test scales-doc-analysis in research
TRANSCRIPT
TOOLS OF RESEARCH
Group No. 21.Hayat Qadir2.Shakeel Hassan3.Jahangir Khalid4.Naeem Raza
2Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza
Submitted to Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt
Most Commonly used tools
Questionnaires Interviews Observations Tests ( achievement, aptitude,
personality) Scales Document Analysis
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools………
Group No. 21. Hayat Qadir - Questionnaires
2.Shakeel Hassan - Interviews
3.Jahangir Khalid - Observation
4.Naeem Raza - Tests, Scales, Document Analysis
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
1. Tests, 2. Scales, 3. Document Analysis, 4. Common Rules for Constructing the Tools,5. References
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS
Tests
Tests are measurement tools which are employed to measure the performance of an individual in some specific area of interest.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Types There are Two main types
Norm referenced /Standardized Tests Criterion Referenced Tests
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS
Tools of Research TESTS
Norm Referenced Tests
These are used relatively to measure the performance of some individual
Norm is basically the standard to compare the performance with.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS> Types Types of Norm referenced Tests The most commonly exploited types are;1. Achievement Test2. Aptitude Test3. Intelligence Test4. Personality Test5. Vocational /Career Test6. Sensory Motor Test
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS>Types…1. Achievement Test “An instrument that measures an
individual’s current proficiency in given areas of knowledge or skill.”
(Educational Research-Competence for Analysis and Application by I.R.Gay, Geoffery E. Mills and Peter Airasian)
The performance is interpreted in the form of grades to compare with the performance and learning of others.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
2. Aptitude Test “A measure of potential used to predict
how well an individual is likely to perform in a future situation.”
Such test measures the potential of some individual in learning about what they can learn not about what they have already learned.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS>Types…
3. Intelligence Test Such a test is used to measure the
mental abilities i.e. • to analyze the situations,• to create meaning,• to organize the ideas and• to measure the abstract intelligence of an
individual
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS>Types…
Tools of Research TESTS>Types…4. Personality Test
This type of test is resorted to
• measuring the types or characteristics of the personality and
• measuring the human behaviours, their skills and their needs etc
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS>Types…5. Vocational/ Career Test
This sort of test is utilized to measure the ability and suitability of some person in taking up some profession and career.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS>Types…6. Sensory Motor Test This test is used:• to measure an individual’s sensory
capabilities and motor abilities
• to measure the sensory coordination
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research TESTS>Types… Criterion Referenced Test • This type of tests interprets an individual’s
performance on the basis of an absolute criteria.
• Criterion is basically some specific subject or skill
• Main purpose of this test is to measure some specific objectives which are pre-defined operationally and behaviourally.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Cont’d…
• Content validity of these tests is required.
• E.g. There is no restriction about the number of individual s falling in pass marks criterion.
• The cut off or the passing marks criteria is set by either the subject teacher or by the researcher.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Tools of Research > Scales
Scales Here scales mean “Measurement Scales”
These are used to collect the different forms of data and quantify the response of the respondents to measure the variables.
Type of data determines the type of measurement scale i.e. nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio….
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Types of Scales
Nominal scales
Ordinal scales
Interval scales
Ratio scales
Likert scales
Rating scales
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Nominal scales
• The term means “to name”
• The categories differ in quality rather than quantity
• Each value belongs to only its own category but
can be more or less than the other
• Nominal scales are based on categories which
must be mutually exclusive, exhaustive and uni-
dimensional
• Most elaborating scale
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Cont’d…
• There are no chance of addition, multiplication, subtraction or other mathematical operations with the categories
• It provides • The ratio or the frequency and the
definite information• Can be used to measure Gender or
preferences of respondents
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Nominal scale example
Please, verify your discipline: Gender:
Arts Humanities Pure Sciences Social Sciences
Male Female
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Ordinal scale
The term means “to order” In ordinal scale the idea is organized in some
order (high-low or low-high) This scale does not specify how much different
the categories are from each other Categories can be presented in the form of a
continuum Categories are given in a logical or a rank order Height, weight, income and the ranks can be
measured
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Ordinal scale example24
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Your income is: Below 50,000 50,100 to 60,000 60,100 to 70,000
Interval scale
It is used to tell the order of the objects It shows how much distant the categories
are from each other All types of mathematical operations can
be performed on this data Rating scales are ed as the interval scales
also The difference between the ages of people
can be identified with the help of this scale
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Interval scale example
Kindly mention the number of employees at your firm from year 2000 to 2010:
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Year Number of Employees
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
5006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Ratio scale
It is a scale with true value “0”
Used to get quantitative data
Salary quantities purchased and market
share are all expressed on a ratio scale
most sophisticated scale of all
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Likert Scale 28
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
A uni-dimensional scale usually with five points
All the points are of equal interval between each other
Records the agreements or disagreement of respondent about some particular variable
Options are pre-coded Options are
Strongly agree agree undecided disagree strongly disagree
Rating Scales
It is a scale used in observational studies It is used to record the behaviour or
activity of the respondents Descriptive statements are used with
infinite points on a line Points or line to record the behaviour is
termed as RATER. It can be subjected to human error
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Rating scale example
Rating scale
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
5 4 3 2 1
Students used teaching aids Students did
not usd teaching aids
Tools of Research > Document Analysis
Interpretation and analysis of already recorded
material
Data are interpreted in its original context
Sample of the content /document analysis
is :text”
It is done to determine the authenticity and
validity of the recorded material and the data are
interpreted according to a pre-specified criterion.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
Document analysis….
Text books analysis and the historical
research are it most commonly used
applicatios
Analysis is done through the worksheets
prepared for this purpose.
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza
References:
1. Educational Research-Competence for Analysis and
Application by I.R.Gay, Geoffery E. Mills and Peter
Airasian
2. Research Methodology by Ranjit Kumar.
3. “Tools of Research” Hand out by Dr .Muhammad Iqbal
Butt.
4. Internet sources
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Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza