Chapter  6

The American Revolution

Peter  Mackintosh  was  a  16-­‐year-­‐old  appren9ce  blacksmith  in  Boston  working  in  the  shop  of  his  master,  Richard  Gridley,  the  night  of  December  16,  1773  when  a  group  of  young  men  rushed  into  the  shop,  grabbed  ashes  from  the  hearth  and  rubbed  them  on  their  faces.  They  were  among  those  running  to  Griffin’s  Wharf  to  throw  tea  into  the  harbor  as  part  of  the  Boston  Tea  Party  that  started  the  Revolu9on.  Mackintosh  later  served  in  the  Con9nental  Ar9llery  as  a  craMsman  aNached  to  the  army  who  shoed  horses  and  repaired  cannons,  including  one  mortar  whose  repair  General  George  Washington  oversaw  personally

Revolution Section 2: The Battles Begin

➜  June,  1775:  the  Second  Con9nental  Congress  set  up  the  ________________.  

➜  The  army  needed  a  commander ➜ George  ___________was  appointed  commander  of  the  

____________Army. ➜ He  had  military  ___________and  was  well  

_____________ ➜ Washington  went  to  to  take  control  of  forces  in  ______.   ➜  But,  before  Washington  got  to  Boston  the  Patriots  and  

the  Bri9sh  fought  in  Boston ➜  The  ______________________was  the  

___________________of  the  Revolu9on ➜  ____

Revolution Section 2: The British Bug Out of Boston ➜  A  blacksmith  from  Vermont,  ___________,  led  a  group  of  

patriots  called  the  _______________________ ➜  They  aNacked  a  Bri9sh  Fort  ____________and  captured  a  

supply  of  _________________________ ➜  January  1776:  the  cannons  were  brought  to  _______for  the  

____________Army  led  by  George  Washington.   ➜ When  the  Bri9sh  saw  the  American  cannons,  they  knew  they  

_______________Boston.  They  _____the  city. ➜  About  1,000  _______________with  them.  They  became  

____________ ➜  Although  the  Bri9sh  leM  Boston,  they  had  not  ________. ➜  King  George  III  ordered  ___________of  all  colonial  _____. ➜ He  also  brought  in  ____________from  Germany  called  

_________to  help  fight  the  patriots.

Revolution Section 3: Declaring Independence

➜ Patriot  Thomas  ______wrote  a  pamphlet  9tled  _____________in  January  1776.  

➜  In  Common  Sense,  Paine  tried  to  convince  colonists  that  they  owed  ___________to  King  George  III.  

➜ He  argued  that  the  very  idea  of  ________was  wrong. ➜ He  argued  that  Americans  owed  ________to  England  either  

➜ Common  Sense  __________many  colonists  to  embrace  the  idea  of  ____________.  

➜  In  6  months,  more  than  500,000  copies  of  the  pamphlet  were  sold.  

Revolution Section 3: The Meaning of “Common Sense” “Nothing  but  independence…can  keep  the  peace  of  the  con9nent…A  government  of  our  own  is  our  natural  right.  When  a  man  seriously  things  about  the  shakiness  of  

human  affairs  he  will  become  convinced  that  it  is  always  wiser  and  safer  to  form  a  cons9tu9on  of  our  own  in  a  cool  

deliberate  manner,  while  we  have  it  in  our  power…”

“I  challenge  the  warmest  advocate  for  reconcilia9on  to  show  a  single  advantage  that  this  con9nent  can  gain  by  

being  connected  with  Great  Britain.  I  repeat  the  challenge;  not  a  single  advantage  is  derived.”  

“But  Britain  is  the  parent  country,  say  some.  Then  the  more  shame  upon  her  conduct.  Even  brutes  do  not  

devour  their  young,  nor  savages  make  war  upon  their  families…  “

Revolution Section 3: Moving Toward Independence ➜ Common  Sense  ___________many  members  of  the  Con9nental  Congress.  

➜  June  1776:  Richard  Henry  ____of  Virginia  offered  a  resolu9on:  “these  United  _________are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  _____and  __________________”  

➜ Delegates  had  a  difficult  decision.  If  they  chose  independence,  they  would  be  hanged  as  _________to  Britain

➜  Congress  chose  a  commiNee  to  draw  up  a  ___________________________.  Ben  Franklin  &  John  Adams  were  members.     The  job  of  the  commiNee  was  to  ___________________the  colonies  were  ______________from  Britain.  

  Thomas  _________,  one  of  the  youngest  delegates,  was  asked  to  ______the  declara9on.  

Revolution Section 3: Declaring Independence

➜  In  late  June,  Jefferson  __________the  declara9on  and  it  was  read  to  the  Congress.  

➜  July  2,  1776:  the  Con9nental  Congress  ______that  the  13  colonies  were  “_____and  independent  States”  

➜  July  4,  1776:  delegates  accepted  the  ___________  of  Independence  

➜  John  _______,  president  of  the  Con9nental  Congress,  signed  the  declara9on  with  the  largest  signature.  

Revolution Sec. 3: A Bad Run of Luck for the Americans

➜ Mid  1776:  Washington  led  his  troops  south  from  Boston  to  _____________.  

➜ Bri9sh  had  34,000  troops  and  a  navy  with  10,000  sailors.   ➜ Washington  had  ______than  20,000  poorly  trained  troops  and  ________  

➜ August  1776:  the  American  army  fought  Britain  at  the  BaNle  of  ___________.  More  than  1,400  Americans  were  killed,  wounded,  or  captured.  

➜  Fall  1776:  Americans  ___________at  White  Plains.  

