terrorism in southeast asia

8/3/2019 Terrorism in Southeast Asia

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/terrorism-in-southeast-asia 1/32



Im p ' l i c a io n s f o r Sou th A s i _

Editors

Mls,on J 1 0 h n

and'Swat lParashar

P r ,a f a c ; I b y

H I A lman ]



' C O ' : P , y r , i , g h ' t , C C ) : 2 1 0 0 5 i b y Pearson Educ.lon (Slnga,po:r~) Pte" L ' l d . ,

This book is so~dS~b ] o ct to the c(lt:~dltio,n t h a t it sh all not) b y ' w , o y o f ' 't rade orm herw ise, 'b e len t ' reso ld h i red o u t- o r o th erwise circu lated ' \ ~ ' i ' " t ' r ~ 1 'It' ' th-e~~~,~- ~- !l -- --':!i' -- _. - - - -! '- -- -'~ -, -, - -- , , , ,,_, _~~'Y'l'" I,~__

p u b l i s h e "'f'!'.i;,: 'p "r ~1 : 0 , - I~r~1 ! l ' F : l t - t ' l e : c - - : 0 - m s e n I~ 'ln a n ' ' - - y - ' ' , ' ~o-,~, ; r m '~ ,1 0 - ' ; ( ' b'i;:~..I"I-I"jIi'P' :0 , If ' cover o t h e r ' l I i b ' ~ 1 ' j ' I I~ L at' Y . J Ii~ . . ," I r _ I I .. I '"'11 I: " ~ h " l. ..~ I, ~ II, I _ [II~.I: I. ,,~LII,~.u_l~a·' _.". ~_ .~.',.._;~~ ~~..P;~fJ IUIg. ,

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~ F : I , o r l j . rn '~roduced i:l]!tol a re td ev a;l svstem or' transmitted in a y · . · · . · · :ftrml O lf bv a nv~ - ~ - - .~- . "- ..J ' - ! I I - , . . . . . . . . . . . . . • I .__.[ . ,[I. '. ,I 'J' , Y -

(, ~ t '. ' 1 \ 1 ' . I I I I ~ , . rd~~ - h - ' . ' ) - ithI ':."~·I I"~ 'I-} " - . " ' - " : 1 =1 ..r " ~ i '-'1'- '"',, ," 'I~';I :.... '-_', . , ""' I l[ "_ " :-~ ' .~ · f,· '.: , .. ," ./ _ ' > : - < . " , . 1 '- ·I~. " .. ".- ,," .. '_:.- - ,- -, ., .~ .1: - _.; - -1:-

m e ans .'e e c JonJC ,!,m e c \ Ian~ca , " p , I, ,o~ocop'y lng" r 1 fO O '_ ~ng,or lo t , ~e rw I 5e , , ~WI_~_ou t ,' , ; - t i l ri r 'I .'j;T,.. . ... -" 'I· - . · · · both ii'h '- ,_~~ :- - ~"b I i - - ~ ~ . d jj:.'L bme Jt: ~or wnu.en. perrmssron ,0' o o u I rn e lcopyng IJ~ owner DFL~ me a ove -

m,en t ioned pubHshe r , o f t I 1 1 5 , b o o k .

I S B ' N ,8 1 ,_2 ,9 7 -099'8-8

'F~ t I ..I'" P ,', t . . , . a o · If:.I"-~rs c_Jl lu11:0 ,:-r:tfl', ~,v:.~

P u blish e d bv Pearson Edt lcadon , - S , i n g - ' , a ' i " t O r e : ) . :Pte' , Ltd, ' ~ ' -nd"an - - - ~ . .h ,4 8 2 F IE,';' - - - - ~ ~~ ~ -- ~~ ", -- ~~~,~.- ,t,""'" -- '_' -- • - •' I , , , _ J "rwIC ' : ! ! , - ~ , ' , ~ " . ' . '

'Patparg;anj;Delhi I,'~1 (}92~Ind[f t i

taSC.F ' ty~set by ' : hu~So ' f tS ' \ I . s t e : m , s ,r~.. J

Print,ea j' m ln d l a b : , \ lI I" 1 ' : I, o 'i r: 'I ~ ~ I ~ ,,' rlaters. ~ .. ~ _ _ _ J.+ IJ U.. l~oil!. 1 [. tIll,. ~·r~.

Co p y r g h f f . ' o d mater a l



" c ' " " 0 ' " ' -nten· t · · 8 ' - :1 [ , _ - : - : II,'>

I ,SSUES

1 . , . T 'e r r o n S l i m , ~ : n , A s ] , B . : ,8 : g : 1 0 b a l c h 'a U e n g[9' :1 : 3

A ,N Ra,, , ,:2. ,C l~1.'nt ' e , r t o : r l . sm b e , vanq u ~ i : s .h i e - d ? ~ 8

, K ' SU ' l b rahma ,nyam ,

3 Sha ' t en l : ~ c con t.e xt [of 1 .erro dem I 1 : 4 ,. _ 1 _ , _ , : : : ! i 1 _ . , _ . , . . _ . . . . . _ _ [ _ _ ~ 1 -

J a s j ' i ' t : Singh

Intellectual foundetions of terrori sm ~ 1..4

Terrorism as all, :Instrument of poUcy ! ' 191 D e ; u o " . I · ' u : t ~ , o · : . 1 I : I I , f ' 1"1~'~l;"ng~xeectatie ~,~ I 2 ,0 : 'a ,"Y.. _ ill. ,till. ry1 illl, ~\ _ ~ :._ ~Ar!lir~~-Ml'l-J.J .,,;~~ . ~_.

AJ'te:d:n;g,the , iureUectI!la. l. basis o f terro rism ~ 214 , . , W , M i D I ' terrorism': t s a r s a n d r e ,a l i " t , y I , 2 4

,Matin Zu'be,r i

6 . J l iih a , 'd ' i t e r ro rism i ,8 3B ,Raman :

J : ihadl t,eEI'O,rlSm I 34

' I n d l a , 1 5 : concerns: i 41

: a , e g i o l n a m co u niu ~:;[...er.ar'ld'sm '(UJUty ~ 4,],

6 ., Ts I f ronsm ' ~ n S,ou theas l Asia ~ j 4,6, A n t b o 1 ! ; Y ' ,L Smith

T h e c _m . '~ . ; _ lr g c n C ', c :f p o l i t i c a l Islam I , 4 7 '

Jemula'll I s l a m i .y a : b , and th ,e :age lo f terro r ~ 5 1 .

Copynghfed mater a l



Wh. o is a terro ristj ' :~53,

Conc lus i Qin: : Im,pUc3t lo t lS :for SotUhea,s ; t A sia ~:S 5

7" La sh ka r . .a..T ' a J b ' , a I ' 6 ' 1

P , r a v e e - n S w . a m i '

Lash k ar-e-T aib a ~ 6 1: I n dia,n, operations i 6 4 ,: : E x ; p a n s i , o n plans I 6S

In , th e Gu l f I 68

L inks with S IM I I 70In ' G u . J a , r a t ~ 2 ,

Terror .riv alry ~ 7'3

' C O : n c J l ! J s i o n l I 75a . , I H , a , i r k a t ~ u ' l J i had ,a~.ls l a m ~ :1 78 ,

'W i ls 'o n : lohn:

Seeds of ex trem ism ~ 7,9H 1.... I . ' l ' · ' h - d - 1 -" 1 i ', . ,J '. ' I Q ii iI_ :.c_s;r'ut u _ _ ; " " i L a , : ,~t.~ u a _m l ,. O ' J , I J ,

ji . i t ! b , - ; i i - M o · , ' il a l i mm - ' ~ . - , - o ! ! I ' . d . ' ~ ,0.,, _~,_~~~~ ,~,~ .. L('H....._.[ H_.~O~

After Sep t embe r 1 .1 " 20 0 1 I 8 6 :

I 'm , p U c a ; t i o n : s , f o r Sourheast A s , i a : ~ 8 9

9 H :b ::b.ut..Ta h r i i r 1 ' 9 6 ,

S " ~ j l o ' 1 ! ' t , : . ~P ' . . " ' . . . . i<'l!'.t" " - 'a ' . ': ',.... 'tifill, ,,~f'J r

A 'b rief h is,to,ry ~ 97 '

Ideology I 9'8

Polidcal .actiy~sm, I tO OSrructure ~ 1 , 0 1 ,

In C.... '1i.. n d 5 " ' - - " - h - . . - . ' _ A '" - " , I l' ' O ~ '~_~ut~, an . ,o'ut, ea;st " ,S i i1 . 3 ~ ' , , ~ ,~ ,

Conclusion 'I 1 04

1'0 . M ia [o~ sts~ !1 1 0 9 '~J

P V ,Ramona

' P ' X l , MC~C~:-CPN'- ,Mnexu s ~ 1 , ' 1 0

Revoluricnsry corrldor; CRZ, I ] 1.2

Cooediaar lon Commit tee o f M.a,o:lsrParties and Q,rgarusa.r ionso f S o u t h , A J . : i a . ' ( ' · ' ( C . · '· : C -: ;O - ' M P - ' : .: -: ', ~ ' O C - ' S - ' A ' \ ~ '~I ' 1 ". ~ _ .!i\'- ~. . .. . 1 . . . 1 / : J ~ . .

Resolu t ionary ,I'O[,emationalist: M o v e m . e m ' t ' (R~IM, )r '] 1,4

World : P e o p l e " s ' I l e s J , t t 1 ' 1 l ! c e M ,o v ' e m ,e n t Sg,u;dl,, A s i a (WPIM

S o u th ,A s i a J , I m ' 1 6

Co p y r gh fed mater a l



M,umbai Resistance ,2.0 0 4 fM R 2004) ~ :1 .1 ,7

Conclusion I t I S '

, " ,i, Jemaah I : s fa ,m l : i 'y 'a h ~ '1 1 :2~

Bilseer S ' i ' n : g h 'l s la m i c - o r ie n r e d tf'cto ri;sm ~ 1 . . 2 . , 3 ,

[Th e D aru l Islam and G ela.ka,u , A ceh M erdeka i , :1,2.4

Th , e ] ila lm ic : ~ t ru g g l ,e 1m sQutn ,e -ED ,Phili,pp,in,es l ' 1 l 2 ; 7

Ana I ' , : ' , ' o f rh '" ti " ' ' - l J " b - " " d - ' ~ ' ~ ' 1 - " 1 8 '", ys~:s o. , ," ,e na l !; .I ,ona , _ , 1 , a "IS c ,,~ "

The A fg 'h .anisran I tB' lowbac; l i~ 1 1 , 2:9 1

Emerg ence o f J1 I' 133

Reo :~o nal terro rist o reanisario n ~ 13"70.- "JI~i

A l- Q c - . . . : I - " - . . . . . , . . . . . - , , 'L I I ' ] [ - 1 ] " n= ~aeua, neLWor~, 1_',7

J I ..·A_~Qa~da ~ ,n k a ,g \ e 8 ~ , ] 39

Eme ' rg tD ,C e ' o f Ham ,'ba ,U l 1 :4'1 .

J E ~ s ,I t t , r , i . b u : t a r i e s t l ; : Sa u d i Ar;ab.ia and P akistan ~ ,1 4,1

.~a,gillg :I I thrl~:t ~144

Coo . r inu i l l g ' eh alleag ee I 145 'ThI, rear o f'·Soe t hea Q t ' ,I i s ian 't-"'I"II"l"il"'i C'1 : \ Ir I i I '1 4 6 :"

', g.. . . 1 ~: . , Y· .,~",~" l~ . , , ",~~ Illyllr ~~~.t!~ '.,",:.

C-O'HI"'~U~tOlna n d . ., . ..nds ! "] , .04 ,0 ', ' , iI I 11 l Il i r. l J . , " '' '1 ' , ' . ' a_,'_...III'" '. _.~ ~ ll'O

CoUNTRIES

" '2 ; 9 ' ingapo re , I 1 : . 5 9, , .

U'oi';I!'~''''''I!''' ; p . .. ., ~ ' . . . k " ' I " I ' : S - } L . . r . . . ",ft,,,,,,,'lf.MI' lA_~~'''If.'''~-r . , 'rJ"jI j~

US natio nal secu riry :str,a,te,g yI 1 ,6 '0

The S ou th east A s~ian tb eatre' ~ tI6,2,

]~ ;I amis t ide~ ,~ iO ,gy '~ 1 , 1 6 5

T h ',p inlr'-'b' I'em I· 17 , ' : ' 0 '", c· ",. , I r ' !Ii;!' :'''-.'~'' '-' , , ' ',' .._.

L esso ns fro m MaJa.ysia and Indo nesia i '1 .11

Southeasr Asia, and th e 'wide!' war o n terror ~'i 7613., In,di 'a. I 181

'V SU",tI\'I~'aray~n

Bay o ,f Benga l concep t I I 1 ,8 :2 .

1 4" P hH ~p p 'in e ·sI 188Jose ' T Almonte '

:EdeollogicaJ iil fiue,Dces· fro:m the Middle lEast ~ 1.8,8

lslam ist n etwo r k ! 18:9Islam in the PbU ipp ine s il : 190Lesso ' - ! I l ' ~ , f rom th e 'n 'h 'ii'll l· 'p :p ;· t'n ~ 'Di.. . .n.p'...e n c:,o~1 '1 1 t l i 2 ' ,~"_~ I~!,, ,"W ll~1 1 1 _ , "".&_'\.;r ~iAr'~~ll'--i_~ '_ IIl.~'__

C o n r t : e ,n rtG ~ vII




'~ 1c:_ ' U t i ]

C" '" U 'iI:O'~1~nruJnte:r 'ite'rrm lsm ~ J J ! 7,:J

I r n d o l f H 3 1 S i ' a , I , 196 ,

A gu s 'W idjo lo

M ; a J a y s i ' , E l I: 2 . 0 , 2 '

, / I , t i f l Ra swan , D ' e ' a n :

Communise i_DSU l I ,e o ,n cy ' : ~ 203

'Th.e Emergency 194,~O ~ ,20 3

' p " Q I ~ ' l'- ll ~ '2 ' ' 0 " 7~ost-j', "'= =~,1 l

Domest ic ~ :208

B ilarera ~ I 209

'Reg io nal ~ 210' ' I t OJ ' 1 ' ~ '~111-

~'nter.na: t . IJOD:a. I :L;~I',

C 1" ~ 2 : 1 2 .OnCJlston, ~. ~ ,:~~

17. ' T h , a i l l . a n d : 1 216 i

S u r a '! ,H o r r a c h a ,i : k : td

In troduc t io .n , ! 2 1 . 6Po li,dcaJ Islam in Southeast A s i , a , i 21,9

Suuu-mc' [o Th,ailand, I 21l

Recommendations :1 230

'1,8 " A u s,'~ :r~ da I : [2~3'1C U ' v e ' 'Wi l l iams

1 9", 'Tu rke .'y l ,243-, E T l ' r e l A,)' ' ( i inl l

OuaUsdc : '\V {).,ddpo lh ics ~ 243

Tbe Tu rkish case ~ 2.4-5 '

Motivation I 2 . 4 6 '

Soc ia Iisario n ~ 2 ,46

Jihad concept l 24:7P 1 r . o f e s s , i , o l l ; a l i s a tien ~'2 4 , 8 ,

P,roS 'le o f :a " ' C o : n n . ' O C 1 : , ( ) , r ~ j 2 , 4 ' 9

T .h e cu lt 'of volunteerism '~2,49 '

H andicaps ,o f coenter-terrodsm I 250

R eco ,mmendat io n s, ~ :2 J 2

,l",'ttex I2 , 5 , 4 ,L , ~ , ~ , ~ ~ f " C o ..., ~ ~ i : r : . . U " ,rors Ii 2 , ' ,1 6 , , 5. 'i f ~ ! }.~ ~ . _.Urit.. ,.·~U .I.V. ~ I .....

,_.. ~ .II i -.- ._ . [' ," , [' .

v U i : : Contents,




f u n d a m e n t a l i s t g - · , _ ' [) O ' ·U · . p ~ ' .w . , : · b - ; ; ~ h - ·a v e s t a a e d "'I " ' '' ':m ;.e b a c k in ' I I i ! : io t ' " \ i : i ; ' " ' J i ' t - V , D . : < i r -e. h . . .'Ii!!',D,1I;lI! _, .. , .. ,I·" ..1. ~'" _, "~'" _., L'!iii;., ,A .,. ! l iII gc' a'!I.rU I", iii, - ,,",,",,~J.!l. , l ![;i·A ,~~, ..__~.~''''_',

: i n c . r e : a :s i m n ; I . '' 1 b e e n aetine 'a s the surroeetes o,{ P a k l stan 's ' l 'nte - · \ ; O S-~ . ~~ , . ~.-_ .- - - . ,5:I.J ~ - . - ~ - . . -lj-~ --~ ~~--_. ~-_ " ,I, .. -, - ,..1 ': .erVlces

Intell igence (lSl) in giving shel ter to terrorist elem ents and a;ssistiing them.. .. hin , V3 r nO iU$ o r .et way$~

A · ~ - -- Q / · · · · l - '1 - '8 , . . , : i l J,,1 r ," , b " '1'" .,) ' - j . l : - - - . h i ' I f - - " 1 ; - ' ~ " ' h l ' -d ' I : · ' ' . - . ~ ' , ' ~ - -_ ' _ u ;c , r 7,.11 ',. , _ l a n \ g : l a , U , e s u , l s ,ecomlng t u e . .Uv Q_. J l a _ I t e , r . r o r . l & mi n s o i r e d b v . 'h e id . - 1 ," : " " " f ; :0 · - ' ·. ; ' , ' 1-' .-. b '~ ., 'L . ; ' d / " -'1 ·e · · · · . · · 4 h A ' i ' Q " ; < .J_ '-- -: d c'nspuee ~y tne ,I-_eoogy or vrsama osn aaen ann , I,S"I,-.aeua S i , D .

In tern ario n al Islamic 'Front rrnIF]~Ma:ny dreg s o f th e nF~ i . : f · no t o f A I,Qaedao 1£ h e d H l d h c: Af, 'n . . . . . · d p~J~. d' t se~_ :~nave mov ~__tOI ,~, a:ng~a'esn .U:om.>rgnamsran an '.Pakistan ail. set-'.'-.~'clandestine terrorist i·iL:" - ".:--., th '.':"> '. ' " . . '• . O i~ - " : ' ' " ' " : , " : : . , " . : , ' . ' . , - . . , . - - : . " . : : • . ," ' . . . .up ._c a c esn e re ,0. ~$tmrr asrrucrure tt ere EO assIst rerfO,[1Sr,s; operanng

not o n ly ' ag ain st India" but also against t h e : co u n tries o f S o u t h east Asiajpart.~ ~ ' I i i l . : < i I - ~ · ~ Y · : '' ~ ' ' ' 1 i ' th~ ,A,~ L~i" in-' ' · a , - · , r , e a = - . ' · 0 - ; f ; ' M " ' :I " Y " " a - nmar a · · c r n - - d s o 'U 'nhe rn Tha iland T h te· I'"Uo' Id.i. ..1.1 . . ~ l'1...[aJta· [.,l. .. ,.ill IlL' I. . [ _ .. 1 . . .I .. .

_ _ _ ,~ • __ - .: . __ " " - "_ • __ _ '__ • ~~ • __ - . 0_ _ i.. . ... _.. J ]. 1 , . _ I _ - '" iii . _ ,

Government o f B ang la.desh h as :sih own itself to be reluctant or. evenunwilling, to act against them.

Wh. i l th · e I - l il•._ I I d - 0 'I : d.............; u e _ 'tere I S 3 fe q .u a t e xnowie age In ;10VC 1"m en t a U ! ana non-gcnre,m-- . . . . ' . '1 .0, ·'1, 0, .. ~ i d i . . . 'L .~- . L··· h . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' f ' - - ' N " . - . ~ M ' "menta. C lrC 'l.es In .dl:~a,abeu t tnet irears emananng .. t 'O.m.~ .< epat, _ . yanmar- ' - -d : · B · · · ~ ' - -- ;- - ! I -d c.·.- - · h - - - : h · · - - - - , h -. .- . b - ..-. .- . , -- .- -.lnade c -",,- .." -. '-,-- -- --·-·.·c·~·-· " ..e-, - - .. f " ~ · h · ,·IL_ .... ,an'·.,' ang~a'·es "" r ere , 'a ,s _ een aD, Ina _'eqDate a ,p .p .re tl,a n UTl 0 -, tr e tm: ;e ,a ts

'w 'h i,c:h co u ld dev elo p from the acrivities 0 .£ th e jemaah [ s i , a m i Y 3 , b . (1.1)inle"" .- 1 m '; . I · t' A ' · -'~ i: ' ; ',~ ."·~r . I k · - • . : ' . , " . . , ~ ' : . p~:. t~.-~.- ! ' . . , ' d - - ' C " B ' " I . ' " · 1 - · · · d ' - · s h snd th'.''1 1 ·:-1 -, '.sou neas ~.-~SJa. : t ' Its nn ales In. ra..astan ana ,ang aaes . an.'. tne J J l ! 1 l 1 L a , . g e s

w'hicll it ' co u ld dev elo p in India, S : n , Lanka and th e MaldJ : v l es .in . f u :tme • .

,Am'ongs t ' the activit ies and .I :in ka .g es o f [b e' J I , t h o s e 'Wh ich sh o u ld b eof coacem to India ,ale~

,. Its possible recru ltmenr o:f'some of' ItS. cadres from amongst rhe

1-·'·,. ..di 0, '" h h d- " '_ .J I his reai .,persons ·0 : . 1 : . J i : ; san o ngm, 'W . ,1 0 1 , I . a " . mlgra too t o t•s r 'egI,Oll ;psrncu-

r larly- from so u th India ~Th ere is :a~r leady 'Qne reported instance o f su ch .

recruirment from, Singepore ..

• : ~ : t sUnks· with . Pakistan's Lashkar . .e-Taiba (LeITl~S ome of: ' the cadres

of th e )1 1 : 0 . S io gapo . r e ' \ V ' e t , e : reported to have ' b e e n trained i n letTc:am .p .sin P akistan -o ccu p ied K ashm ir,

• The presence o f a larg,e number of Musl im·s f ro .m. So utheast . A s i a . in .h J fp · k · · 1 1 d ' b bi l' ·..d . . ." i . . d '· , . 't temt la 'Q$ 'as Q~ a _ tS- tan COln t ro ' ~~ l e : _ , ~ , yr-o - mn L a a e n J ll- n 3 ;, 1 ter,rori'st

oeganisa t ions , Th e b ro t h e r o f Ham b ali, , repor ted I , y ' th e £ol 'mer O , P - '

erational chiefof [be:JI~ and some other Indonesians and ,Malays;ians.

'were fo u nd to h ave b een ' U n d e r g ; o i n , a ; trainl'ng in a madrasa o f th e

'Le',Tin Karachi, The Pakisrsni aurhorides h ad to arrest and deport

th em to their respecti ' ' ' ' 3 : countries.._ Th e reported detection o f' a LeT secret cell in AU8tralia,~

. .

Copy r ghfed mater a l



re g io n al ...ffa irs - India a · · p - · p - , · · " " , ,! I !" \ , - ·e ~ · ' n · t - iy : ' is no..t , ~ ' , l u ' I - ' i l y - ~ ' ready and seems to lack a. . . . ,I .. iEI·· . . . 1 • . Ii · [· I •.~ ~ I . I .1. I I I . . . ~O ' • - I . . _ , I '. 1 I . , ' .~"", 0 -". - .. ~- -~- _. ,- j • .~ ----.~) -", " ,. -~- '" = '_ - - '_ : " ~ . . - - " ~ '- ' - '- ' - , ' = --":' ~-- - - _. - -'-_.' _. - .. _~- ,,'

co .h ,t ren t p o licy o r. ,clarity at rh is time o n ' t J i l , B i ,~,'S~u.le'~

Th ird, so me A S ;EA N co untries, i , ' t , a ' , p . p e a r . s , t have been sucked in to ,

slowly,~ th e domest ic flu i d situ a t ion mos t ly erea ted hy- ex tern al fo rces w,hichh a ve e xp lo it ed their vulnerabj l i t ies a. t this time o f' d i £ f i . c u b : : y ' for ' them, These

forces, t h e r e f o r e , have 'b e e ;n , s u c c e s s f u ~ in . rendering these societies soft a nd

unab le to, for n,QW'" , p " l a r an e ~ f l e c c ' , i v , e role in fiU ing even th e domestic

vacu 11m crea ted bY ' 'r:h is flu '.dit}"~ "

S ome p art s, of ' So u t h e a s t ,As,~ahave known in surgenc ies and er,brd,c strife

, (or m_a-n),'decades (:(,nr erxam,p,~esou thern Tha iland, so u th ern, ,M_alaysia and

so u th ern Ph ilip pines) lar,gely' o c c a s i o n e d b Y 'domes tic ,fa ,c to ,r $~Th is ex t tmaUy

. . . . ~ . . J , . .- l i di "l 'L L... h h ",sponso,r,~ a .n ,u , m ot]. 'Y a te G [: i SO. f 'ueT nas ~c()me a'Da.na.' t~,ema to tne , r~g tO '. n ~s

tradi tion a I peaceful a n d ha.nnon:lous 'Wily' of life It is , th erefo re, no t

~surpds;ing, t h a t the a ,dven. ! o f' th ese destab lh sing elem enrs in some parts ,o :f'

S h A ' E' '1 " oJ h 1 'II. :I.J d ThCo (nat" east ',':Shl was, at n rs r sc are eiy noneeo, mue r iess rU :Ko ,OW , l, eu :ge_ . ., .ne_ . " l ' . . . . ~. . . -. . ~II-,- --~ .... -... s., _. - . . .... d l . . . . . . ' , + it. . . . '. t h " ' i ' .W vuln - ib ilit i - .- .peop ie , ,g:eDe{.all~y),w'e;reno t ,pr,epare_, 't o a cc ep t mat merr ownvu ncr-a ··llltl'e5

""'CfC being, exploited by ex tern al v est ed . in rerests 'to cau se' ch ao s and diso rder

I~'ii'i the i r societies, ' T - . ~ ~ ' T , - h , ' ! ' : I i I ~ ~ th e ' ] - I : n , : d · · · ·O " neslsns, t h e M I - . .. ; ' ~ " l " " ' . ' ' l t ~ ' I ' · ' ~ , · n - , · s · '· . · · · " ~ i I : " \ e ; :~1 '~,_.Ill. II 1Ir.. _ f 511iJ. '1iiril,lIir . . dl, ~~ ~~L~l I .~~, ..• J ... _ _ _ . ":i~:~~g __~, .. J t'lir I AL ~ I~~ \ r . " ,1 . I,. ~ . 1 : ,

'~n~,f3Ik;,.~ :n ~ de n~ -1mode" 'n~fl~s;ini):oacknowledee t h a t t he l r sociedes had.. 1 J ,-,f, 1- ._,HI. _._.t .. _ ".t:L -[0 ...._ . __ ~-'!:f _~ .

beem u sed as ,f'e-r.ti[e'groun.d and lsunch : p a , d for. t h l e ' spread o f ext[em~sti.deQ~,og1':and rerrorism b o t h . 'within, their so cie ties an d ab ro ad fro.m, their soit

S om e sch o lars ,in In do n esia , particularly af ter the Bali bombings,

h ave b eg un to trace th e crig ins o f terrorism a nd ex trem ism in. t ' h , ' e i r ' peaceful

so ciety, S ome o penly admit th a t, an u nsu specting so ciety h ad, w , i t b o ' y t

realising, 'become a, to 0 .1 in rbe hands of foreign elements , For example,

m adrasas ru n by f o : r e l g n e r , 5 were allowed ' t o 'pro l i fera te and ex trem ists w ere

,a:U o 'wed to fan i n ' t o ' the : ,OQ'U'Dt ly, :dde to : s , _ p r e a d th e m,essage o f ' , m t o l : ~ , e [ , a n e e ' "

ex trem ism and fa',n ' aticism ~ ' t - " is " 'O · - " 'W ' ' . wid e lv ~ ' · ' ' ' '' 'Q :W · . ' T ' f I i ' " i " I f . . , ~ " t - J - I ' i ! l i i l " l l " ! J ~ ' ~ b , 'IslamivehAI~.11 . '_ I~. '_" , ~_..Ul , I: _ .. A .-.·~IJi· l~ ~l" , .iJ tlJll .~. ~'. -, III LIi.l. ,".~l~ U~t@, ," , . . '' ¥~.i! ll_ :_~A, ' . "~Ia-"'-!lY'lJ~.

has foreign o rig ins and h as ~ d , ' w , a , ' Y sh ad external suppoet, ,A JQ"aeda , ano t h erfo ',· 'e i,O 'n . .. ..i"V"-i"n:l:~d·l~'....H' ]:,~ k n o W: ' 1 l t......Ih"A deep ly ;;'...V ' o · ·v e d tH ~o""i;,m''''So u t h e a s t.'...'. ,',._~~~ IVI,.,t)_1_. ,,!,g~..1~ll!lJ, '!'ll ,KllIl,.· ".'..', = ,U U'-, I..~ ...11 .1 , , , :lLILIl'_,_... _ ! \ r v . ll".~ ~Ul __ !\r ., .. ' .' ' .. "~ _ _ :!\r.'_" 'IL

As is'n so c~ ied e S :; p~lk' is ta:ni rei ig l,o us teach :ers and o r,g tu ~lsa,do -ns based ,in

,P :akj ;S l :311.nd elsewbere ha ve been inssrumental in the spread o f extremism,

fa.na:ti.cis\m and terrorism. "

'~VJh,a t e a v e Ind o n e s l a ! " ' I i r u d e s j h "O - , i I , , , : l I - W ' '\!!t e ' f o h - i tJ " S - · l : ]' an d t- 'h ~ su b s e qu e n tW . ' .~ . , D ~ " ' . . ~ J L ~ : . . · : Ul _". l i."Jll.ul1 'R, .',w. _' ~ '.' '. . . -! \i ! cK " , a~ .._~,D.- '~I I Ig __ '_, .,.. I'." ~ :-- "~ _",:J _. - . ' ~ _ " r . '

M~"~·' ., iL . '1 : . . ' .J h d~ f ' ! I I . ' d d",:iamon terronst uom,uu lg s ano tne -Jsco 'very 0, a, we~_,orgamsea aDrJ.

