the age of imperialism
TRANSCRIPT
THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM
DEFINITION
It was a process of extending the rule or authority of a nation over foreign countries or of acquiring and holding colonies.
Process by which a State, with a stronger military strength or a more advanced technology imposes its control over the land, the resources and the population of a less developed region.
• Imperialism/Colonialism: a policy of conquering and ruling other lands
• It existed from the very beginning of mankind’s history
• From 1870, the industrial powers carried out an astonishing expansion, building up worldwide empires
Imperialism and colonialism
DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM
It is the period between 1870 and 1914, in which the European powers reached the political and economic domination of the world (above all África, Asia and Oceanía)
Imperialism and colonialism
THE CAUSES OF COLONIALISM
• Demographic
• Economic
• Political
• Scientific and technical
• Ideological
DEMOGRAPHIC CAUSES• In the 19th century there was a significant increase in
Europe’s population (from 300 million in 1850 to 400 million inhabitants in 1900). The hard working class living conditions and the unemployment encouraged many people to look for better perspectives in the new colonised territories.
European population
Year Inhabitants Increase
1850 266.000.000 26,2 %
1870 310.000.000 25,6 %
1900 460.000.000 28%
ECONOMIC CAUSES• Imperialism was a consequence of
industrialisation.
• European countries tried to obtain colonies in order to:
Invest their surplus capital,
A cheap source of raw materials and energy sources
A market for their products
Cheap workforce.
POLITICAL CAUSES
• National prestige: to be the best and have the biggest
empire.
• Different national reasons: France to forget the defeat in
1870, Germany and Italy to become great powers…
• New rivalries: GB vs. Germany, GB vs. France, US vs.
Japan
• By the late 1800s, Germany was challenging Britain’s economic leadership.
• This rivalry was a key factor to understand WWI’s outbreak
STRATEGIC CAUSES• The metropoles, above all Great Britain, fought for
controlling the seas or the commercial routes by acquiring strategic enclaves (Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, Suez Channel….)
IDEOLOGICAL CAUSESIdeological causes•Belief in European superiority•Racism, Social Darwinism: conflict between nations and races leads to social progress as superior races outcompete inferior ones.•Western civilization undertook the mission of civilizing the world (Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man Burden”)•Spreading Christianity•Civilizing mission
Ideological causes•Belief in European superiority•Racism, Social Darwinism: conflict between nations and races leads to social progress as superior races outcompete inferior ones.•Western civilization undertook the mission of civilizing the world (Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man Burden”)•Spreading Christianism
Which motives caused imperialism?
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CAUSES
• Technological superiority (in weapons or transport)
• The creation of Geographic Societies that contribute to map the territories and control them.
• Steam engine and railroads allowed easier travel• Quinine to protect Europeans from malaria• African and Asian diversity made it easy to
encourage rivalries between different groups
Great Figures of Colonialism: Benjamin Disraeli
Great Figures of Colonialism: Jules Ferry
• In the 19th century, much of Asia and Africa were unknown. Colonialism favoured scientific travel and geographical exploration, such as the English Livingstone and Stanley in Central Africa.
• The conquest of the territory was easy due to military and technical superiority of Europeans towards the weak indigenous resistance.
• In 1914, just two countries in África were free: Liberia and Abyssinia.
• .
• La conquista del territorio fue fácil, por la superioridad militar y técnica de los europeos ante la débil resistencia indígena.
• There were several types of colonial occupation:
– Exploitation colonies.
– Settlement colonies. Colonias de poblamiento.
– Protectorates.
– Concessions.
EXPLOITATION COLONIES– The most common.
– The dominant country (metropole) governed and exploited the economy of the occupied territory (colony).
– The colonisers or European companies took control of the lands, created plantations and started up mining operations. They used indigene labour and paid very low wages.
– The metropoles had a monopoly over the exploitation of the colony’s resources and trade.
– Examples: India for GB or Ivory Coast for France.
SETTLEMENT COLONIES OR DOMINIONS
– Good climates, small populations.
– No special resources or very important (gold, diamonds) resources.
– White Europeans emigrated and settled there permanently (colonists).
– Their governments had a certain level of autonomy.
– Examples: • British Empire: Canadá, Australia, South African Union.
• France: Algeria.
PROTECTORATES
• Recognised and organised states occupied by the metropole.
• They had an indigenous government and their own administrative organisation.
• However, the metropole established a parallel government that ruled over the local government and controlled the functions of defence and foreign policy.
• Examples: – Morocco was a protectorate of France (and Spain, the
North of Morocco).
– Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain.
