CIMMYT and CRP4:Development of Nutritionally

Enriched Maize and Wheat Varieties

Introduction● Nutrition derived from plant based sources is cheaper, and

accessible among diverse consumers- rural poor of developing countries

● Rice, wheat and maize together provides the major portion of food calories of more than 4.5 billion people in developing countries MAIZE is the staple for about 900 million of poor consumers Wheat for 2.5 billion poor consumers

● HarvestPlus (H+) and SI of CIMMYT Mega programs are dealing with human nutrition and are aligned with CRP4 (Agriculture Nutrition and Health).

Successful Innovation - QPM

Lysine & Tryptophan (% of total protein)

Normal o2 QPMLysine 2.6 4.2 4.1Tryptophan 0.4 0.9 0.8

Source: cited by Vivek et al 2009

Human nutrition

Several human nutrition studies conducted by

Akuamoa-Boateng (2002) found:● that children fed with high lysine/tryptophan maize were

healthier than those fed with normal maize porridge.● reduced stunting and better growth in children consuming

high lysine/tryptophan maize.

QPM is nutritionally superior than conventional maize in maize-based human diets

Pig fed with the QPM based diet gained 256 g per day, while the animal fed with common maize gained an average of only 21 g per day (J. Maner)

Animal nutrition

QPM and Africa

● Kenya, Ghana, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, etc.● Seed companies are engaged in QPM seed production and

supply● Ministry of Agriculture (NARS partners), NGOs and

Health Ministry – working together Connected with the WFP – in some countries

● New germplasm rich in Zn, Fe, ProvitaminA are being developed, tested in African and some countries in South Asia like India.

SI7- Nutritional Enrichment of Maize

Value proposition

• Using native maize genetic diversity and novel tools, develop and disseminate maize varieties that are biofortified for pro-vitamin A (VA), zinc, or essential amino acids (quality protein maize; QPM), thereby reducing 10-20% of the life-years that are lost annually to Vitamin A deficiency in five sub-Saharan African countries alone, and benefiting malnourished children who grow up on maize-based diets.

Approaches

• Germplasm with >15g/g provitamin A, 50-100% higher lysine and tryptophan, and kernel-zinc >40 ppm; development of maize germplasm

• Functional markers for screening and developing nutritionally enriched cultivars

Source: Palacio, 2012

Type germplasm/maturity

Kernel color

Kernel type

Heterotic group

% oil

           

CML 446 Tropical/intermediate White Dent B 6.01

CML 502         6.06

CML 435 Tropical/intermediate Yellow   A 6.06

CML 358 Tropical/intermediate Yellow Semi-dent   6.14

CML 366 Tropical/intermediate Yellow Semi-dent   6.17

CML 399 Tropical/late White Flint A 6.24

CML 490 Tropical/intermediate White Flint A 6.46

CML 511         6.49

CML 470 Early Yellow Flint   7.32

Donors for high oil content

Source: Palacio, 2012

Germplasm type /maturity

Grian color

Grain type

Heterotic group % trp

           

CML491 Tropical/Late White Flint A 0.09

CML503 Tropical/Late White Flint B  

CLQRCWQ83Tropical/Late White Dent A  

CLQRCWQ10Tropical/Late White Flint B  

CML161 Tropical/Late Yellow Flint B 0.082

CML165 Tropical/Late Yellow Dent A 0.083

CML176 Subtropical White Dent   0.1

CML144 Lowland/Late White Flint   0.08

Donors - high tryptophan and lysine

Source: Palacio, 2012

Germplasm type

Kernel color

Kernel type

Heterotic group QPM % trp Zn (ppm)

               CLQRCWQ26 Tropical White     Yes 0.084 48.6CLQRCWQ38 Tropical White     Yes 0.085 46

CML491 Tropical White Flint A Yes 0.109 44CLQRCWQ97 Tropical White     Yes 0.086 40.9

CLQ6315 Tropical White     Yes 0.11 40.9

Donors QPM and Zn

Source: Palacio, 2012

 PedigreeGermplasm

type/maturity 

 pVAC ug/gDW

CrtB1 favorable allele

 

KUI carotenoid syn-FS11-1-1-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-BSub-trop/Early

6.81

(KUI carotenoid syn-FS11-1-1-B-B-B/(KU1409/ DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-1(MAS:L4H1)-1-B-B

Sub-trop/Early 16.5 +

(KUI carotenoid syn-FS11-1-1-B-B-B/(KU1409/DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-3(MAS:L4H1)-1-B-B-B

Sub-trop/Early35.72 +

KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B-B-B-B-B 6.72

(KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B-B/(KU1409/DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-1(MAS:L4H1)-5-B-B-B

Sub-trop/Early29.02 +

(KUI carotenoid syn-FS17-3-2-B-B-B/(KU1409/DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-4(MAS:L4H1)-2-B-B-B

Sub-trop/Early32.56 +

CML297 Sub-trop/V Late 6.3  

(CML297/(KU1409/DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-2(MAS:L4H1)-4-B-B-B

Subtropical/late 15.55 +

Florida A plus Syn-FS2-2-1-B-B-B-B-B-BSub-trop/Early

8.47

(Florida A plus Syn-FS2-2-1-B-B/(KU1409/DE3/KU1409)S2-18-2-B)-B-3(MAS:L4H1)-2-B-B-B

Sub-trop/Early 10.78 +

Donors - ProvitaminA

Source: Palacio, 2012

Summary● Development and release of competitive QPM cultivars

have been achieved, however the adoption is still poor (less than 1% - around the world). Maintenance breeding is challenging.

● Promising germplasm rich in Zn, Fe, ProvitaminA are available – commercial release is yet to be done.

● Plan to introduce new germplasm with enhanced nutrition through international nurseries in Bangladesh.

● Concerted effort is needed to develop and disseminate nutritionally enriched varieties in Bangladesh and in other countries.

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