,e,x,tenslv,e t,e~r,For.i:st network wirh inrerna dona I, lin'ks" It ,too,k.rime £0,[ the

Indenesi a n : s ; to r e a l i s e t ha t t : h , l e - ' } 1 ' w',er,e deeply a f . fUcted b y e x h~'r a l l V '

sponso red and masterm in ded ex rrem i sm and terrorism. Th e "d en lal m o de

was transformed : s l , Q w ' l y b y '[he shock administered b y :B a~i., ' Y e t " in the

changed domest i c poli t ics 0 ,£ t h . e ' (ou:ntry~ the: tsta blis:bmetl't f o u n d i t s e U '




somewha'f. h elp less in opeo~y sustaining: th e war on terto,~ The so cieties

in some parts o f S o u t h e a s t ,Asia , n10'W f i . ' I l , d th emse lv es cQ ,[ 1stta ined 'b, thein£1J .u ence and h old, o f ,extr;emls,t , r e l i g i , Q D 5 organisations to take [ e , f i e t 1 ! i v e

~ 1 '1 'b" ' 'W l 1 ' h ' ' '1 1 L - .JI M ' , h d l " f ' 'I d "cno n o n an a . . ' out _:'a:S;ts.wnue tne mooera te . ~ , 'O ' tamma las,o ,m 'onelil,1 0 , [ ' example~ h a we'a, large following" some say in ex cess o f' 2;0 millio~, in .

which a recen t phenomenon a,p~pecl[,Sto have ,I ,l a : r g , e l ' and more intimlda ring

bold over th e uncertain and, confused simple people o f I ndones ia , L ikewise,

t h e problem i n , Southern Thailand h as assumed a serious, S e , p [ l , r a t i s , t ;

dimension with. t h e ' a ud lo r ide.5 una,b]c to contain ilbeyond trans£~rt,ing ,a J

few g o v ernmen t o fllcia!s resp o nsib le fo ,t ,law and. oedee W,ha t they faU to

d d i L . . . . . " " . , '~ il d d ~ A drn erstano I S : tU:dt it is no ,~"o ng e~r.stm,p~,e,~a'w ,an~ OE'.IC:.r issue.Aeeor tag

to reports, H amb ali 'is arrest ill Ay 'odbra in central Thailand W,DS as,much

b e c a : u s e o f i n . f o r .m a d o n , a n d : h e h ' f l 1 o m , $ i n g a , p o r - e , i ' D r ; e U i g e n e e ~ a s du e t o , the

Thai , p o l i , c e ' , ' s ; reso lve to ' t a k e t imely actio n. Th e' situation in , th e Sou thern ,

' P h ' " r " " h 1 - 'k h '. fth F d , ," ,, , " ,, ,G '" d~IIippines I S s o _tope e s s t , _ a t tr e wnt 0 . _ " . n e , _ , ~ e ' _ } e i . a J . ' . ' .); )ver,mnell[ ,'~oes not '

run in sev eral parts o ;f the Sou the rn Philippines.'Whar - i s no t ewo r r ;h , '~ is that even aftet clear evidence a : n , d ,manires-t at i,o J ) .. ----- - - -- - - - .. - - ---1 -- ------ - . --- --- --- -- - -.- - -- ---- - -.--- ----.' . -- . ... -.

, o r ' ex trem ism and terro rism , the ' e st ab lishmen t s ,in ,ma~ . y o [,f 't h e s e : affected

: S ocieties: do not look at the ;powing dangers 0 '£ terrorism w 'h i , c : h h a v e

en velo p ed th e ir societies,ina U£e~b _ ; _ r e a , t e n i o g : manner , The' ;S ,W , f e .P and powe r, o r ' e,xtremist p , h U o , s o , p , h . y ' a,p[ ,pears to b e , S J O ' stton.g th ar ey,en,as these sO! i ; i e t jes

suffer and comber the effects of extremism and terrorism, there is a. ' b £ 'I:,.' d d~ b f " ' . hemp tano n to , o bfu scate tne im _ : t n e " _ , la t e . .. .. .ngers _ - ' 1 : (O ( :US i .ng o n , t 1 c - , e : causes

rather . e h an th e e'i£ects~Hence, the current ali:bate o n , the so-called r o o t

c a ,d s e s ; a :n d t he fa,cJ le n e w ' s e a r c h f o r t h e i r IdentitY' i s , no t in their culturebu t ,in,their &'it:h~The Southeast A's i lan societies were alw,ay.s proud o f 'their

un ieu e , ,d ; ],r io . * 'r ic h and : d · r : ' 1 i : '; " · . '! ' v ~ l i - , · t V : , - - ,' 1 1 ' t ;--i' jt-,~··: :,nd-culture , - : v ' ~ l v , ~ ~tL__que , ._$[" ,ell. __ = a n , _ .. ve_se Cl. ~__sa _ ona~ net_,_age 1_ _ CUd lLe e ., 0_ . e~

over thousands, of y , e : a r s ; ; , Today, some of t h e m have been forced to look

ar their identiry in . terms o f the recen t su rg e: o f th eir relig io u s n atio n alism

rather than. cultural l egacy , Likewise, the root [cause'debate f a , c m e i y ' seeks

'to 'camo'U.tla,i'e tb e serio u s, ,effects. of terrorism a nd extremlsm, There .is 'il

new assertiveness which is both a product of ' he lp lessness and perceived

inius tice' 'O ver a lo ng perio d o f time, This must be one 0 ,£ the great

, in. ternational fa U U l" ts, o f: ' ou r [tim e and an, abdication, of r e . s , p o D s i b : i l i ty 'b y

' the ineeenational ,co 'mmu nity ~The war o n terror in Sou t h e a s t Asia, is at t . he crossroads and some

,Sou-meast &s:ian, so c iet ie s :a,p lp ear eo be ,oonfused, and in '3 dilemma,, ,, 'The

Americans have o~Dly c ompo unded matters 'b y s :bif t ing, their f o c u s a:way

from S ou th east A sia 'to Wiest ' Asi;l, and .A f g h an is,t an~ There, is ,I, vacuum in

some o f th e so cieties o f S ent h ea sr ,As:ia,and d omest ically ; th e re is,no r much

Cop y r g h f e o d mater a l



t;;----.-. ,-~' ,--- " , - d ·" h "-"C. - -:. - " - ' ~ ' d " " , - - " - ' b l l - l'~ ,.- _- -,- ]," ". J'- . . --t' , - '1 .. , - ' . - . - = .. ' Il_:~',--- :- 1 : , ' , ' - - - '-.r-.-, :~ '~ i 'h"-i,efroIlS:m ana nas c on sm e ram e K _n .ow .c u le O il: tile won- . . _mg 0. ..many ,~, la' l ,

" '1 " '1 ' \0 ' ,'ri:~ , ~ i ! ' g " " · a " " . ; I i : !, , , , ,, , , : ,; O ' " - " , & , , ' i · i ! ~ ! l . . l · , , , , , ; I k , p i ose " '1i; ~O" " " " , ~~ " r'~,,,,,~~ ro rJ t.. t , ~ , , ~ _ g ' ~ ~ " ' ~ ' i1" I~':ri,~~l I l ." - ' II ; . . . . . ' Ji_~IIi., ""'\Ii. .lillijil'.:Ii U .. Ji.1 ,,".in ",Ill ~,,,,, ""..J.il,u!l..l'U.I.il 11.1,.III.;tlu.. iI,,'!U" ,In., re l.uU" ,ibdJiLa. ~

- - _ < -.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I." - - -- -- - -

ex,peE[ence'~k n o w ' l e d g " e and ex;pe~nise s 'bould :M : o f ben.ent to th e countr ies- : : f ~ ' - ' b - " - r - - - ~ - : , - ' ' S ' ~ ~ - ' ~ l - - " ~ ' l - ~ ' their k n o w l e d z e a n d e - , . . " ' ~ - , , , ~ - , . , , " , 'd-·",l', ,,:,0 ,.,. 'I !.. " "

o ~ it _ _ , ~ , e , g . t u n ~ , . · u m a J _ Y ; lU C :U : ,. ,,0,0 '__~ ! e - F an , e_xpen,enoe w , ~ e a lm - G , W , l I .1 1 . IJe , w, ' ,~", •. ': ~ ' , ", L ....,." " l, ..:11 , ','- ,a,,']·) " b ~ '~'.'Ild' " L .. . . ' - ,E o ru - , • ' " , , 'L.,. ' ~ - ' 6 " " ~ ' " ' ~ ' - d i ; " ~termnsm as I t u aS CVOI .VC :U , Po :st,-'7 .. : s . . .oIW . ,Ut;; OJ! .Immense ' u e ne ,l.t t :o ,nr'. a ..

~

-r-t,~ t t i: .,.. '[. Id'.' h I d.1 , am ca~I 'S tor : grea : tc f ' in ; re : r, a . c tion . D r .'0.: .t3,t at t:e~go'vermnen,tat . , a n ; ~ _

n on-govemmenta : ' i l t , i i i I ! ' L ! ' ~ l ' [ I l l ' _ ' ! I V ~ " h ' · , [ - h ;I i I i ' co unt ries ;nIt. [.h e reaio n and th eir '""~"'U lf:inr__U~.".JVY"" I, _ _._,.. _". I,1~ 'I'''' ~~,1-'" & .. , [ I ''\r. ~ .Y. _. [ILIIir~V.I.I _ J ,", c..-Y' I U J _ 1 ' 1 l r . - . 1.1 ~'¥.. _ Ii . ~ ~'1'

,-"id - C, , " , •• ,, , "C " i,_ " ~'.'- ' ~ ; ,~ .,' ' l b ' '~ '. '~ ' id ia , C - ! IL . . - . ~ ~ - ' f " : ri 'h " ' C - , · " " " " ,~ 11 ,~ . ':a.n '. coun. t 'C ' ; I ; - t 'e r rO]1 ' ,U i ,m a ;g 'e n ,c l 'e .s . . " . . .e ,JlD~I,an:__,na,.pte;r 0 , f" e ',,·ounCI.~ ,on

Security Cooperation Asia, Pacific ( ' C S , C ' A P J I is already I;ctiv,ely associated

with. the vadous C-S 'CAP :~n~:tiatj.vesn thls regard, BUa: l t i em[ ,eoopeta:ti ,on

wIth, some ,CDuntri,e;g $l(u;n, as S . iJ "gapore has b een ,q u ite good." M,ucb more

n ~ ~ . J l s ", t ' : , (, ) ,"

be done~ ,_ ,~ r:u " .- ,~ , u . -.,;I~I~~

J: ' I I I " h " 8 ' " d - ' I ; ' " e " ' - r ' ~o "t s m. . . ' I: I I ~ .~ . _ , '. . . . ._: ~_ ;__

• Th ere are three ' w , a r , s ; o f ca:t eg , o ris ing t h e ' :iihadi terrorlsr movements in

Sou theas t As, i . 3 ; ; ,TL." .. t = : . . . - , ' , ,i, '~".-~-. - d ~ l " - ' c - h <ir basic de '.- -d --:b ''_ ·--iv es 'Th · l ' h 3 . J 1 ~ 'I JJle ,ILU)!i,t,IS llCco [, UI lG , to t; el · . as - ,c , . _ IOmes _~C o· ]lea~ .' c_:_·~ - - ', Ie l' ~_IW

t erro rl"~t :amil'ip.iI!', in S o u th ern ' P : h : : : I ; : ; p : p ~ ' n · ' · s - ,Scuthem:i . 'T ' ' : 1 1 ' ~ I ' : ; ~ a '" i I ' d ' a : m d '; ' i i o ' h - : ' ~ " ' " ; - ! ! I I ' k ' ~ ~ . ' I I " I I ; ' ,..............___""tr_u .. ~'.J!.I. .. .UiIJ,"",., , .U"" . . ,I , ... - : : I i. . "'11;;0, .,. _ .1 1" '- "] _ ,I,ll! .. . __ 1 . ~__ i! ; ; , . , t . " 1 . I ; Q._lR:. :LiL

area 0,£Myanmar, , a l l . 10i£ 'w,bi,c'h.: a l , e :n,OD -I s Jamic.: CO'IJ'Dtries~ ,describe' their btl'sic

domestic objec,dve as independence f-o r th e M 'I I ls J i m , -m a . i 'o r i ty areas, The

, i : m a d i , ter:r:orist groups 0.( Indonesia, ana. ,Mala.y.sia,.~which, are both l!da'mi,c:

Sm 'tes;, p ro ject th eir' b asic o b jeaiye~ as lslam ie ru le a,c-co r,ding 'ID th e c S » , a r m t

S:m.:p:pore :falls in a separate m'te,gory~. 'Those from Singapore , who have

j:c)m.ed th e jih ad i. '[t :tw ri.st ,g ro u ps, o f 'th e ,regi .Qo,such 8 ; S , th e JI" h ave do ne : 5 0 ,

n o t' b ecau se o f a ny m a jo ,r grievance: a;plns,t: th e Singa[H)re Government ' , bu~ '

because dley' ,,~ewSinga,pore as ideal 't :e rrain fo r , o , p e : r n , ' t i o r l l s dlmct-ed ;aga ins l: '['b.e'U S . ,A U these groups a l s o share a commo n p a : n ; . - I ' s J a m i , ( , ()bjecd.ve'~ , b l U l l e l , y ,

th e: {o u na.lio n o f an Islamic, CaUpha, te in th e S o uth east , As i an region ,

'The ,second is according to the: stage ,~) : f 'be ir: evoludo n-ca]r,eady over t ,

d t: .. 'i' '...... . . . : 1 1 f .' ,. d '.c ov e n , , ormant a rte r a certain penoo .0;: overt actl'.u :y ' ane ,n :01l . " ' rXlst ,e 'nt .'T h '- " ~ ~ f ' h ~'iiL. ( I " " h ' I I . . i, - 1 1 . .,:',,'C a c n vm e s (L m e ,lltlia,~:1 terro rist g ro ups, n a v e neen IOV1 f : , r t:~:ntile

P ' hU i , p . p , i ' n ' e s ; : a n , d In.do:llesi a an d , c o v , e ; r t in M :a la ,y s J "3 :" S : in \ g 'a , p o ' l e a n d ' C am -

bodia"" ] 'n . southern Tha,Ha,n,d 9'nd Arakan, it had become dormanr after a

e erta in p erio d . of overt ;octivity, b u t there has been ;1 resurgence' o f over t :,activity in southern Thailand. since January this, ''ear~ JlbacU terrorism has

tiU ,n lOrW been m -o ft, ~ " ,is r'! n :t: ~ ; n 'V : ie t n a _ m : , Laos :an .d Brune l.

Th e 'th ird. is accordIng 'to the source o:f external support, TiU 2.001,

the Pakistani Is:l:a.m~c'arnd jiiba.di. o . rg a nisa tio n s, 'wer,e th e main source o:f '

Co p y r g h f e - d mater a l



1 - . .'I l . . . . " 'I l.. d ' . , ~ 'i 'I T h - , , ~ d " ' e ! ' .externa support to 'OJJfU.ua,l_~,terrenst elements U), - ,I , ailand, J l t lgapore,

M;aiays ia , a :nd I n ' c h ) , n , e s i a and B ang ladesh ...based. j ihadi o , rgani-sa tio ,ns:" ,so ,m,e" di £, n '1 1 _ · - . . , . ' . • . .:L · f " 11In-'_'-'g en,o u s, some o r j i " I_Klstanl onglO: ; 'were : 'w e mam source , 0 ' : , e'XltelnaJ~,

suppor t : to th o se o f the ,Arakan. area o f ,Mya:Dmar~ S ince 2 00 tt' Bangladesh-b d "., d .. - 1 'I iL , 'H " n, I Iih d' t ~ I " - ' H ' ' U J ' I "a a s e c o rg am sano ns ,an:· ,part lcu,-arJJ.y the ,_:,a.r~a'£"1!1 l t i iJi i a - -11,..Islam ;1 (," •.._ ' 1 : ,

w h l c _ h i s a , m em ber o ,f'O s a m a 'b i n L a d e n 's In tern at io a al Islem ic Front ( , 1 I F ) "

M've, been , p :~ay i ng ,a mo re ~ u :t iiv eI , o , i e ' in :he lp in .g ibadl terrorist elements

in , o the r countries, , o f S o uth east A sia to o , part icu larly in S o u th ern T hailand.

