the 4g quagmire

8/12/2019 The 4G Quagmire

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Introduction

Mobile systems were introduced in the

1970s

First Generation(1G)

Second Generation(2G)

2.5G

Third Generation(3G)



First Generation (1G)

Analog technology

Used mainly for voice

Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) – Nordic Countries Total Access Communications System(TACS) -UK

Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS) –US

Japanese Total Access Communications Systems

(JTACS) - Japan



Second Generation (2G)

Introduced in 1980s

Digital technology

Still used mainly for voice Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM) -

Europe

Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA) - US

Personal Digital Cellular(PDC) - Japan



2.5G

Design began in 1985, executed in 1999

Enhancement of 2G

Acting step between 2G and 3G

Data channels optimized for packet data

Included a packet network Bandwidth of 384kbps

2G CDMA – 14.4kbps

2G GSM – 9.6kbps



2.5G compatibility issues

General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM

Evolution(EDGE)CDMA 2000 1xRTT

High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD)

GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)



Third Generation (3G)

Design began in 1990

Implemented in 2002

Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access(WCDMA)

CDMA2000

Bandwidth of up to 2Mbps

Core network mainly packet

Still a need for faster data(evdo)



Setbacks of 3G

Problems with handoff between 2G and

3G

Service delivery problems

Complexity of WCDMA

Availability and cost of 3G devices

Poor battery life

Overweight devices



Fourth Generation

Networks(4G) 4G will solve the setbacks of 3G

It will encompass not only cellular

telephony but also broadband wirelessaccess communication systems

Increased data rates, enhanced

multimedia services and greatercompatibility



MAGIC

Mobile Multimedia

Anytime Anywhere

Global Mobility Support

Integrated Wireless Solution

Customized Personal Service



Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access (OFDMA)One Slot (Tslot = 0.5ms, 7 OFDM symbols)

12 sub-carriers, 180 kHz

One resource block (12x7 = 84

resource elements)



3GPP Long Term Evolution

(LTE) Commenced in 2004

Enhances the Universal Terrestrial Radio

Access Network (UTRAN) – E-UTRAN

Based on 3GPP Release 8

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and

Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

Extremely Cost effective way to bring the

broadband experience to users



Architecture



Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access (WiMAX) IEEE WirelessMAN air interface standard

(802.16 )

Non line-of-Sight

Low delivery cost

High quality cameras with built in WiMAX

Game consoles

Music players



Architecture



A little Sibling Rivalry

LTE Vs WiMAX

Core Network

Access Technology

Frequency band

Bit-rate/ site

Channel BandwidthCell radius

Cell Capacity

Spectral Efficiency



LTE Vs WiMAX

Mobility

Legacy

Roaming Framework

Standard completed

Initial Deployment Mass market

Politics



Conclusion

4G networks will improve on structures

already in place

It will use ip-based protocols

It will involve flat, distributed network

architectures with less types of network

nodes and interfaces

LTE will have the upper hand

WiMAX or LTE. HSPDA while we wait

the 4g quagmire

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