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
CRANIAL NERVES
All nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate from the brain.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are numbered I-XII, from rostral to caudal .
Their names reflect their general distribution or function.
![Page 88: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
CRANIAL NERVEScarry one or more of the five main functional components.
1. Motor (efferent) fibers 2. Sensory (afferent) fibers 3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc.
4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera 5. Fibers transmitting unique sensationse.g., taste, smell
![Page 89: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Motor (efferent) fibers
1. Motor fibers to voluntary (striated) musclesinclude somatic motor (general somatic efferent) axons
Facial nerve (CN VII)
![Page 90: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Motor (efferent) fibers
include visceral motor (general visceral efferent) axons constitute cranial outflow of parasympathetic system.
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
![Page 91: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Motor (efferent) fibers
Presynaptic (preganglionic) fibers emerge from the brain synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS) @ a parasympathetic ganglion.
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers innervate smooth muscles & glands e.g.sphincter pupillae & lacrimal gland
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
![Page 92: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
CRANIAL NERVESSensory (afferent) fibers
3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc from the skin and mucous membranes. Include somatic sensory (general somatic afferent) fibers.
![Page 93: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
CRANIAL NERVES4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera
include visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) fibers conveying information from carotid body and sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract.
Sensory (afferent) fibers
![Page 94: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
CRANIAL NERVES5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations special visceral afferent fibersspecial sensory fibers conveying taste and smellspecial somatic afferent fibersspecial senses of vision, hearing, and balance
Sensory (afferent) fibers
![Page 95: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56816589550346895dd84ab4/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Skin is the largest organ of the body.
It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.
Integumentary system