The Pakistani organisations h t d p m g , the ,U hadi t erro r is t elements ine., L . . . . . . . . . ..t .. ' £ ' U ' - ' 1 T h - - 6 ~ f ' , . , : 1 : . . ",ooli l 'E'n~St: ,nili . - 3 , 1 i, into two "!''O'\itli\~,, I, ne :IIS,t :o,-r :oup··· .consists ( l i . , : 'me: SI/X~' ~ ;a-l II

OODS b " h '' ' 'e D '' ~ 'f" t - h ' " . 'il........._..._'i P.iA;~-1·'0 i s " ,, "h ; o ' !i ; 'l l " ~ ~ n ' . .. ."',lIA d ,..h e M ' . ' I " ' . . . . . . . . . _ 1 : . . . ~ I : d 'a M ' " : ' = a -i l - ; ' e_. I.. .._J I .U I~.;j; 0", '1I._e e~~,~ofill., ,.,~.fgt':U~ , "-V:l i I l '(.UJ' ~~I\;i . dl ,.:, yILUll! '_ ..": i ~iii"

A·, . . . . . . . . I (,,-.-'-. -,,-. h ich " ~ b .l t h ' . . . f 0 t.......6-ruW1' · · MMA ) . · W ' " ,. ' came 10 t -O ,e x is tence ne ro r e tne e tecnons 0' ,····eto~. I. I 1. _ ...• _ ... •.. _ ._ ... __ .... __ . "_ . _" .. _ __ .. t ..... _ .,-J

" '0 '0 2 ~ 'p o I,~'·' 'Th h - I - 'd -" " ''L h - "1 - 'iL 'p o t.~.~ ., 1,:'" • '.: L ' _ :: - , t '1ft ,;, 'a~ls.ta.n I' .~l,;,e, ,~~O_,;~_ma,tw~~J:etut ':aKiis ta ru reu g io u s o . 'rg amsa tlon s

h a ve 'th e ' d n o l r - t and th e obUa~ ,no ,n , ' , 0 , suppor t t h e independence movement s o f.51 ' ~ [rr- Y. lr'~~

M ' I I : . . . . . . . . . . . • = [ ' i I' '5 ' L h ld . , rf' .. ~1.. '. ..........'1 U-.:' ___, u snms 10 non-isramic , - r : a : t e . s " tlley snou I: not mtertere in 'U~lemte~lnar a .~~

f' 1 ,. I ! . . . '. ~·-bdi c 'II' III . ' _.ii L . _ . . . . .. . . . .. . .J< 0 Islamic states u f supportmg : 1 : [ 1 - ' _ 3 : 1 , movements ,lor an ~.s .I -anuCnne lTdseu

,o n th e ,sh ar,ia,~In. t heb :' e lect ion manifesto:, t . h , e y ,b ad said t b I a . t : ,i f t b e : y came to

h- uld ",'tt. g g J " : l . . .L. M - ' ' i , ' · £ - ' ..i .J •oowe r t .ey....wo t ie SUP-_,1'\n,ttu,ti@ s , tt u - -~ e ,0 1 m e ~ , ' 'U iL I_ f t 1S ro r U1Q . e~ , oen_ee 'm~IWI 1_ ' ,r.-~ . __ ,J ;~- ! I ! - ! ! !

~ ....,-,.... ...--'. Phil ioomes · T h '- ' " , . . . - , , - " 1 - ' - - - - - , - ~ . , ' S > - , ..:t........... "'f'!iL~H,=:---..J ,< -'.-- - .tl;,eoumeen ,~UJlU ,p p ,mes,!, ... ! B y were ,S I ent o n ,UUUICJLU, J . ,uauauu, :Q,pparen y

because th e Muslim separatist movement th ere w a s dormant at : that time!',Th d .. f - h - . . . h d· f ' . .' I . . ' [ I ' " F . b" 'bsecone ,POD,P eonsists 0:, tne J 1 -~a:_lcemponents 0 ,' tne 1 u ', w __C , I '

- _ , . , .

proclaim their , r i g h t and , o ' b U g a t i . o , n 't o s u . P , P o , l ' t ' M uslims 'wh o : h a , v , e taken ' t o"~'L d i ! . . - b -h '. b iec ti d h .,;Il. . - h - ~ ' f · ' · ; l - ' ., I . m a , ~ _ i i 'Wnl,tever n e t:.•e t r o'Jectr,e an n w r em er t.ey operate tn is ' 3 .OOC:o r

non-Islamic States ..There are : f h 7 , e : Pakistani jihadi, organisatioD's" w m c - h , arc:

members o f the D P : ~na~melf,th e H a e k a t " 'u , ~ ," " ,M u J a : h i d e e n (HuM), th e Lashkar ..

e-Taiba (LeT), the HU ll', th e J s : l s : n . . e - ,M , o h a m m a d , U 'e M , ) ~ and t'h e L ash kar-

e · J h a n g v i , {leJ)"', InPakis tan, 't h ese : o ' rp llisa; tloD S keep , c l t a n _ _ g i n g ,their n a m e sII ~ ' I . . . h . ' , ' , . . , d b ..... . ''tW • ' 0 'to esca ~ a leD '~1 nan a n t'!:l[a c n vm e s u nnesec .v' me j r , ov , e rmnen t " 'w,e 'W i l... ··,r· .... _, I~··· J •• l -_ •••• _. •• ••••• l_ •••• ·~·., ·--r··.·.· _' _.j - "_ ~,._ - c _ ' , • • • ~ • • • ,'

,t , ' I! . . _ ' I L . . 1 . . . . ~ ,. , . , ' 1 - ' [ id f - ' ' .I,e-Iet'to tnem uy tnel[' OCi,gllla, names o n.y to aV O l co n ;.u S U ln.

0 - ' f ~ ' - , 1 . - -- , t h · I_-- ' H ' - ' , ~ M · · : - i th --I·" ~,..,-_ .... ,-_,- - ...- . _.- .. "h ' 'H - "t~ , .. .. ~ A - · · ' , . . . I - H - " ' · " A · · · ' " , . - , -' .. , [ u ,e s- e',. : e ~,-u,·, t ten ,Known a s , t - . e ._sf,lla.t"Uil'- msar ~ '".ll,,}:;, was

th e first 't o enter Southeast Asia ..S In ce th e ead,y- 199 'O :s~it h as been helping

the' M'OIO bdamilc Liberation ,F.r,ont <,M~ILF}and the Ab ,u S~yy,af 'o f sO/u tb i em

P.hiiip,pin'es, by :s emcHng it s inseructors to ru n training camps :in so u t h em

P h U i p , p , i n e s , : 1 0 , [ t h e re cru i ts o f 't h es e, o rg a nlsa tl ons , b y sending i:ts vo:~,unt;eersL _ ' £",n;:~ '. 1 ~-h -h E - - L F'-'I'" '" ~.. "'kIO[ ,IJ.le:..t1:ng: aong W lt' ~ t '~ose o~ tlie: ,~ - .h~ ,p , i 'D ,Oo~gafiisa,-rlons, agal l ' l l s t ' I i : "e :

P -'·i'· '. .' L ...,.J " b . .J .~ d ' " d 'I II 1,1,1'100'setUr'.lty ror,ces ,a :oo''1 , ' S?ef tgjn ,~ ,anns an. ,ammu nn~,o n :111' exp- ',IJ,a-

~ I I. b I"

si'ves b y' :sea, in, sh i,p s b e l ,o n g m ,g , ' i ;O ' t 'he ' Libera t ion . 'TIg,e~n o f T a m U , :Eelam

(I:rrE)~Th ere b a,v ,c b ee.n ,DO repor ts , o f Fnipino v olu nteers h a,v ing : g ' , a n , e , 'to

Pa.kistan £o r j:ih a,di tra,ming~

Cop y r ghfeO mater a l



The .HuM, alo '11I wim, rh e HUll~has also b e , e n : b e l , p i i n g the : R o h i l 1 g y a- ,

' ' " ~ h ~ "'J,~ "..- '. -'.' ",-- - .. f ' M - ' , ' - : ' , " . , - ' . . - , ' , - . id ' ~ ' ~ h " " d '- I " - i . " " - ' f ; - , h - . ~ T h - " " , " 1 - " , ' d '- ' 1 . . . . . . ,JL : a ,w terrof'lStS 0, ,yanmal an, ,]11a I eiem enrs 0 .1. ,sout~-e rn , ,1,,1 1 a~a,n . liT'

,runnbl,g'ta iRing, =ps, f O E ' r b . e m , in. Bangladeshi terri t o , r y " by gi,'rin;g t hem

,funds and anns and ammunido n with , , t b e . bel,p o f the: L 1 1 , ' £ , and b y taking. . '1 . ._ : " - 'v " · , 1 " : . . . . . - . ; c. " it',',. ' p ' " I'L.··' - 1 I ' , o ' ! I j , 'I , t . '" - ' ii i- - - , " " i " : ' i : , ,. . : I f - . : " ' , It· -.' .' .. :", , '1 ;' . : . ' _,I .: .... ",' th 1- . fteruu:;lf_ 0 unreers ,,,0 .,aA1S~llror , , _ t " a I D ~ - n Gm U,lC\U .:f,aIDlog, camps m e r e e l l , ter

' w ' h l e b tbey ate seDt: back 'to , the,iI Ci)Untry~ : I t needs to 'be mentlened '[ 'h atL .......L . - t h - ! . - H' ,' M ': " - - d - . -h - 'H ' IU ] ' ; " I " - - d '.- t . ' '.~- 'iL ' H ' A ' " . 'l~ 0 · · · ·, . b l' l il107' ,iUU,jll ' ' , I; _ J : ~ ~,U,,,~a n _ 't Ie , =~ ", _use , [0 ,~,orrnpa'n o~ tn e , ,,,U _.n..< .,'et,o ,e r' . :; ; ,7',.

When ' m e U 'S S t ate Department designa:t-ed 'the 'HuA as a Fo reig n ' T c 1 r r , o \ r . i s t

Or,o::aflisation. f P " r O ] 1 in , Oct-o b e ' ! ' 1 , : 9 9 7', ' the : H u A . 'was d isso lved . and ' the. :H :uMIi I ~ ,.

and t lle , H Q J I : cam e in to ex istence. Th e M ,U j t . h as ;1 , separate b r a n c h inB a- "-'~[,""de""'-''''';'' ",,,,.-n ' - . . l C " ' H U I - ] 1 - 1 ' ( - ~ B " ~,-_]l5I!3 1 _ I , : : l U ta eu,., - -"'- '-,l '~

Jn - ' !' - - t -- ,~, it' - t- h- , N -, , ,-F' ' i l. . - - - , ~ 1 3 ~ ' ~I 0 '9 - 5 ' '~ - - . ' , - 1 '- : - . ' - -.J, ~"I)'__= an .mJ :'lfVu : :w,10:_ ~e_.~eutS . :_ : 'e .u [uary ' , ~ ' > " ,lI!7•.':h a p re5 ~llo u 5 u3lty

o f'P a'ldstaD , an u n i d e n t i f j , e - d : 5 , , · , okes'man o f th e ' H ' u A stated as £ o U o w s ' " : " . 'We. . _" .. _ ". _ I __ • . - 1 I 1. .. ",, _ [ .... L _ .. _ I ._ I \. .. I 1 '" . _ .• . I _ . 1_ .• _ _ ." . ill

'tin' ·0 1 '0:", 'W!~~,[,\AiV"~'I··,IHIi'" MI"c'I,j:i'I':'i;¥i b r o t h e r s a r e t e r r o r i s e d : -;-:~~,,,! , 'L 'O·,·· ,--·t:· , ' ' ' ' ' - n ' ~ ' - :iI;J ,,~. ,,,v., iU!!p~.,'I;r, ' ....," '~Y4, .• "U ~"'-YU , ;I;, ''Y'.'': .. ,I,,~ ,g;-L .. ' ',"'~, .v;l;,l~.,. W1Ul ..g, ,R: I, IJ

mone ta ry co nsj.d eu d,o .n~ Our col leagues wen,t' and fo u g h t againsr oppres-. " . - . . . " ' - , I 'I!)"""_'-i--}' -. 'C·· 'L: 'b' - " " c ' T: ,· ',~'II..!.. , i I t ' , - , B " " - , , , " i " lh . - 'pl..~'II:~:'I:'~;" - - . ' ' - - d · : · · · - : - . ' f · >son ,m, ,DUsml. ' 'n,eenya~ l, tI1 1 &LJ.h ,a n, , mm.a, ..ne ..PJnpl)Ul!C'-S ;lUlL'. 0 :.

course , , I D d i a , ~ Sep : ar at e cell s :Io o k alter the; t rainin,p 't o "eratJ o :o s and fu nds1 ~ ,~

'-+. ... : I t ' l · '-I .. . : I t ' ~ . - : : r! c · " - , ' I t : ~ ' , ' ; I A " ' h i r ' c : ' , · ' - l H ' I> ' : ' k - ' , ' , 'I t - ' : ', " - . : rth +',c' .: J . 1"1 ' - " c ' i [ -o I i '-W1U10, me ofganLSa.10D., ~, I . . , pIca, . alia .. s"m,pa, .I"er: ,m y comme , I l I · " ,

Pakistaninational] :first eonracts one' 1 0 : ( the of6.ces and , o \ f f e t s , his services

: f · , . . . · · i l h , : d . . " , ','c .; , : i b . " r, ." ', (he world, 'Th'" ,F--.' · c . ' , ' : · ' h · i' -: .',,,_ ,. , ,iL,' '--;"',':-;'" '!'- ...,o r J c c ~ a _ aO,fW,"e~e In tL..c,_"O,ltlll~,.me S Y l n p a , £ _ I _ _ c _ 8 e J ; 3n:er rue nece.s.sa~y lD,

h':I-I~" s -_ , "n r ;" ,r ', -: ~ ,e 'r a " -I c e - ; ", : th e n sent . 1 ( , 0 " ,~ I ' r ' s ' - I .d : - . , ' t r a t , ; - l , - . - - ' " -11 ' ; : :C i := 'C ' I - - I I -~ - - ' _ ,_ _O I lJ S le _ec__J t y (;1.. a D __ ,. IS ; Tuem S _R 1 !' a I..en _ay JD_ng p~ogramme ..

I' _"t'ill![, be iie s e n t 'i i r - o 'r -h e re l " " " ' \ 3 ' nt 'H "ark'~..enmm . ander 'w':h l' 0 ' : - . 'a ,rranaes w , '.'."':III P ' O ' D i l l : '. . . . . . 't o '- . . . . . , ~ 1 ! 1 1 ' ; ; ; ; I I . .. . ~ _ . . . l I P , _ _ ' . ' ~ "" ,_ , , " ,' . ' ' ' _ '_ '_ ': ' ,,--,,-~,_<~,," "'IY,-_ I~...~~,'..'--_, _-'" ..--,.~...~ ...l!I' __ ~,~.".'.:Ji;:!l

and s e l e c t s rou tes to teanspor t th e M u iab id to th e:area o f:ope '.ratio n 'to ' ' W ' o d e ," .

under d , field commander, Each worker volunreers h is serv ices iot, , 4 n to

1.iO da'f'~ The M-u .j;a:b id is told in advance ftila,t in case 0 : 1 ' mar tJ · fdo ,m, h is

bod .y 'would . f I , o r ' b e : br'o'u;ght back to ' PaK . is ,ta ' ll .a nd he '\V ,a u ld be ' 'bru rf.e d I't

th e p lace o f' th e opera t ioa , Th e Har kat: takes fu1 l CB:r~'of th e f : a m U I 8 s 0 .£ th e

O b- '.,' b c ~

d .. ' ' ' ' - 1 ( ' 1 L . . ' 'T~'I " 'i_ " ' '- - '. 'manyrsio Uf' I -,ra:vewamom are' eunee 10 ,',asnmir, ,I 3 JIA lst an " ,Bo sma.,

' B ' " , . . . . . . , .d + , 1 i . . . ' P " h '· "1 :: ,," ' M " : " 'I~' ' ." " " h ' " . . - . " . . . ~ : . , ' . I d ' i ' - , . . £..... ...,. 'u tm'a . ,an , .I,\'ne' ," ;,11ll,prpllles .. ,~,.ttl. 'InlS In~" C S t COU_1l:ur, es ,won ' I ' . ' :nev-el' : I I . U r - g " " I "

t' , ; H ; j j; :c o u r a e e o u s i..:"""'V'i:! £ r , o , m ~ 'P a k is t a n . . W e - : a l w ' a · · · v : s ,t - , n rhose i n t e - n d ' inv' to~~1I.r. .. __ ~"A'I~¥ ..·M~ l1l11~ _ .... ! • __ A_ ._ '- . ._ _ ! • ~ • _ J . . _~,_'-!"'!l ' .~ .. _ IL . _ _ ~ ~ ,_-V

join us that: we: are devoted to [~da'mi,c:ihad and, by' ioining us, )''0'0 have

chosen a path that .m a :y ' t a i k C ! you, to d e a , t : h ~ ' i I ' i '

The ,News reported on M:arcb :27,.~99,j', es : fo u 'ow ,s ,: rti:Q , ff i . .eial inves-

rig:a:ri.an h a : s revealed tn,l,t d o z e n s ' O f S au dis comm itted t o - jihad all ( l i v e r:lL LJ b L"" ~•'. 'L . ~ I I ' " ~ ' . ' ' . ' · 'd A ' ,"-L. +.me WO ' I u . I ,I : av le u.:en, V , l S l t l n g : tlle mlJltar:y u a n u o g camps lltS j: I e : , : ' ,l l) ,I,-.3.n1,-

S ~ d tb I 2 ' O '0 0 . . .1 p ' k ' · ~ dtan,. ' au -ro es, eSltma,te·: , ':a.'t , a , t : , ',eas t : '. ;': ' perso ns; m os~.y ~:,a"lstanlfS, ,an~

ll-al'~- ' 0 ," ' " · _ j " l ' f ~ ' f - " r · · n · . ' na· I " ' : 'nn ' ' ' ' l -~ '~ . I I I ' 3 , . .. .• 'C"'I!l'I[!I"IlIiiInitl - ' v ' , A ' I r l I i J l ! ' 3 1 J ' , i ! I \ d - : : ' 0 ,1 m - I ' 'I"~'~"""nrjl..~~'nm;'.-.0'.n4~,Ulli! ,~,,~,U_,~=~"!P"~~\ ""' : ' l ':_~_,~IY,~ ~:__!I!,W¥g.,,~ ,'!I; .' ' .. ,~~-JLl', _ ' J ' ~.I{~ID- D~ ~ [I _. . -' - .~;I:Il.._--J' !Ij.~AI; . It.

