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THE ELEMENTS
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Looking for patterns• Early “chemists” used symbols of the sun and
planets to represent the seven metallic elements known at the time
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• John Dalton developed a new set of symbols in the early 1800s to improve communication between chemists
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• Eventually elements were organized according to their atomic mass
• Atomic mass is the mass of one atom of that element
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The known elements● Dmitri Mendeleev grouped elements that
had similar characteristics together and left blanks where he thought elements might fit
● He did not only classify by mass, he used ALL characteristics to make a pattern
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• We now know that there are theoretically 118 elements
• The physical state of the element (in our textbook pg. 440) is represented by red blue or white
– Red = gas
– Blue = liquid
– White= solid• Horizontal rows are called periods
• - Vertical columns form a group or family•• - These groups have similar properties
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Electrons● Valence electrons tell us how reactive an
element is● Atoms always want a full valence (outer)
shell
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The Families● Alkali Metals - Group 1● Alkaline Earth Metals - Group 2● Halogens - Group 17● Noble Gases - Group 18
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Alkali● Group 1 Elements● Very reactive● Soft metals● All have one extra valence electron
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Alkaline Earth Metals● Group 2● Reactive● Have 2 extra electrons in their valence shell
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Halogens● Group 17● Very reactive● Gases● All are missing 1 electron in their valence
shell
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Noble Gases● Group 18● Stable gases● Have full valence electron shells
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The Periodic Table
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Valence Shells● The periodic table tells us how many
electrons can fit into each shell● These shells orbit the atom and tell us how
reactive an element is
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Electron Shells● Only so many electrons can go into each
shell● The first shell holds 2 electrons, the second
8, the third 8● You can tell how many electrons each shell
holds by counting how many elements there are in each row of the PT
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Atomic Weight● Protons - positive, very heavy, in nucleus● Neutrons - neutral, very heavy, in nucleus● Electrons - negative, very light, outside
nucleus
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Calculations● The atomic mass tells us how many neutrons
and protons there are in an atom● # protons = atomic number● Mass - atomic number = neutrons● # protons = # electrons
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Practice Gold has an atomic number of 79It has 79 protons and 79 electronsIt has an atomic mass of 197
197 - 79 = 118Gold has 118 neutrons