testing the application of adaptive governance of common pool resources: an archaeological...
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Andrea Torvinen and Grant Snitker Arizona State UniversityTRANSCRIPT
TESTING THE APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE OF COMMON POOL RESOURCES: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Andrea Torvinen and Grant Snitker
PRESENTATION GOALS
PRESENTATION GOALS
� Introduce the concept of adaptive governance
PRESENTATION GOALS
� Introduce the concept of adaptive governance
� Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework
PRESENTATION GOALS
� Introduce the concept of adaptive governance
� Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework
� How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases
PRESENTATION GOALS
� Introduce the concept of adaptive governance
� Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework
� How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases
� Discuss the current state and future directions of this research
PRESENTATION GOALS
� Introduce the concept of adaptive governance
� Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework
� How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases
� Discuss the current state and future directions of this research
� Breakout session to discuss and prepare for AAA presentation
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE
� Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE
� Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)
� Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE
� Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)
� Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs
� Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE
� Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)
� Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs
� Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances
� Framework that evolves over time and is used to analyze multi-level governance strategies
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE
� Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)
� Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs
� Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances
� Framework that evolves over time and is used to analyze multi-level governance strategies
� Eight “design principles” have been identified
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
� Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
� Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
� Collective-choice arrangements
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
� Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
� Collective-choice arrangements
� Effective monitoring
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
� Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
� Collective-choice arrangements
� Effective monitoring
� Graduated sanctions
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
� Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
� Collective-choice arrangements
� Effective monitoring
� Graduated sanctions
� Conflict-resolution mechanisms
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
� Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
� Collective-choice arrangements
� Effective monitoring
� Graduated sanctions
� Conflict-resolution mechanisms
� Minimal right to organize
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
� Clearly defined boundaries
� Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
� Collective-choice arrangements
� Effective monitoring
� Graduated sanctions
� Conflict-resolution mechanisms
� Minimal right to organize
� Nested enterprises
SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM (SES) FRAMEWORK
Ostrom (2007:15182, Figure 1)
Ostrom (2007:15183, Table 1)
DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION
Resource Units (RU) Variable descrip-on Proxy data Reference RU1 Resource unit mobility sta-onary trees in sta-onary forests
RU2 Growth or replacement rate years to decades depending on size of trees sought
RU3 Interac-on among resource units
cross-‐pollina-on and natural re-‐seeding if recovery -me is allowed
RU4 Economic value cut trees can be used for charcoal produc-on, fuel and building and boat construc-on; woodlands were highly valued property
archaeobotanical remains; geomorphology; historic records
Vésteinsson & Simpson 2004; Byock 2001; Church et al. 2007
RU5 Size individual trees to several hectares/km in area
RU6 Dis-nc-ve markings none known; ownership was documented by government officials historic records Vésteinsson & Simpson
2004
RU7 Spa-al & temporal distribu-on
transi-on from 15-‐40% of landscape covered by woodlands (most concentrated in coastal lowlands) to < 1% today; Land Register of 17th c. shows that ~50% of households had access to woodlands
archaeobotanical remains; pollen record; historic records
Church et al. 2007; Vésteinsson & Simpson 2004:184; Arnalds 1987
APPLYING THE SES FRAMEWORK TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASES
� Methodology involves three stages: � Identify the second-tier variables supported by archaeological data
� Describe each case using Ostrom’s (1990) narrative format
� Determine which design principles are present in each case
APPLYING THE SES FRAMEWORK TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASES First- Tier SES Variables Archaeological Data Historical Data Environmental Data
Social, Economic and Political Settings
Settlement patterns, archaeofauna
Trade documents, political organization, records of social
hierarchy
Resource distribution on landscape
Resource System Archaeofauna, settlement patterns, archaeobotanical
remains Descriptions of landscape Geomorphology, ecology,
pollen record
Resource Units Archaeofauna, settlement patterns
Resource documents, inventories Geomorphology, ecology
Governance System Settlement patterns, archaeobotanical remains Written laws, treaties, etc --
Users Settlement patterns,
archaeobotanical remains, archaeofauna
-- Pollen record
Interactions Archaeofauna, settlement patterns, archaeobotanical
remains
Descriptions of trade and commerce --
Outcomes Archaeobotanical remains -- Geomorphology, ecology
Related Ecosystems Settlement patterns -- Climate proxies
NORTH ATLANTIC CASE STUDIES
Dugmore et al. (2009:98, Figure 7.1)
GRAZING SYSTEM OF THE FAROE ISLANDS
Thomson et al. (2007:740, Figure 1)
WOODLAND MANAGEMENT IN EYJAFJALLAHREPPUR, SOUTH ICELAND
EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the
Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle
Woodland Management in South Iceland
Degree Present? Present? Degree
Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low
Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --
Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate
-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --
-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --
Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low
Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low
Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the
Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle
Woodland Management in South Iceland
Degree Present? Present? Degree
Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low
Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --
Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate
-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --
-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --
Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low
Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low
Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the
Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle
Woodland Management in South Iceland
Degree Present? Present? Degree
Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low
Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --
Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate
-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --
-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --
Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low
Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low
Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the
Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle
Woodland Management in South Iceland
Degree Present? Present? Degree
Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low
Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --
Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate
-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --
-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --
Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low
Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low
Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
CONCLUSIONS
� SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases
CONCLUSIONS
� SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases
� Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée
CONCLUSIONS
� SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases
� Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée
� Interdisciplinary approach is necessary
CONCLUSIONS
� SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases
� Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée
� Interdisciplinary approach is necessary
� Design principles are essential for successful CPR management in North Atlantic cases
CONCLUSIONS
� SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases
� Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée
� Interdisciplinary approach is necessary
� Design principles are essential for successful CPR management in North Atlantic cases
� Archaeological data and analysis have a demonstrated utility in creating long-term sustainable CPR systems for the present and future
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
� Improve on data collected and our interpretations
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
� Improve on data collected and our interpretations
� What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other?
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
� Improve on data collected and our interpretations
� What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other?
� What activities did farmers/communities participate in annually? Do these activities involve CPRs and are they interrelated?
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
� Improve on data collected and our interpretations
� What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other?
� What activities did farmers/communities participate in annually? Do these activities involve CPRs and are they interrelated?
� What is the cost of resilience when CPRs are involved?
THANK YOU