. . h t : uh - I d-'" ' K ' . h " d 'I h 'h ld Thn . t__K cam ,ps :ilor J,I-,~ a ;~ I n ._ a , s ~ ~ n u r a n 0 _ , e ~ _ s e W ~ L e r e.l.D t ' ~ ; ~ , e :wlor, < ,~ · . " ,_~.e5e

i l ! !AU' r ' r ' i ! l ie ' . s - ' i i i' ~ I · m ' - -·a·".l i l ' b ' a - t" c : ; :n ; c - ' e - . ' I L . e - ' x - ' - p ' - " ' u ~ ' s - i o ~ n - - · o · · ' f ' · · . , :L;p ·5 " a u i e - t · " U"OO'n£ ; ,Li r\ !m--"I~'UI :I.,~~~ ~ .. ,-,_ ,:."·_I,'~UI ll;._·i.':· .. i. ~llillJIj" ..' ,0.,-" .)·· ·.~ l.· :- .~ ·.· \_ ··: ·~ - ..... .:. Wi.....] [~,.:·.·T·_}."·. ~ ._ . ! ,: · .. ~t·~1-[1".: ,. : ,

A :'&-'~~ 'D· · I '~ i I"~ 'D'· ~~r ' l : e ~ , s ' i I " ' 1 ~I · . 0• " O , j ' \ p ' . ~ ' . k " l ·, [ ·~ ' t" I Is ' ' b e , ' · 1 0 . ' ' n , o ' i : : n ; g > tn ,t , b , e ' I ~ ~ 3'm';c 'part:~,',e~, ~15l--I- I - ~l~g :., AIL- ,., .R- iL- ' IU",., ..\1 .~AI,_ .. A~~~. .., .~., "L'~~~~~~.~.I ~y '"~_., ,~~~_.~"~~' ~~.._~

Cop y r g h f e o d mater a l



perts, e lt lle~ ,tor j o i n t exercise or O iD goodwi l l y , i s i , t s , . , Tile media has also: been 't a lk ing o f' th e p o ssi,b ility, o f West,e~n,na v,a:1vessels ca,ming: to Sout:h

,lnd im, por t s ,folr' , r l 1 ! ' ' p ~ l i n l r e ' : E f t t i n , g ~Owing to g1ohalisa.non and the growth

in In dia;o s e xt ern al trade, there ' is, : I : ~ k e l y'to b e' a n jnct~a se :in , ton ' ta i .mCJ 'tf,a:(ficfrom Ind~a~' p~,'tts· There' have been repo .'····ts o ' f ' increased coopeEation, .. 1.n ,,' , ~ , ., . , ..,.. ... .L .. .. , ,. .. .. . '.',"""

[ between the IDdian a n d 'U S Navies in, ensu ring th e Rtu rity o f U S m a r i ' t im e'traffic , t b r 1o u g b t h e' Ma la,ca, S t rait s,

TcrrQ,ris:ts, :a~~ied't,o A l Q,aedi' o r th e ,O F' have been looking lot

'Op ,po r tun l t ic s 't o mo u n r 'ter,[-o,ris,tstrikes ,a ga ins t ma r it ime ' fa r . -gets~~Th e anack

o n th e U S Nava l sbip ' USS Co l e ,in October ,2 .0 0 0, a nd rh e un su c ce ssfu l

,a:nem,pt ,fOf' a. strike ,a,gainst a French o,i~,anker. lasr year, both o lf Aden ,

are illustrations o f their intent ions ,in this regard, The: .1 ] cells detected in's,ingaPO. r8 ha ,d : a 1 .501 been, i:D,ViO~vt~,i n e-X.amiping t h e p o ssib ilit y, l o , f :simi~ar

strikes a , g a . f n s · t dIe 'U S na,,~d. ' v e s s e l s 'visidng Singa,pore:~

Accord ing to th e \V ,b ite P a p e r ,issuied b y the S : i~gapo r ,e au th o r i t ie s on

j ' aRuary ' T,2003, o n '"J I Al,n:s ts and rh ,e Threat o f T ern lri.sm " ; ,]3 suspec ted

m e m be rs of th ,e J I it t Slnp:por ( ! : 'were detained ~llJa n u a ry ' 20 0 2+, [ O f these"

, £ o " a f w e r e o f I n d i a n , o(fi.gin~,0 , ( t h e 1 ,8 more.detained in S e p te m b e r : , 2 0 0 . 2 " ,

th ree welte o f Indian o ri,g in ~1'I1.done o f P,aidstani origin. O ne does no t k n , G w '

: h ow many of those detained In . Malaysia and Indonesia s ince 9 /11 were

'o f' :Indian and P 'aldstani o rig i n, T h ese d e t : f ! J 1 t i o D S , wou ld sh ow , t b a ' i t ' t h e ' 11L.":'j:! i i i " I i i l ' - - i i " I i i , d ' I , 'U ' mn a d e s o m e i n r o a d s ; ; ; 0 + : 0 , t h e c o m t m U · · .~I"rt.t'o f 1 '0 ' [ d ' ,an o · · ~ " i ' I l " , . " ' . n ·7~I '·S.· 'ua~ R_II!CM _ . J ' ,g._. f.:llVI _ ~ _ . A _.~ & ,~).". " IIi- ~ . _ - J _ . . . ~ _ '~',l . , [1__(_: ~Ili& .. t l..[Ii~ __ 1__ '0-1

,[-egiO(D~,: I twou . l d b e : reasonable topresume that' th ere co u ld b e ' others wh o

remaln undet ect ed $0 far,

The sleepee cens in Singa,por-e: seem to h av e b ee," ,created mainly fo r

targeting U S , n a t l ,Q ,n a l s 1 i n l te r e s t s : : i n S : in g a ,p o , r e ter,rito,ry~, One: ha:5, to be alert

to 'th e: p.ossi,bUity,o f attempts to , create sleeper cells in S o u t h . In dia 'wo' 'U,gbth ~ d~ f It '1 " d · ian adh f · 'L J ' I I ' " 'S h A ,~ :tne I.nfienin,e~;.tar.yOJ 't~~emaian adherents 0 .. rne "..~'Ull ,'.•o um e a s r ,~a~

- Th.oup ter,ror,~stlexttemist grau"s o ,E .dif:fe.t 'c:nt n;uci ha ve been,oper.a'tI:ng'~" , ,& ;l.l' c~ ,~",'~·.·I~-· A ' ' ' ' · , : - : , : · : ~ · , - ,I:'~ '~" ·':C·':· .~~.,' .,.,.i'"._" ] · ; - l · · u ;i, ' ,["',-, - , ' h ', · ' . . ' p~L,;:'II;',.;... ' ~ · d " · ' ·m u.~e~utl1eaSt ,.: s i a n regmn, parncu ar y t o . . . ; M . ) u t .e m "lQ~l,pp[nes, 1m.' ,0'"nesia, Southern T h a d a a d a n d ' it h e , A . " , : , ~ , 'i. . .. . .. .~ . . - . ~ ; , I f : M··,~I'~'I:I" f : : , · · · . ' " : " " , " ···I'~· ..~~ .. , .. , . _ .. _~ . _.__ "__ .. _. __ ._.y, __ l 'U .a~ area o~ = . ~yaru na r ,,Il.O( ,many years,

th ,e detaU s o f t h , c d r Unk;a,gcs with g rou .ps i;n ~Pak1stan and Aflba'nistaD tJ

inclu d ine A I Q ' ~aeda, and. th e IIIfL and 'tb..eir' ,sba'ring': o f th e p · , , · a n . . , ' I , s J a m i c. ,,--~. ',D I..,_. ','" -_., " ,.. _., " " ,. . , . , ., ."., " . " ,. " '. _ . _. . .

obi.......'v ", · · · · · · f : A J " I ' Q " ' : " " · d · ' , nd ti,L .: ',' )"" I ' p . , , " " ' I k · : ; : ·t·,· ' I i . , . . s e d i iha di , t ' ' , ' , . . ' . ' " , ' ~ : ,v",J~"",,,LCS 0" ."0 ,:~a,e.,a an, [ dill! V8I10U,S ,a lSall-ua.sc~. , l l '~ .~ I _ . .erronst

o r ga.nis a:dons, weee th e outcome o f rh e greater :atten:tion, paid to coun ter -terro rism p o st~ 91 1.1 in , ,t'his reg ion ,

. , , _ - ' I ~_ _ . ! ' , ' . . _ 1 ' 1 " '

J, ih a dl te n orla m _ U,




c - O E r e c : d ) ~c a , u t i o n s : , a g a i n s t ,3 ' " h o m , o g e ,m sin; f n m e :w ( J r 'k ~ ; whieh ,m i g i h ' t place

separatist movements automarical ly into Al Q,aeda,'s camp.

The regions where: separatism has reared its bead in Muslim provinces

': r A J h ~ In ' N " · · ·~1..w---, ~m I n d 1 -- -1 - ~ - 'P-"fi,--- '! i I ( ' - ' - : C ' : ' " ' h ' - ,~ - - - T h - - :- ;T : - ,: ~ ~ - t n d, e ' ~ c e " " . ~ ' . _O,;m __eslen _o ,nes a h = , I , , , a n l Jioutem .. alliUlu.,., an, ,

"'I]ndanao (the So u t h e rn ,'h lH : p,p tn es ;)~Each region i:s unique and requires

: tonge.r :treatment to b e full,y' understDod" bu . t in each case v,aryins; .(I,clues

of resentment of ce rUE3 I . governmear, : fo[ reasons of b u m 3 - ft : rig hHI :3buse,

' 1 10 , . . 1 1 : : ' : " ' 1 0 .·. :' r e s o . U ' : i Il " , P : i · ~ P;O - {~ i I ' l e · . . . r, , , ," and ~ [ O ' :~II:: ' : o f rel ig·.1 . ' 1 { " i ; J 1 ! l : · ! C ! : a ' ! ' I i . · : l / . ' · · · o · · : ,6•11" [ 0 . j] ~ 1 ' ; 0 ! 1 e n .,[~tvhave[ ~i:I! , ,[. . ~ Ji. ' I i ; , ; ! " ' ~ , . . . , ' I ! ' ,.Ii.I., "u:dJ I.,",,~ ." ,,,,,,h .. , !V' .,~ Qi,uU.. . ~llihU, ,1'-" U!IJ;.. ,11,. , , ; 1 1 , dO" '""

fuelled these conflicrs.TL "U "S '. h I h a s i k -1 - " u· - .......The ~. I :~ g . Q I v . e r c O _m , e D t ; 1 w,i. t . " tts emp nasis o,il tac .'_mg "lnremarional

te rro rism '" b as demo ,n str'ated , i , a : ,ca u tIo n ,in l a n d i n , g su n< hy R l:p~ u at is t GIOup s

in the list o f terrorist g rou , ps~WhH l e jemaah ls lamiy .ah . ,and A bu S a y y [ a f ( .

,Mindanao)1 ha ve made , t h e :~iSf j o the r groups in A,ceb, : P a ; t 'W l i, ,and Mipdanao

h a v e n o t - . ' : n d : - o I ! " I l i ' ~ ~ : ! \ " I I r "~ i f ' ~ ~ . ~ L " a ·' l i r < , r e m a i n , i E ' 1 . . . . . j ! I I p . [t-~~"'!lII~o i f ~ '"~e-'i d e a r - b -'3 "[ ' t ' , - I r e . . ' U - I ' - I S - : . ~ S - - ' f i ' A ~. A '_~ ,: .._~!I' .IJI!1i .Vt~,I""~IAIJ!I, V ., ["I !I i!-~... ~)iJ !Ii,.. - .Q _.-. ~) _"~~~l .1. U l 1 0 . . . . . " t - •••• ' l(Ii.. ..'. '..G , " [ ,~

Dep artm ent w iU o n])" a.p pl:y th e "terlOr.ist:'tt' nomenclature i f ;Q , pa'mcLdar' ; g roup

is a threat to WestemlUS jnt-erests-and o5uany w , i d l , a link, 'to Osama bin

' ' Ii ' a d j I IOfl, ' I ' i I i ' t L ...t " ' t ' _ _ : ~ ' i I ' ~ ' o · . ·llt:Ail.. ' i ' " ' ~ ; e~j it.e·r.~trI;C,·ti '~1 I a ' L . . : " , : " i ll;L. '0 " m l , d . i t h e . .o ~oIi"''!!IIll~v ' a ' p p ' : l ' , ' " 'to >!' i I I ' " , , , !"LdI __1:i}I' . _~,I GI~-1IIr1W,-_D. ~---9:1Ul.. .. -.1 .. , \IIII.~., II _"~- . ~U,., _-._.'Ii_D. Il!llrU"AL l,,,' . L ' . , ' , _ : . - . tlJ.&ll~.'

action that creates casu alties amo ng st civilian po pu lat io ns fu r' ,political

reasons, th e U S ,gov\er.wnen.t [and the 'West,er.n meaIa .) lm :ve, since S e , p r e n i D e r '

1.l, 'tended to reserve th e term fo r g roups . Umked. to th e person. o f Osama bkl.