CONCESSIONS
• The metropoles obtained commercial advantages of countries that were independent.
• The metropoles obtained a number of free ports in those countries
• One example was Hong Kong was a British concession in China or Macao a Portuguese concession
Control y ocupación de territorios•CONTROL MARÍTIMO PARA DEFENSA COMERCIAL•LUGARES DE PENETRACIÓN PARA EL INTERIOR•ENCLAVES DEFENSIVOS•EJ: SINGAPUR, CIUDAD EL CABO, GIBRALTAR…
ENCLAVESESTRATÉGICOS
COLONIAS DEEXPLOTACIÓN
PROTECTORADOS
•TERRITORIOS POCO POBLADOS•INMIGRACIÓN MASIVA DE EUROPEOS•SE IMPONEN FORMAS DE VIDA METROPOLITANAS•AUTOGOBIERNO, EXCEPTO EN POLÍTICA EXTERIOR•EJ: UNIÓN SUDAFRICANA, CANADÁ AUSTRALIA
MODELOSCOLONIALES
COLONIAS DE PÒBLAMIENTO
•OBJETIVO: SUMINISTRO DE MATERIAS PRIMAS•NO TIENEN AUTONOMÍA POLÍTICA•ADMINISTRACIÓN DIRECTA POR LA METRÓPOLI•MINORÍA FUNCIONARIOS METROPOLITANOS•EJ: INDIA, CONGO…
•RESPETO A LAS AUTORIDADES POLÍTICAS INDÍGENAS•POLÍTICA INTERIOR: AUTORIDAD LOCAL•POLÍTICA EXTERIOR Y EJÉRCITO: FUNCIONARIOS METRÓPOLI:•EGIPTO. SUDÁN.
MANDATOS SdN
TRAS LA I GUERRA MUNDIAL TERRITORIOS DEL IMPERIO TURCOY DE LAS COLONIAS ALEMANAS FUERON ENTREGADOS POR LASOCIEDAD DE NACIONES A DIVERSAS POTENCIAS COLONIALESPARA SU ADMINISTRACIÓN.
• From the 18th century, the
greatest European naval power
• After the Industrial Revolution, in
the mid-1800s, Britain was the
most powerful nation in the world.
• It’s factories produced more
goods than those of any other
country.
• The British Navy guarded the
oceans so that those goods
could be shipped safely to
ports around the globe.
Great Britain
– The Victorian age (1837-1901) was the most important age for the British Empire. The Queen was Victoria of England.
– Its most important colony was India.
Great Britain
British Empire
BRITISH EMPIRE
BRITISH COLONIES IN AFRICA
BRITISH COLONIES IN ASIA
FRANCE• El Imperio francés.
– France had the second empire in size.
Carlos X de FranciaNapoleón III
Imperio francésFRENCH EMPIRE
Imperio francés en ÁfricaFRENCH EMPIRE IN ÁFRICA
FRENCH EMPIRE IN ASIA
• Indochina (Anam, Tonkin, Conchinchina)
• Now: Vietnam, Laos, Camboya
The Great Colonial Empires
El canal de Suez• Construido con capital francés
en 1869 (proyecto de Lesseps).
• El jedive de Egipto era dueño de parte de las acciones del canal. Las vendió a los británicos.
Eugenia de Montijo inauguró el Canal
SPAIN
• After the lost of Cuba, Puerto Rico
and Philippines in 1898, Spain
didn’t have an empire.
• They got some territory in the
Sahara (Río de Oro) and Guinea.
Later, in Morocco.
Mª Cristina de Habsburgo
SPANISH COLONIES IN AFRICA
La presencia española en Marruecos
• 1859-1860 Política de prestigio: Batallas de Castillejos y Tetuán.
• 1909 El barranco del Lobo.• 1912 Protectorado • 1921 El Desastre de Annual• 1925 Desembarco de
Alhucemas • Pacificación del territorio• 1956 Independencia de
Marruecos.
GERMAN EMPIRE
• Due to its late unification,
Germany got late to the
conquest of territories.
• Anyway, they had:
• South West Africa (now Namibia)
• Tanganika
• Togo and Camerún.
Guillermo II
German Empire
EMPIRE OF BELGIUM• Belgium took over lands in África:
Congo was almost Leopoldo II’s private
farm.
ITALIAN EMPIRE• Its unification also happened late. • They conquered Libia. • They were defeated in Abyssinia They were defeated in Abyssinia
(Ethyopia) in the battle of Adua (1896).(Ethyopia) in the battle of Adua (1896).
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
• Russia expanded into the Caucasus, Central
Asia, and Siberia.
