Tests for Anaerobic Capacity

Dr. Asok Kumar GhoshProfessor, Sports Centre, UM.

Anaerobic sources of ENERGY Rest to exercise transition causes oxygen uptake to increase rapidly; suggests impact of immediate energy stores (ATP-CP) as generating ATP at onset of exercise; this is followed by ATP synthesis being met by aerobic metabolism

During high intensity, short-term exercise of 2-20 seconds (ATP-CP); >20 seconds predominately anaerobic glycolysis; >45 seconds uses above in combination with aerobic system to meet ATP needs

Energy to perform prolonged exercise (>10 minutes) comes primarily from aerobic metabolism

Field Tests Vs Lab Tests

To control validity, reliability and repeatability lab based tests are preferable.

However, sometimes field based testing is more appropriate for the athlete or athletes you are working with.

Therefore, the planning and execution of the tests must be rigorous, to ensure accurate and useful results are obtained.

Anaerobic Indices

Not normally measured as an indication of fitness since are not considered to be related to health

Are not used in day-to-day life Mainly important in the assessment of

athletes Defined as the ability to do short-term bursts

of high-intensity work.

Anaerobic Energy Production

Without Oxygen 1. ATP-PC 2. Glycolysis

RECREATING ATP WITH PCr

ATP AND PCr DURING SPRINTING

Anaerobic PowerDef. – maximal rate at which energy can be produced by the ATP-PC system.

Measured by high intensity tests

Muscle characteristic independent of O2

Assessing Anaerobic Power

1. Margaria-Kalamen 2. Muscle Biopsy 3. Anaerobic Sprint Test 4. Sargent Jump Reach Test 5. Wingate Test

Margaria Kalamen

Measures the ability of a subject to climb steps at maximal speed

The time it takes to climb from the 3rd to the 9th step in a stairway (usually have switch plates on the steps which determine the start and stop times)

The Margaria Power Test

Margaria Kalamen

Usually under 3 seconds so is a test of the phosphagen system

Power (kgm/sec) = Work ÷ Time = Force x Distance ÷ Time

Force = BW (kg) Distance = sum of step ht (meters) Time = amount of time to climb stairs (sec)

Muscle Biopsy

Measure anaerobic enzymes Disadvantages

painful expensive invasive possibly not representative of the entire muscle

Sprint Test

Time to run a certain distance (usually 40-60 yards),

Or any short distances can be covered <5 sec.

Repetitive sprints measure the anaerobic capacity.

Sprint Tests

4 5 6 7 8 9

Time to run 50 yards

Anae

robi

c Po

wer

AnaerobicPower

Series of 40-yard Dashes to Test Anaerobic Power

Sargent Jump Reach Test

Maximal Vertical Jump Test Hard to account for BW so try to include a

rate constant for a falling body in the equation Power (kgm/sec) = 2.21 x BW (kg) x jump

height (m)

Laboratory Tests of Anaerobic Power

Wingate Test Cycle ergometer 30 s duration Count pedal revolutions Calculate peak power output, anaerobic fatigue,

and anaerobic capacity

METHOD

The testing device is a mechanically-braked bicycle ergometer.

10 minute warm up The athlete is asked to pedal as fast as possible

without any resistance. Within 3 seconds, a fixed resistance is applied to the

flywheel and the athlete continues to pedal "all out" for 30 seconds.

An electrical or mechanical counter continuously records flywheel revolutions in 5 second intervals.

METHOD

Flywheel resistance equals 0.075 kg per kg body mass. For a 70 kg person, the flywheel resistance would

equal 5.25 kg (70 kg * 0.075). Resistance often increases to 1.0 kg * body mass

or higher (up to 1.3 kg) when testing power and sprint athletes.

CALCLATIONSPeak Power Output (PP) The highest power output, observed during the first 5 sec of exercise,

indicates the energy generating capacity of the immediate energy system (intramuscular high energy phosphates ATP and PC). PP is calculated as follows:

PP = Force * Distance (number of revolutions * distance per revolution) / Time in minutes (5 secs = 0.0833 min).

Relative Peak Power Output (RPP) Peak power output relative to body mass is calculated as follows: RPP = PP / Body mass (kg) Anaerobic Fatigue (AF) AF represents the systems total capacity to produce ATP via the immediate

and short-term energy systems. AF provides percentage decline in power output and is calculated as follows:

AF = Highest 5 sec PP - Lowest 5 sec PP / Highest 5 sec PP * 100. Anaerobic Capacity (AC) Total work accomplished in 30 secs. AC is calculated as follows: AC = Sum of each 5 sec PP or AC = Force * Total distance in 30 secs.

Anaerobic Capacity

Reflects glycolytic + phosphagen system Blood lactate levels increase in direct

proportion to the duration of anaerobic exercise

Glycogen depletion parallels exercise intensity

Different ways of measuring anaerobic capacity

By measuring oxygen debt, blood lactate and oxygen deficit

There are accuracy problems when using oxygen debt and blood lactate measures for anaerobic capacity.

Oxygen deficit is the most accurate measure of anaerobic capacity still reports an unacceptable error rate.

Maximum Accumulated Oxygen Deficit (MAOD).

Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)/ or O2 Debt.

Maximum Accumulated Oxygen Deficit (MAOD)

THE MAXIMAL AMOUNT OF ATP that can be produced through anaerobic metabolism during a supramaximal exercise bout has been defined as a person's anaerobic capacity (AC)

The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), measured during 2-3 min of exhaustive exercise, is an accurate method of quantifying an individual's AC

The measurement of Oxygen deficit is done by calculating the difference between the estimated oxygen demand and the actual value that was obtained for oxygen uptake after

supramaximal work

The maximum amount of ATP that can be produced through anaerobic metabolism during a supramaximal exercise bout has been defined as a person's anaerobic capacity.

As proposed by Medbo et al., (1988) the accumulated oxygen deficit or AOD (also known as Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit or MAOD), measured during 2-3 min of exhaustive exercise, is an accurate method of quantifying an individual's anaerobic capacity.

Anaerobic Capacity

The measurement of Oxygen deficit is done by calculating the difference between the estimated oxygen demand and the actual of VO2 obtained during supramaximal work (accumulated oxygen demand – measured accumulated oxygen consumption). (Medbo et al, 1988)

Cont.

PHASE 1

Measurement of the VO2max for the subject

VO2max of each subject was measured in the laboratory following a graded incremental cycling protocol on an Excalibur, Lode cycle ergometer. The initial load was 50W and was increased by 16W every 1 minute until exhaustion.

PHASE 2

Submaximal tests at 60, 70, 80 and 90%VO2max

Cyclists performed four submaximal exercise for 10 min on a cycle ergometer at 60, 70, 80, and 90%VO2max, on separate days.

60%

VO

2ma

x

90%

VO

2ma

x

70%

VO

2ma

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80%

VO

2ma

x

120%

VO

2ma

x

Oxygen demand and supramaximal power output was estimated at 120% VO2max for each subject

Load (%) vs VO2

Relative VO2 vs Load (Load at 120% VO2 max extrapolated)

y = 0.2594x - 3.6569

R2 = 0.9697

20

25

30

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40

45

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100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Load (Watt)

VO

2 (m

l/kg

/min

)

O2 Deficit

O2 deficit (ml/kg) = (Estmated VO2 at 120% for the total cycling time) – (Actual VO2 for the total cycling time) / Body wt. (Kg)