Laden, The B , u s h A d m i n iS i : r ,a t l o ] : l , h as even, . refused to add l ~ ' U ; ' k a o r tJihad. t o i t s !

list o f' ter.r.ot.ist ()pef',arioIl18~'!'O 'T h e ,re ao on. £0.1"this seems to be that ' Wash ing ton

'wish es 'to avo id a SiW'3:tiOrn ' w h e r e b y i t , makes enem ies 'o l f ' v a n . o U ! S' v i o l e n ' t g r o u p s..L ...; b ' - - , v - not L:.... n hitherro i n Y i ~V~d:- ' n 'i-:,-,--;'-;fm-: W i '- - -- e r n 1 n - - r ! - ~ - : - -ml = _3, _e not U C ie = _ _~tu.CI,,!lU __~'_O . _ , _ 'e ; __ '_~_ l a r g e _ ~ , g _ e s ~ _ ~ _ _ teresrs,

W,hHe th e F:lle e Aceh Movemen l t (FAM, : ) has 'ta-ken ,grea: t pa ins 'to stresstha:t it , has ,1)'0 Unks to ' b b l . Laden o r : h i s fellow' t m : y c i , I , [ c : r s " and n a : v c : : r e ' b l l l f f e d

their approa..ches, J " I ' m ; a y have m;a.de' inroads into Southern Th a:lland and.

the Southern . 1 I D h - ; 1 - ' ~ ' n p ~ ' n ; j D ; i : 1 ' Sourheast A ' - " · ~ I '~ 'W ' 1'''~ I " I I D . : 1 I I · r t - ' l " ~ " " o : i < ' ! l ' ~ .;'!ftion'~'~~I"~';.. _". -u _, ~_ JI \r ~ ; [ : .. .£'[ I; _~r ' _I y . . : .:IL·~ I,-"~I., ..lU W,IIjH _i " -A~:. I :1~"_'ij :A, . _',:lL:~~I,. ~I ~il - :. "llt";\I~,.I, ,,;~,~.:': __I~I.'-~tI~ a

bounderies that created ;aU manner of ' p o U . t i e a l d : i v i s i o , t Q s , t h a t have ' D ' O t :. .,a lw a ys r:e :t1 K 1 :,e d,~ e l . £ . .coeeepnens ofthe na:d.on, has :stluggl,ed tOI und~r,mi'De'

[conce,p t~ons of ir.redtnttsm 0.[' a return to Golden . ,A ge ( ':s ,u t h .a s : I. ftA c e h ,or

P,atanU;. I n . A , c e ,b j the main indepeadence movement, w h : H c a:t t i m e s , $tl'es;s~ng

their ~~l"'m-'J '" . r i r ,~d.~- '~n:ia Is h [ - I ; o J j ' ' ' ! r . J ! ' . @i not advoc ~ · a l ' t · _ ; I I ; I l ! d ; - an ' I s 1 a ' - m · J c · · · s t a r e Islam ; P ' ,"_ _ ,_ JIJ~ I_ J. '_ ~ _ '_ .',. ,. '- ,'-r.. _llli.l·. _ _ .. __ I ~tt ! I i l I I ] 'IIJ!"'_ I,~". H ' ! I f ~ -. _ _ . ~ . _~ gIl, I IJ _ I I i,. .iJ.'. _~. ~'!Ii ,ilQ,IA I 1,1i.!

I.den,dty is not at stake in, this struggle as both pretagonists share the same

faith ('with 'th.e exoe'pt iou5, o f : 3 : sm:aU number o f nou-Musllms ill, .u~,my1 " ,""'II"I

1'-'"",\-t- has A ' - · ~~'''''I;P!i!'\iIii' [~ir'i · l~ l i ' l j ' r . - -·al'~~d ~en '~;t:u' ' J " 5 · · . ' r - ' h -~ , core marker [ 0 · :[ f : ' . d ' ~ ~ ' t t ~ , p ~ n [ ~ e ~ · ,5II,1.Q U_ii;I! ".IIir.-~LUl",-,~ 1 I ir . .. . .. _ '-·Y. I. _ l II _.~ _l!li._"""} J 1 10 _ , ._ ·Vl.,~ __YII; .'WIII .1 I __;l.I:I-~.~II!;,~ .. !f-

I , I i . : .~ . 'b Th "~ d d th '5 ' . . .1 : . . Pb ili '. .'oSou the rn ,_I• . iaitanc a no 'I~ne , ~ O U m e t , - n j, -~~I _p,pmes:li~ s - e , p a . r a t l s t : ,m .Dve. . '

ments h ave' emerg ed. i:n r e - s , p o n . $ e ~ '(;-0 t h e ' , s a 'm e ' ,sqU3 U d , c o n d , ~ t _ i o n $ ,as ; ,Acc,h.,-yet:-......,---.- ]-~-.- -•d- -t1'~'tv ..- --- - - - -~ - - - 1 - - d ' ise - -n - I L . . ] - T h - M s'~~- - o fa n 'c.wno-.rc: IgUJUS , 1 .- e n~~ ,1 " , ~ s ,mO l'C ' Ic_ear ._y [_IL ••e r [ Ia ,v ,- , \ C \ : _ _ _, e , :u~ , Imli~L,

T h a , i l a n d . ~ s i five s o u . t h e r n ,p ro Y . in .c ,e s , h . 3 'V e ' a : f u s e d , , I t l igi ,QUS ( : Is la m ) a n d . cui'rural

• i I!!'.A ~ "II" . , ~., , ' I ' ' S - ·IL.. " .. ~" , 1 ; [ 1 ' ,,~. t ' EI!,~fOriS. n : : _ o u ~ l I I e a _ s , . ,"sa

Co p y r g h f e o d mater a l



C I~ '" I I! I · t ' ·S · ' h A ~~ " , - . • : 1 "; ' · ' '1" ~ l l ' . . . . . , . , ' , _ : ' : ' " . . <:: :','1 ': ,,_,.,':,', "'~':",': ."'.;: :- 1onCUSIOn'i! tmp tcano ne o r~o u t, east r ,S18

'. Rath er th an finding , a , s y m ,p , a r ,b e r i i c audience amongst th e ma:jo rity o f

Sou t h e a s t A si a ~sM u sl im s, J 1 h a 5 , bene n:ted-,i n Indonesia in pa rticu liu..:from

widespr"(ad. denial. of the ' terrorisr problem. Inth e: aftermath o f th e 2002 Ball

'b,I.a,s,t~he' , lndonesi'an go,ve,tnm,en,tand mainstream Is lamic organisations, ,NiU

d ~ M · ·. .·'il. ..J:; h ' C I ' 1 1 . . ' 1 d , . '. ' . d l" . . . . . . . .1 f " : , .a :n I" , ',wi.ammaWYs,:, r e t more e m . a u .ea t o cnneise :rl;,l~, nnge g r o up s

prepared to conduct v io lence in , t h e' n ame o f Is la_mi'Be fo re ' t h _ i s . the,Indonesian

e l i t e : had shown reluctance to criticise other branches ' O f the umman,;

T ' I ~ h ' ~'ji~, f ! ' i " ' o i I i p , , ~ , ~d , s "m ' ; : & ' ' ' ' 1 " ' 1 . ~ rem!;illt'H~, Governm "A ' i I : ' I I t f ! , '~ii'II , 5 : : - 0 . " urheas t A :, ' sia m.' ' '~U~:*'" . '1 L iI I1 :II , ~ . .. . , . ""·1""1", , .. 1 " I, ,I.' , ,"~,U!Oll. . .. , T """, U , . ...,1,11., ,I0Il'& . . ! I i i I ! . J L i "'A.;: .'!I II;, " 1""",. ,i'.:!!',

co ntiau e 'to , convince Musl lm communities i n , Sou t he a s t As~a,,tha:t;, ,first"

g ro u ps lik,e jemaah Islamiyah are a, real th reat , and seco nd, th ar th e wider

: 1 B 1 . a r r u c :Cg,nnnuni' ty, is no t t h , e target of t 'he ' war' o n terror ism. T h e careful

Tem:u : isQ1 :In ,Soulheasl, Asg , fJ 65

Co p y r ghfw mater a l



'llhe I I S r i am i i ' c ; : , s t : r u g g l e i n ] s o ; u t h e r n T~anand!i

.' The four Southern 'T I la iland peo vinces 0 ,£ Pittam" ,N a r ,a , m i w , a , t " Y a l a , andSamn. borderi i noNorthern , M a i 's : v , s i a - are M--sUm,.,(I ,ominated .se tt ina rhem- -- - ,'- - ."'C - -- --,,- -, -- - u - - - - - - - - _ _ _ ,s e _ _ 1_ .e ,

- - - - - ' - I -.. ' . I... '.. ' , ,I..

Jemaah IlsIB'm~lh: 1125




~ . . . , ; w . ' i ! ' + ' , ~ . . . . I B " ' I d d h -i ist...,,<, - " " 1 a t e d - T - - b ,- : " 1 · , '. d T - h ', '- . ' , 1 " ' r ' I ! - - - ' k r ' . _ - ' , f ' - i " - - . e , - - - ' - - _ . - ' l-a ,p~ , , , , ,u~um,__U IS" ~ o.n u na .·_ ·1 d ' ,_81 ,a n - ,~ , - e on ~ ,r , e a _ . · ( ) . ,wwg,e_n,C'f IB,

th e t 'e,gion, 'was mainly' 'I, response to Baagkok 's at tem, :pt to politj,cal[y,

eco no m icallv an d ,admin ist r,a ri.vejv suhdu .e ' e he · -P O ~ .o ,n ,A ' _O r I .• nbe : · · · · f 1 - 1 '1 . . : , ~ '. .1 . __._. - - - _-. --,I __~ ... __.... ~e[\,.~ ..c •• " n,um .. ,ro ,s.amIC

o riented movements h ave emerged , some seeking g reater a ut:o,n,om.y'and0- ..'11..'-[5' ' ' '-'·'' '·5- sio '01 from Th.d Ilan d ,. . .~ ' l i- i _ I ,, , ,, , . . : .1;1 ~"""'-F.~. _-. I IIE~-U)I.'_ t' I A.I. ,g ..'..!I

T b - : q - - - ~ M - '· " - - · · , , - 'J'~, ';.'" -, '-'. . ." ,: .. ' h " . . . . ' . ,C """" ,_ . . - d ' · ' 'IYf'.' -'lid':me nrst '.' a aY''',ilSI3.ml,C POU ,P to emerge ,~n, •.e po s t " ~OQ ; _Wo r JL _ ,'W ;'. -- . ." .. d =-,. . . . : t o . ' . ' ' G " . . L..- -- - - -. M - ~ - ' 1 - ' - . - P ' - tit - -' - R a ' ! l 'G " ' - A.''l .'ifl,A 'n -)- -h:< a r p e no _, was m e "'I,uU'Dgan ,_ e a yu ra ,Janl , . , . a ,',tlJ!'¥H"l.1.R.,' n:r 'f ie

'G , · · . ' - ' i I " , ·~ . t - , : e " "- I I , n - : I - ,a ' " ~ : M " - : - '~ l - '~ I , v A · · , · · , s , 'S~:~'~::O_'n. G . - - ~ A M . · ~ · ' r . · · · · ' P . - - A R . ~ ' : . . . w , - - . . · . . .a s la ·1~.;o,L'e:-4 : ' ; r 1 I i c l ,~e;ill,.11.,,,"" ..1., .. _ilIli "Q g" " __~ll;gI.llj.,I,_n~ __ ,_, ., _., __;II ,_,A,'W!;I;!!!~l! ..U. hI, I Ip- ._v. .n. .

co llab o ra tio n w irh t h e left- ,win" o , : r i , e - . n t -OO ,M a l a , _ - _ - ~ 'N'ati,on-I]f-t : P a r t y i-~ J t -- --' . -' - -- - -" .0 - - --- - - - - - - y - ~ _ a _ _5 = --~"";,1 ~ n _ _oa

B aru ..Kelanem on M 'arch 5 · 19'4,8,-~ F o . u . o - w i n D 'th e ' Bo rde [ ,A ,~ j I " eemeDt : o n th e" • _ ~ _ • - • _ • , • • . • • ~ l _• ~ • • I til ;~J .. . _ _ .\ _ J

- f ' - - - - - - . , .· S · · ,' 1 - , - -r os. i~· ..,-. .,. ...emmuni ". :"'. · D · · ·. · · - ' . . : b : - : 1 °4'0' b e n' lt i!' ," -" ' .: t h , ' f ! l i " ' t - ~ · ~ . - - 1 · · · · . . . . . , ~ , - 1 1'._upp: essson 0,-"~c__-,,--,,-u_~~smD, uecemner 7' 1 .0 ' nerween .1 e un ISn,CQ omai

autbori t ies inK'uala I . 'urn,put 'an d B a ntk ,o k t mos t ' - o f GAMPAR~ s lead ers w erea rrested and dIe of,garu'Slti i .on m,p,pressed.

F ' o ~ U n w i n - -P" ; G " - - ' A M 'I p · . i l 'D, ~~dem - ' : i ' l i : ' a t t : i l . . ii!'JwIiI;, m ' 1 : 1 'n sep ' ! : I I I Ia~;;s-."o " " ' " cm ; i ! l i n f o r ; ' L .B "H, . ,~ ... ._., _ ~._. _:,:_:.I_-'O .:. ... '_;'_"_._'_:' l~ ~ . -_~ .. - -Ie'!"w-,'I ~~t_!l/'r.I'~ . _ L :.. _. I~~,.:· ,g. _1 1 1 . : . . . . . . . IL. t i : , ..• . '1' . - _ ~-.l~~ .Ill .. ! 'f. '~

domina ted the strugg~e ln rbe south, Bam,e'lf, the Barisan :R:evolusi ,Nas: iona~

(BRN ' . - the Blrinn :Nasi,on:al Pembebasan 'Pa t tan " . ~B',NPP~ a 'od th e P:att-('~I~'_ I " , · - ~ . . c ••••• ..,... • •••• • ••••• • •••• , • it ,~ " ,1 · - f. ..,. aDI.

U - - - i - · ~ Libe ... j ! . 0 -- ." . . . : " . . - ". l P ' : U L " " O ' ~ - l ' - T : · h · . ' 'D'R· 'N'-N"·· ·· · · · · . " '1 'R " l" .R_ t'C u ,c _'_ -J u cI '3 ,t lO . n ,· '• .I: l!a n lsa tlo :n " ,. -"1,0; , .. e ,0" ._ o : r ,r,_3tto;na,,;< evOllUUOrD,

" 'F t 1 ) d d '" ·!l:f........... 1 9 6 " '3 · . .: , 1 1 - I f t · , ' . , . . - ' . - iL·. . . .t, : : : r 0 4 _ w,ag - " oun~e o , I n , 1 Y J A U , i ; , ; . i ) _ '--C •.•• '"-_:" e s s e n n a u y , 3 ) , , 1 ' C ' _ 1 IB , t e r g ams a uo n 'twi,

'wor'lced'close,~,\t 'wjth m e ' Communis t ' P,I nv o f M ala,va,· thar h ad sa netuaries" [, " - t" J' ,11 - " - - - - " , .a ~\, ". I I " ,- 1· J -,,',' - , ' __- _ _ -____<_'_.,_'

in t ' " - ; ' - ' ~ ' l ' h , e r n T h - ( i .a' l ' ; ~ a 'dI. ., ~U .. ii;,-,,~, _' . _ : ! I , _ ~ ~ _ . " ,

The B : R N , I . . . . .was h oweve - I . ' 'U :lre · ' 3 t l - ; v , ' " . - · weakened bv ~ ~ \ ' i f ~ · ~ r : - , n a - · ' I - ,lvlsions - · - n l , d · · · . ,-. --- .. --, -,.lr " - J -QI ",'\i" .!l-I,_ '/ -I4U". ,. ,lY lO l!'lv ".~ a .