• Russia tried to get lands in the Balkans in the
direction the Mediterranean sea, when the
Turkish Empire collapsed.
Russian Empires
• Two non-European countries,
the United States and Japan,
also became involved in
overseas expansion during this
period.
• Both the U.S. and Japan were
interested in East Asia.
• Japan took the Kuriles, Korea
and Taiwan.
• The U.S. took Philippines in
Asia and Puerto Rico in the
Caribbean after US-Spanish war.
• Dollar Imperialism
1904-05
1894-95
PANAMERICANISMO DOCTRINA DEL DOLAR
GUERRA HISPANO-
AMERICANAPERRY
OTHER EMPIRES
• Portugal, kept Mozambique and Angola in África;
and Macao in China.
• Holland took over the Insulindia (Indonesia).
REPARTO COLONIAL DE AFRICA, ASIA Y OCEANÍA
REPARTO COLONIAL DEL MUNDO
TRIPLE ALIANZA
TRIPLE ENTENTE
• In 1870, the African inland was almost unknown
• When Europeans started their expansion in the continent, an agreement was needed to set the bases of the conquest and colonization of Africa
The carve up of Africa
• In the Berlin Conference (1885), the colonial powers reached different agreements to organize the carve up of Africa
The carve up of Africa
CONTINENTE AFRICANO, ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LA CONFERENCIA DE BERLÍN
• The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa or Partition of Africa, was a process of invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers between 1881 and 1914
The carve up of Africa
The carve up of Africa
• China (strong and very populated state) Concessions: territories controlled by a foreign country. China maintained sovereignty but gave all commercial rights to the dominating power.
• China conceded important ports to UK and USA.
Colonisation in other continents
Colonisation in Asia
• GB: India, Singapur, Malaysia and Burma
• France: Indochina
• The Netherlands: Indonesia
• Japan: Kuriles, Korea and Manchuria
• Russia: Siberia
IMPERIOS COLONIALES EN ASIA
1887 UNIÓN INDOCHINA
1876 ACTA GOBIERNO
1886
1898 Levantamiento 100 días 1900 Boxer
1911 Movimiento republicano
RUSIA
REPARTO COLONIAL DE AFRICA, ASIA Y OCEANÍA
REPARTO COLONIAL DEL MUNDO
TRIPLE ALIANZA
TRIPLE ENTENTE
• In some cases consequences were devastating for the colonized peoples:• Economic
exploitation• Subjection to a
foreign control• Foreigners became
the dominant social class
• Loss of its own culture
Consequences of imperialism
Bangalore, India, 1877
ECONOMIC CHANGES
• The colonisers imposed their economic interests:
– Much of the lands became the property of the colonisers.
– Larga plantations were created.
– Traditional crops were abandoned.
– The indigenous population was forced to use money and
adapt to the capitalist economy.
– Local craftsmen were ruined as they couldn’t compete
with the industrial products (better prices).
• To some extent there were positive consequences:• Improvement of
health conditions• Access to
education for the native elite
• Construction of railways, ports…
Mixed consequences of Imperialism
• For the colonisers, consequences were, in general, positive (wealth, power, self-steem)
• However, colonial expansion caused new tensions among powers. This rivalry was one of the causes of WWI
Consequences of Imperialism
Consecuencias del Imperialismo•Descenso de la mortalidad por mejoras sanitarias•Llegada bienes de consumo manufacturados•Construcción de infraestructuras para la explotación•Alfabetización de los nativos
POSITIVAS(Indirectas)
PARA LASCOLONIAS
•Alivio presión demográfica y sociopolítica interna•Entrada de materias primas y productos coloniales•Colocación de excedentes industriales
•Ruptura del equilibrio población-recursos (se mantienen altas las tasas de natalidad•Explotación de las riquezas en beneficio de la metrópoli. •Ruptura de fronteras étnicas y naturales•Pérdida de identidad cultural (costumbres, lengua, creencias)•Transformación social: destrucción estructuras tribales y aparición de nuevas clases sociales•Aparición movimientos nacionalistas•División internacional del trabajo: países coloniales = países dependientes•Reemplazo autoridades locales por gobernantes coloniales
NEGATIVAS
PARA LASMETRÓPOLIS
•Conflicto con otras potencias•Conflicto con autoridades locales y movimientos internos
POSITIVAS
NEGATIVAS
GRAN CAPITALISMOGRAN CAPITALISMO: capitalismo financiero, basado en las grandes empresas y en el poder de los grandes bancos, dominó la economía desde finales del S XIX , que adquirió un carácter mundial.