Despair & New Hope

➜  In  1776,  George  Washington’s  army  had  _______________(killed,  wounded  or  captured)

➜ By  December  1776,  Washington  said  his  troops  were  ____,  dirty,  and  “so  thinly  clad  as  to  be  _________________.”  Soldiers  were  __________every  day.  

➜  Thomas  Paine  was  one  of  the  soldiers  who  had  retreated  with  Washington  to  New  Jersey.  

➜ At  this  9me,  he  wrote  __________.   ➜  It  urged  Americans  to  ________the  army.   ➜ Washington  had  it  _____aloud  to  the  troops  to  boost  morale

Clutch Wins ➜ Christmas  night,  1776:  Washington  secretly  led  his  troops  across  the  Delaware  River.  

➜  Their  target:  Trenton,  NJ,  where  Hessian  ____________weren’t  expec9ng  an  aNack

➜  The  Americans  launched  launch  a  surprise  aNack  and  won  the  _________________.  

➜  The  Americans  next  ______________up  the  road  at  the  BaNle  of  _______________

Turning Point ➜ 1777:  England’s  General  John  ________  presented  King  George  III  with  a  ____.  

➜ He  wanted  to  _____the  flow  of  _________and  _________from  New  England  to  the  other  colonies.  

➜ To  do  this,  Burgoyne  wanted  to  march  on  Albany,  NY  and  control  the  ________________

➜ Burgoyne  was  then  surrounded  at  the  town  of  ________. ➜ The  ___________________was  a  ______________of  the  war  The  baNle  ended  the  Bri9sh  threat  to  New  England.   It  ________American  spirits.     It  also  convinced  _______to  become  an  _____to  the  USA.  ___

Section 3: Harsh Winter at Valley Forge

➜ Winter  1777-­‐1778:  the  Con9nental  Army  suffered  severe  __________at  ____________,  _______________

➜ Soldiers  lived  in  _________;  slept  on  the  _____________;  had  liNle  _____________;  stood  guard  wrapped  in  blankets  

➜ Many  had  _________and  suffered  from  __________and  disease.  

➜ News  about  the  __________spread.    Women  __________food,  clothing,  medicine,  warm  clothing,  and  ammuni9on.  

 Martha  Washington  (George’s  wife)  went  to  Valley  Forge  and  helped  the  sick  and  _______.  

Help from Europe ➜  France  was  England’s  ___________in  ________ ➜ 1776:  the  Con9nental  Congress  sent  Benjamin  _________to  persuade  King  Louis  XVI  of  _______to  help  America  with  ____________________.

➜  The  American  win  at  _________helped  _________France  that  the  rebels  were  _______________

➜ 1778:  France  became  the  _____________to  sign  a  _______with  the  USA.  

➜  France  recognized  the  USA  as  a  new  _______and  agreed  to  ____________________.  

➜  The  ____________and  ______later  joined  the  war  against  Britain,  providing  loans  to  America.  

Section 4/5: The War in the South & Final Victory ➜ AMer  the  Bri9sh  plan  to  ________New  York  &  __________________,  the  Bri9sh  tried  to  conquer  the  __________________

➜ Many  loyalists  ___________________and  the  Bri9sh  commander  hoped  they  would  ________  

➜ However,  American  forces  in  the  south  __________the  Bri9sh

➜  Francis  ______  of  South  Carolina  led  a  ___________of  mili9a,  who  used  ________,  or  hit-­‐and-­‐run  tac9cs  to  _____________________

➜ General  Nathaniel  Greene  lost  _____________he  fought  vs.  Britain

➜ BUT,  he  made  Britain  ____for  every  advantage  they  won   ➜ __

➜  Spring  1781:  Britain’s  General  ___________moved  troops    ______________to  capture  that  colony

➜ George  Washington  ___________________from  New  York  to  Virginia.  He  was  joined  by  a  ___________.  

➜ A  French  ___________also  headed  to  Virginia.  They  cut  Cornwallis  off  ___________________

➜  September  1781:  16,000  American  and  French  troops  were  laying  ______to  6,000  of  Cornwallis’s  soldiers.  (siege  =  surrounding  an  enemy  posi9on  in  an  aNempt  to  capture  it.  

➜ American  and  French  ar9llery  ________the  Bri9sh   ➜ AMer  several  weeks,  Cornwallis  ___________.   ➜  Yorktown  was  the  ___________________of  the  revolu9on

The Peace Treaty ➜  Lord  North,  the  Bri9sh  ______minister,  agreed  to  ___________  when  he  realized  the  ____________.  

➜  1782:  Congress  sends  delegates  to  write  a  _______with  Britain.  

➜  The  US  got  _____of  what  it  wanted,  because  the  ________were  eager_to  ________________.  

➜  The  _______________  ended  the  war.   Britain  recognized  the  US  as  an  ___________________   The  __________extended  from  the  Atlan9c  Ocean  to  the  _________________,  the  southern  border  stopped  at  ________

  The  Americans  agreed  to  ____Congress  to  ___________________________lost  in  the  war.  

➜ On  April  15,  1783,  _________________,  or  approved  the  Treaty  of  Paris.  

Reasons for the American Victory ➜ 1.  _________:  

  Britain  had  difficulty  _________________to  a  war  ___________  _____

  Britain  had  to  conquer  colonists  ___________________________

  Americans  _____________________(best  routes…best  places  to  fight,  etc.)  

➜ 2.  ____________:  America  received  help  from  ______,  _______and  the  ____________

➜ 3.  ________________Patrio9c  ______,  and  ________________helped  the  Americans  win.  

➜ 4.  ____________George  Washington’s  leadership  helped  _____________________r  during  tough  9mes.