'-. '0 - - ~ r - " - - - - ' 'C'·-,;:- ' i-I-~- emereed f '- - - - " : - , ~Th[-'I'-' ,t.:'..,._-', ,- - rh e p,: .-.,; '· R - '· -~ - :" 'tw ~ s p _ w te r group,s, , e m e q ,_ ,- , , I _ _ r o m I. t" , - ', " e , .ll,U;~twas _. . _ _ e ,- ,a t t a l , _ : .,eVOilllSl

' · N · · · I . . ~ . , . ~ ( 'p . iAD ' !' ro . .: T 'AS - : ~ ' ~ . - - thI - ' - N · . ' I> , ti - ....'1 1R : - I - h ti ..,'- ','.! ' p ' . " hl"'~" 1 1 Q , L ,r ; A ' ' . , - - . - , ' , - -_ . a S J ,o n a i l , . f 1 ;D , .I . " " " ~ - } 0,[ , , e ·,a,_IOftw, ",eVOaU,Jonary , ,ar ..,! I n ,l7'D.J'!I ,~,,',m,ore

,cffccd,v"C splinter ,& o 'nl th e ,8, :R'N' was t he : B:NP'P o r' Pattan l Na:lt_ion:al

Liberation : P r r o l l , t : th at was, : r o , r . m e d in 197'1.illKelantan u nder' t h e le ad .e r· s h i ,p i_ ',

0,£ Teneku A 'b d,-,,~J :alU '" Th e, 'BNPP~'S ! b eliev ed to n a , ; : - e some ,SI'-.'~1"I.nrt:' f l O l D.... ,,.p._.. L , _U" ,"1 , ,. l.. . -y, .... v .. .. iU,rr ....." .

K 1 1 d'· 1l .Ai ' :d ·n D "" , . . i l - ~ I -.'e 'JJanr: :an3'D' .vano 'Us ,ivb,~we cas t co u ntries as 'we- I . as . re8 l ,ona l t ,orga'nisat~o,m.t'I . , -

,~ ,-,--,~ ~ ,- , .. , 1:..'-, A t ! . . , - ~, . . } :. . .

Le a . ' - : T h - I -- , - , ' : - - S · · -R N ' - : - " b - - .. _ - , , - - . , - : - :. - - - ,- ~ , . - ' " , - ,. ~ - .- - - ., :-1 ' t : i f ' " - - . , fr 'I - -"- - - ' ld · l ~ ' ~ '! 'I '· - ' ~ - - I ' I IsU,Cu,as ,Ule , . , . ,au.· .ague~, .1, .• e,, ,'", '.' ,ilSlconbnueu to SUuleI' .. OID ,a-wtloBw

,sp:: l i t s even thoueh it :1]50 remains 0 ' 1 1 ' 1 3 ; o f the me . .e , t l l e - a i , v e se~r.a,dst:. ~"l .r r~

organisa,riolU, in , Southern, ThaUan.d~ P,rese_ntly, there are: f ou r BRN ~'br ,an the$ t ;

B - ' R N " "r't ....-- - -- - - ' - 9 " ' R N - " " - C · · · · - · , - - di -,-- ' B ' R N " - ' - : r ' " U ' - ' - - d ' B : R N " [ - - - I~~'_ :_ : ._ ._ '\ . .N-ngrles5, ,'c. '_ '_ ' ..ooramare, L _ ' _ ' . urn, a n~ '_ ,_ _~ u~e im a ,! ,

L T h ~ P U L ~ '; - c ' O _ -' - . . . " . . b i l ' ~ h - d ' - - : ' . . , " 1 " ' d - ~ ,' I 1 .. ,.' . . h ' 1 -9 ' £ ' 8 " . . d h . . 'L .___ . b - ' ",-, ,_ ,_ Ie __ :.- ' . w a s estBed! ie ". c In . ._D ~J;a l.R .n tI3 :r:C _L ,;,~ Q ,a n : _ , _ ~ a s ~n ,1

fa r ,tbe' ' m o . - s , t : imnnrtan'[ s e : p a r , a t i s , t o:roup-" in . s o u t h - e m 'Thail,and- ' B e H e v i D ' a,, __ 1 _ t o [ - - " . ' - - - , r ' ! ' l l l ! ' 1 _ - I ._, _. - . , [0-' "_, ,__ .. ,l_., r_ -_ ' , .. - - , --~

in secedin,g' £ro ,m Thaila'Dd and :s 'aoctioning t'b,e use ' ( ' I r f :ro,ra, it esta'bUsD-ed,

th e ,Pattani U : D i r , e d . Liberation ' A r m y - (PULA) I . A s most o f ,PULO Jeadm, were

"'~"-~Ian ed ; ' ~1 i " '~ "d ; t ~ " " 'U ' '~ Ia "d - ' - ~ ; C ! < t a , b n ' s ~ , · . J 13" t~I"r'lv ~i¥I""""""-'~''I1· ~ i ' l' i+-a~m · · : ! " I I I · t - _~onaIU '~!~-~~~I ~ .,_~ .....g.~"~ '1 ,-JlI~J [II '. ' ~-~ __ ".1_1 JlI~U l~. _ . I ~-·~[L~IJ_.I-~~ _' ~ ~JI:~~-~_ [ g.,~~~~-~~

network" espec iaUy wit h , 't h e' M id .d le: East co untries ,and, h as, an. o bserv,cr- , ' - ' w ' - ' . ' . ' , ".;L ''W T .. l i d · M -' " " ' ~ : ' " 'I ","' - .- -.,' , " C ' _ - ' - '' - - , " f '" . . , ! i i i PULI'[- ' 0 1 ' 'L . -. 'b ---'W --r ---!ita"s at, UJJeWorJL ' . . uS I ~ lm , , L C a g u ! e . . ' ell) I ;e re n c e '~ , , - ~. .. .. .' u3S, ,_ 10 _ ._e v e [

s u f f e r e d , , u ! O m , v , a n , o ' U . s il1;r.ernal splits, : a n d , ,p:resendy;. t h e r e two main ,PO u p s,

P ' I U L " [ ' 0 : " . . . . . d ' - N " - ' " , ' . ' . " P U L ' : ! ' - , 0 : " '- '..-,"_'::...-,an..'_,':'··_fW " " ." :" :....

I1,28 I I 'Ternor1sm ' 1 1 l l i Sowh iu ;s t Asia




s:.~. '. ' p . ' - ~ " " ''0 "· - '.~~abl i 'L -~, S ' - h ' -.n~,~'I]" ~ d lh , ........" -".'~,". ,1 . '. " ; Ince _ I 'y , . .. .. . .- 5; l e ; s t a~ ,J J 1'5wnent " .._o u t ~,eI'n ,_.!cal~an~, ~'as ~O :seeOIll:l!t

. , - . - , - - " b ~ ' · ] ' ~hm~'. '~-~-- : - ' f ' ~ ' mmber - c l : ' - : - . . .L-~ i II"l~ - ~ " - - - : - - ~ ' " - ~ - ' - d m-r.~e-~e--ts In 1'985',es,ta,I~S~d'~ent 0,' a nu_m~e-l'0_ oweI , ~_amH; -O f ' J ,e -n te__ ~ _ ~ ,O ¥ 1 _C m j _ : , - n ~ ·_ ,~ - ~ - ' , - . ' >~ !! 1

' l b ' : " ' M " · ' , ~ - ~ ' . ' h id . . ," , ' - P ' " . ' . - - , , , - } ' ' M - ' ~ 'v' ,.-"',' W " ' -; b 'I'ih' "d - ' w i - : I L . . t'L.e " - I l £ie, ,i, ,U,I'hu',een, , aUiun , " , .o [e ,Dl ' -ent ,:1,$ es ta_dS: I "e l_ , " ,_,tn ~Il, goa t Q c _ _

libI

e h I t . , E - Tha i I A n - ' hb e - '

' 1 - d- : - ' :- " . ~ t ~ - ' - '" - : - - '- , - . - : ' ~ i i [ ' I I . ~ - t , ; ~ ' e ' , ~ n ~ ' "" r o v m e e s " r -m ' - " - ~" . 1 " r u - - - , e ~ " , ' 1 " ; 1 " ' ; , ' ~ r ' , u · · nt .~ p - -· , ', '.: ' l ' ; I I _ ! U ' f · . ·I" e r . a 1 :t l : g . _. _e Q lvU '._ _, - r , ~ ,I : r : ._I I l .u, ' I I ; ; '! I - ' ; ; ' ; , ,iV.···, ",~ _~'~ , . _.,_ . I I; ,l f_ . ~ , ' ,D"', __ 1 I; iI, : , ' -,," ~ . . _ _

'to h ave i-nter,Da'tiona~, ~inJca,ges is th e Ger,akan M u j'ab ideen Islam, P,attaRi

[ (GMIP) 0[' Partanl Islamic M-ujufdln, Mo ,v1!ment ,~M .,nibers, 0" ,t:be:G,MIP, - ' - " " ' . ' . . . . . . . . ' d ; ~ . ., f" · h ' , - , " , ~ , - , - - , - [ ' ~ ~ . . , - ~ - - : - · ,. . , - d : ~; , , ~ r h e ! i i l " ' ~ ' h ' · a d : I ' - " " ' i i . ._'I., " m : '~A ' ·.£:nr~i ! i in '~'S' ' 'o': ! in, a r e , s u s p e " , , ~ e . · , : -01 , , . ,8v ,m g , p a & t lo _ liC ] ,p a ,I . " e In 1 1 0 • e , , I I .· . - 1- i s · , , , ,UN-l'~" ~., • . ' , ~ . ;51~Q,I-ll.~ ~ _ _ ! I ,

and hence b elieved to ' b e ; s l _ f o n , g l y militant and r:a.dicanscd~, A new;, h igb~y[ '. ,i , . [ + - . - d ' - , . - ~ ~ . ' , ' . . . ' , - " ' , ~ ' . , b - " , - jL ~ " ~ b"~ .. ..- . '- - : '- . ' - ~, '~ ''0-;._:_ k - , ~ ' ~ ' . . - . , ~ , ~ ,~ 'd -I~~ .~-:-.mon v a r e o group, g .o .l , n g , . r y me a m · · · l gU .OUS : Dame IfUS3'iB r o unc a,don

I (her i tage in ,!dalay)" established in 1991 , i n , : N a - r ; a t h i , w a , t ~ , ls,beUeved to ,kaye

U n k a ! p e ,s ; 'w i th v a £ : ~ : o ' T ' S r a d i c a i l , g r o up s i n , Indonesia, , a n d mi~~t e v e n have. D ". ., ....1..U . , ... _. ,~. . ," '.. . ..... . .. .. ,,~. fr~"", ~ -- ..

,participatIed in , j : i h a . d i n , Ambon" ,Ma, luk: I ! l~,OfficiaUr, th e P I ! J J S a K a , Foundation~s , j i n ~ -v o l v e d '- , ] 'n . e du c a t iona l ~a . . . .. . . .:u;'.~a~v e n , 1 i . ; 1 . .oush : ! i . : , t · h as t,....i:iii't, " '0 ' 'iI'i,"_jIj;_,;'IiI' • . . . t 'iilj'~"'!1..I; I [I. I : . . - . . . . . -1"_::_-.: _ I I __iUl,i;:' J iIU ~;~-_·· .. ~~I·",ll'ill~;~ [.." ·.·.·~;IIJ U,llu. __0. -. ' I -, III _,~Juc.",~,~~~.~,y'!I~~\.~U, -p-.IUI

v ario u s sep arat ist elem ents, w, i - r b . M'3sae 'U s eng , its S e c . r e r , a r y t , also asso ..

ci.a:f~d.with th e , B , R N ' i believed to b e inv,o l .voo in coordinating activities 'W]lth

,i . '. . " . i i . " , . . ' t . . , 1 > ' 1 ; . . . V '" r .~ "V8 [ , IOUS : separanst mo vements in tne lO U u J 0 ,' tJiI,C counn"y.,"" ume 1S

•'b k bo - "- 'i I - + ' , . l~ ' I L . . h,~',o 'wevc1 ':...no wn a.•.u t its involvement In v~,o ence even 'tuoug .. ,many

:secwi,ty o fficials b e l i e v e I.a,t.it m ig h ,t : b e behind th e recent spate' o ,f , k i l l i n g s

lnSOU l t h em Tha iland sin ce J :anuary 2004~,~ In , order to p rev ent fu rth er sp'~its

within the separatist ,grou.ps in Sonthem Thailand, on August 3 : m ; : m 9'89"' I . . 'il d f ' 'L. , " 'i ~ d h~ 'I b l~the reacers 0: the vanous groups , IO .l 'n e ~ toge tn e r In a n c:w U D lL ,(C '_ "a ,

• ,. II d 'D._ h U ' ~ d 'C f ' h '. d d £o r:g _iB lsa.no n call,e-.. ,~.rsatu , o r tne I~ limIte, '..i , ' [ ,on1t ro r t te "~;n" e : p e n ; _ l : n c - e 0.1

P a . - t t a n t . U ,AocQrdin,g to Thai , m i l i. 't a L r ] ' , i n t e U ~ g e _ n , c e , 'SOUlJca, B e r s a t u h a s a' I ] t ' 1 " , . ' S ' " h Til.. ~ ' I I d l . .L ' i ' 1 1 'i d - I h -even-stage pian 1 ,0 : [ " revc unon msoumern " .1 1 ia lI3 'n :_ , 'iil: .; at win ~ea,~to me

, - _ :· ·. · _ .,h c '- , I"'-f''- ~..- -I 'I 'l ~ - -, :: ~ ~ - ,I : : , ~ - ~ ib '. ] ~ : . " . ' S · ~ '." , ~ ; l t - - - . 'T~" : '~~-,~ 1 2 ,c t 'e , ; l .u on, 0 ilO, , samu:, , ,'epu '.n,t [0, .,'01lme'in1, ",1Il811,ail'u,.

'.' Fo llowi ng S pain 's halting o f t h e :I 'sls'm isa ti-o :n 0 , ' the ' P , h i U , p ' p l o , e s in : m 5',65'."- ; : h , · , · · M · , · · 1 - " . ' I f. - . . . V' bee . '--I~'. , , 'I '" " "- , - . :, . ,h ' M : : ' - : . , . " , [ , . . . . . ~ . ' . : ' - - - ' 1 1 . . , " , i .;...~me ,_ 0105, na _e 1l1C'CD. struggnng w,n", '" ani a ever Since" D e ,I,t ,agalDst me

S·.'- ': 'P·-··, ,- '· , - . ' i r, - ! - - 'A m - - ,i · . - ' . - i- , - , , 0 . 1 · · ' ' - \ - ' 1 ' · , ' trw I< :··-· ,: ,'lJ)'I !.. ," l'· '- ; I" · '-" · · · '·G ,':: '· · - --- '. ' - ; t i o '~ , · 'M · · : - ,lID~'Q. ' arus,u , or ,'_leoma tv,unul _tSIl.~1 , ,r ,I JJ ll ,p p l n e s '. .o,emm,enll.~ J i,0 , ,._ a1 ,1"700,,,

'the ,Muslim, Ia,fa; Mindana,Q ' lnd-ependeDce Mov l e 'm . e a t ('MIM,)I VI,M, estab-

n & h , e d , wlth th e a va ,wed aim, ,o f esta b U s h in g a n , i n .d e , p e n d e n 't I slam'it s ta tecO In s t : I i : - u - r i u a M i nd " 'm . ~ I , n , ,!!'lIe, well L~~ m - S u lu snd Palawan Islands Th e · t w · ' ' .0 : : - '._- ..._,~-_~._ D ~ ~ ~-~-~ -~~u ~~ "J .-~~A~ __~~ .. ".,'.~'~I!._, J:A '... -_Ali-Ii IU,&I" _ . ! I I _ ,[ ~~J .' "" •

h f 'i ] +. ' · '1 +. , i , i ' U " . , . , f I i ' i , 'E d - ~O ~ ' e',r ,J!s;~:a,m.i'C ,m h : ita , n t' o ,: rg 1s,l1lS :3tlo ns" ·. [ uon 0 ,: 'I;SILs:mlC: , c - ,o : r,c ts , a :D i ,

Orga'nisati-ons (UIF 'O) , and ' ( b e ' ,Ansar : E J Islam, 'W~1]e ,also e s r a , b n s h , e d , during

tids pedo d, w ].th $lUll,port & , o m , t b e ,M id d l e B a : s . t ~T- 1 - 1 " ' D 7 2 " ' N " ' " - - ' M ' ' , ~ - - - " £.- I~,J ~d ' - : ' : h " ~ 'M " " - , - . - N - '~- - .~ ~ ~ . J- I n...-.-~ -.. F " " - , ~ ,,ItO . . _,7 : '~'" , ,ur " :,15Ua[l , I 'OU l l ue , - _ , t ,~,..:' o-ro '_ a t1 Jo n a, L d,v e ra ,t, .O l 1 l ,font;

M · N L · · · · , ' "D 'F· . . . . .1 1 '1 ]- - , ~ . ~ ," , . . . · h ' ~ · - · · t ' h · " . ' M " - · " 1 '''· ' , ~ ,~ - · d ' : " , , ~ , - ' I · , ~ .- d ' . ' ~ ' ' ' ; h ~ '' ' b . . - '0 " - ' , ~: 'j , . '~ ' . - ,l,, .,'.. ·r•. 'OJJ.lQW10g, .. ' IS" [~. J e " . : ' . ·J[VI, was ·,,1550, ,veL_ Wb· ,"", .~e,_.c,rla.n~sallo,n, 0 '1

J-~;m:II ft" , 1 - , J r ! ; 1 Oift~oft'" I ' 1'- '~" " " , , _ I . . ~n """",,g~!!'~,7Q1~'~' ,Ao'




J L '" o·~4 S · ·. k " ' d ' 'S h i • h d " ' . iL. 't. "akarta ~n17'8., .'uDg'at an ", :as ur 'we're a " l a l ' Q , cnargec WU:~,I, s u u v e r , S \ h ~ ' J i n ~. . . ~

Both of th em and ,many other dissidents ned, to , M a l a Y i s , ia " 1 t hen a safeh " ,t. 1 1 ' 1 ,;, ' 1 ' · , . II I di .'J ' 1 h i fraven lo r m a ,n :y tslannc p o m c a r cissroents, t was 't ae congregation O J

these an ti-Suharto I slam i,e radicals in Mala ysia" ,es,peciaUy followIng,hei "~h " di '. i, AI" L ~ hati f " i, d a sth .,tneir : 1 1 1 1a _~ 1experience in , < . ' .; , g u oms tan tnat IS 0 , ; ten ' V , l e w e " , as ' I : ' "e' g e r m i -

, lladng; ground fo r the emergence of a militanr Jt In 19,93 Q r so, Sungkar

is believed to' h a,ve estill,b U sh ed a region-wide JI network with Hambali..J A 'b J " . b ~l k d' iL S ' ,n,I l, ., h · " i l l " 'I I i l l ' . , : I ! . .ana ,> ~ 'I il .~l'tEh t-a,Si ~e" IIl;Y ' , , " u . n ~ a I ' to S : ' e £ 'U p t~,mh: IJ . tan : t c ' e J ! ~ , s , In h ie

SO "" h ~ " ~ t " · , A " ' , " , " . " . " . , " . , . ' : - 1 ' 1 QO£ °1 ' J " I . " . - ' . - ~ . ' " ,~ . ," . . " . ~ . . . . . . , . , . : t t i " ' , 'c ' ., ,0 ..ea Ii, ."Sltl re,g lo"n ,~ ,n ,,7,70-7•. ,". a , s ; 3j, , r -egJQna, ! [ or.ga,rnsa,:~10,0 w a s

a~ .readyin p lace even t h o u g h it did no t lau nch , a : n , y ' terrorist attack until

:2 000, 'W h en S u h arto Eel] Irom 'power in Mav 199:8. both Bashie and_ _ _ ~ . _ [... • I . . _ I _ . I , ._ , _ -, . -; ._ "_• "__ ___ ' _ ~_ "II _ I. . .. , . . ..• 1 _ I. . _ _ . _ I ,~.

S u ng k ar retu rn ed '[,0,Indonesia t ma,k.i.ng, it their mal 0 base o f their. ' , st ruggle" ," F I'll ,. S " Ltd" I i" " " - - .~ ~ b . k . h ' · ' k h ~ '. , ~O ',~OWlllg , " _ : u n g ~ a . £ . " i s : ' eatt :in 1 9 99 '" , A l a u Ba·.' ~ l 1 r Ba;s'~]r' t -oo : , over me

leadership of J 1 . 'wIth Hambali controlling ' t he field opera t ioas in. the

r e , g i , o - n " , l l . This , structure remained ' u n . t i : 1 botb, A , D U D akar B as:h ir and'M b l l " d-"arnt an 'were arrestee,

. 1 Due to th e secred v e natu re o f J I ' I there is v , e r y little p u b lish ed materialon·"he 'iL"·_' ..,.......; ; . r ; e · 'a n d · ~ : " " ~ ". .";'"'·"I··.~': t i o D "I 0 "' £ " ] [ 1 3 .1 Com" p · I : " ' l i I I i o h ·ension o f th.. O · · · · · . ' . . ~ L · i F i n : , - " , - nd.. """"~ ,g,.,,1, y.' ....~~ ....a.D. O,[ganlsa;1 .." _ 4, . C V ..,I:~,", .. ~ , ii! !~ ,~ , y" uJ.......,"'iI;~ .'san '

S tru ctu re' o f J I is no t a,mere academic exerc ise, 'W h a t makes J I :particulad.yimportant and unique in the l f l l s t D r y ' of terrorism in general and religious

terrorism, in ,p a ,rdcu :~ar ]n So u t h eas t ,A s ia is its re gio n al c h ara cte r, Ne,vetL 'n " l~ '" ~ fr o d h s : . . 'Il .It ....I Iever nas SUCi . reS!,ona. : terro.ns.m, co n 'j ~'OD'te:: 'I : ie :.o u r ne ast ,njlan, ,fe810n.~

''iI'''L:: k 'h " ' d d I' fi 'h d l I_ iL... h ~ '" . I t ru s ma re s ' t , ~ .e un c ,e rsta n,: ingor Its enaracter anc ~etworK tna t'moe ..·more

important ,if:it is to b e e'fiee,dvely' managed , contained and neutral i"se~: t ,Most ,

o f tt1 !temformanon on jl's structure has 'been ,pub:~ished by governments thatha:ve:captured J ' J ooeratives, O ne ,imMttaD.'t sou rce in , this resard has been," lr" r~ vu

th e l.o tO ,rma don th ar was pub l i shed by ' the Singaipo,re Government f onowing~th,iD' deeen t ion ' 0 , . ' f ' ~ '<"i m mrbser of J ' ~ I ' . 0 " . · per . c , a ~ i " ' l · ' V ' " J ' I ! C : "W" " I: I · ' h , " 1 1 A ' , i" " O ' :~ ' : n t " r r' ' in 2 " ' 0 ' . · . 0 : · 2 " ~ ' H , ' ' : ' · O " ' w ' · eve 'r :l~ ."· ... V.\.:.l~,~ .,.~~., .. R"JU __ ,.. ~ '-" ,1,_' _' . , " ' c _ _11r. ,,~ii;f., _ l'''_ _ t\ !r.~ ~ j1 _ ,._ ,. ~ . . .u .!Ii."pf. _.... ~! .. ~

w,ha : t , i s , interesting is the very ' close resemblance' between the st rue ture o f'

the ,AI .Qaeda and JI (see. Figures 1 . and 2 , ) ; o 2 U

Orga:n~sa ,d ,o .naU,y ; ,I is b elieved to be opera ring in a, number o f

co nn eries in S ou th east A sb .1:t,nam . .J y in Indonesia, Mala ,y sia ", S i oga,p o re "

Souther.n, Phi l ippines and S o u th ern T hailand , ~ ,A t th e top of th e JI ,hierarchy'~. . ~ . 'L .- M ~ '" - ~ " k c ~ . ~ I' H '" . d ' " , . . . " " " . . \ . . . . : I I i . . . ] , , : ." .: • . . h 'R . · · ~ . . "1 S " h · · · · · ~ · ~ ·'" ( ro __~"IS ; itl1 ,C " .• ..aT ' : :tts 'i: . ,ea~qua't tee,s, an{l llJe~ow n : lS , t. , e ' ,· .e ,g to n a , . " · \ ,ura'\ .AJ-R'' ' '

,sulta,d,ve) C o u ncil, B elo w th is, JI is bel ieved ' t o be' divided into a , number

o f' reg io nal and t - e n : i . ' t ; o d a : ~ divisions or ,ma"tiq.is,; with, t h e : main ones being

il l, lDdone~ia, M,ala:ysia,t, southern Phili ppines and A U f S tr a ll i l 'O s s Th e mantiqis




',:,,-',h elr rem -_-,." ,.,-n lv •ried t· :-:. '--' _,.L , M " , ' ~ , _ . . . _ ~ , ~ d · : - · - · · - · - . ' : _ " ' - - ' . - , , ' - " : ' : . . . . . - . . . ' ) ' 1 1

on ..ell' r.-,:'.[D, not OD.), U&e .. 0 puntle w,e .,' UJaJll··.eeIil rou te ,n a o,o na '1 Yb .,-,-~-.e ,-,-.--+'- - - 1 ] . . J ; 8 ' ' D " ' - '. ' - - - - . 1 : ' ' 11 :1 ' - · c l c - . - ' . " . , ' " ' " , . w+.- : l . v":, ',', .. . J : . _ Iut aiso r-e,gloD;a,,),:., , cu e " 0 ' ",I, S erose connecnoas wnn vaerous rawca~,

.' S ' t il A , . . . " b FB I C h" f R b-' M ' U +. l d JIr:o u ps m ' .ou:_t~,east ,~ la ,; , t ne , . . ; ~ l :u '. . .-,- teL; .~._o'~ett:_ , ' _ u e J , e : r s m l _ e - _ , o u t " J a s

AI'Q,aeda:; 's foremost Sou t h ea s t ,Asian co llab o rato r. Th ere are also repo rtstha t : I s l a m l lc miliran ts ,from , M 'I 1 ; u l m a , . : . Otar.fc:-~lar~-:-t i l e Arakan , R o h i R ' D - 7 a___ ._.__.. __..._. _, ._,. "_",,,,,~, LU... ):" _.._. . __., . . .~y ,- N r ' ~ I " "o -~ ' 0 - ' - - " . . . '·,;fo, .... rio '~ -i' ,- .~IIo n . b.,.... ,... 'U · '' ' '; ;l~ '' ' ' '_ ~ ~ " ' - ~ ' ' ' f l - A I · ' , ' Q ' - ,' . " , - " ~ ,_ , ,, a n d h a s" a ..ionat ._r,gant~,_.I', n , ,may a .~S " ' f nave LU.J : \ ' I I ; "U . up WIUI, __::_-'<aeua, ana nas

become part o f th e ' r e g io n a l n e tw o - r . k :" ofteerorises, Similarly, J I : is believed

to be' working closely 'with. a ,reJa,d:vcly new ' t , e , r r o r l s t group i n . J ' a ' u - a n i tJ

S o u th ern Th ailead , n a : m e , ly ; , Gera-ka.n, ,Muja ,hldeen. Islem Pareanl, A j,(' c e l l ,' . ' t - b - ' 'i lr d h -I t.._ - ; C - b o d i ( . 'E" 5 - \IS a so neueveo to . iave eeen set u p m '..amb o ta t se e j£ ll,g u r e '1~

,M~]aysi A : ~ :

: l n d o D , e : l i a t:P,bili,ppincl;

11udlaod;: M y a l U t i la r r :

.:PIGOKE, S: Jl's 'Reg iona l Partners and Linkages

.' P .o llo -wi'D~ the ' afI,C,St' o f th e second 'b a t c:h o f J-I o pe'·-1'3:t.ives in S i n g a p , ore '..~. _.~IE- .~ .. ••• . .. 1 ...••. ... .. 't _ ,. . . _ I •. [. . I _. . _[. I. _ .. , .,. '_.. __ . '___ • _ J • , "

~n . 2 00 -2 " , I t , 'w as r,ev ealed th at b y ' 1 . : 9 9 1, 9 , a r e g i o , n a l . netwo rk o f Islam ic miU t a nt·_.·--,'·,··r-I· -----· · · . '6. ' - ' , 1 ' " , - - ' - , ~ , : - . , ~ ' " , ~ : :~· ' - , - I ' , : : · ' , - I -- : . · . " ' : , - i l f - - , . . - - : ( , - ' . . - . . . . - . ' . - , ' - , c", '.','11- . - - 1 ' .,'L,' "'- , , , , , . - : 1 1 1 " " ' , · · - - - · , 1g ro u ps U en 'LOn. US,ulg" ,among otners, tecrOIlsm:l' to pursue t l - U e u : - pounca

b- - - -

- ~ _ '~ l . ; ... '; . I· -._. -.'. II I . - . . , . . . -, . - . - . . ~ ~. ..I!I.,. .. -~ [~.... ~.._~ ... ; ~ - , " . j ! ! ! ~ - . -0' leCtlyes, b ad air,eady been ,set 'Up", J1 ]5 said to h a ve ['m,tla.ted an alba'nee'

. - _ ~ _ .

. '< U ~ d u " "b · ·, · " : , - . ~ M '" : ' \ ~ i d ; ' - - " ' · , '· · · V , '- ' ' ~ V · · · · · ' · · · } ', '1 ': ': ' ,: ; ot h ..-·':' " ' h ' - ' , ' M I· ·· · · ·· I' . . ]C ' th . ' l . . A ' · · ' b , "ca e·.· ,.l~, .· ,lt ar u ~ '.'.' ·U ] 1 3 Iu , . ..m, 1D ._OJ ,_ lDg amon ,g at. ers, t ..e , , ·,LoC,. . I,e ,'" . ..J!

S a , y y , a f , I.n.d Gerabn Mlu, jah i .din ,I'slamic:Partani, :It is hi ,gh~yposs ible that

th e ' ,Ma,~e,l isPermu svewsratan Gerakan Aceh , Me'rdeka, lMP:,,'GAM \ I d b,". J - - - - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \,=--- . - = - ~ , ~e-. '1Dr'Hussani, ' [bar bas been fighdn,g fot, D O , Islamic staee in northem Suma t r a

and where A l Q · · . ~ . aeda lea,dersihip. . .-p.aid d,'visit, '[0 facllhate co opeeatio n . 'm ;~h:~t-._ . - . -= L . . . . . - . . . , . . , _ . . , I . [ . . , "I,&,&

. 1 - ' - . - . b - ' : ' . - . ' - . I, " ~ ,.'. ",:L' . 1 ' 1 : ' . . . ' J~'a ;5 0 . '.e: lDVQ,l'leU, In u115 a l , a n . c e , ~ - .

J I - - A - . " · · ' · I - I Q : · · - · · ' · a · · e da I - ' ' ' I ' n - ' ' k ' aces_ _ .:_ ,_ _ :~ , _ :_ : : : . . ~ _ ._ :: , _ _ I _ I _ . ' . ~ .' _ ' ~ " ' _ '

• O ne featu re wh ich , makes J I ,extremely" danaerou s- nd ,. . ;01" ~'~.... I , ' 1 '_____ ._ _ , ~____-----8= U I ... a sU .r-c . :e 0

na do nal reg -cc)n;aJ a n d , p ' l o ' l i l a ! COR,Ce [D is ; its l i n k ag e 'w ith A l Q - a ·ed a '~ - ~" ,.~. "_ . __. D~'. . ., . .. . II 1 . I -. - f [ . _ . , _ , . . . : ~ ~ • __ ._

---cj -II ' - r '- - - " - - " - - - I i, , - , - - d ' - - h ' - - - . . " ' f ' ~ ' : 1 ' ~ . . . d . '. ' - . 'b' 1,:- -...... : . 1 1 - ' -If$'pe::a .., y '0 _ gan lsa ,nO.Da~y a n ; . W ,eTe ,m any 0 ,· . .. ' , ,iL 'e a en, a.re , :e l l,e :Ve -Y " -0

b e close to ' O I ,S ama b in laden and ,h is terroris t nerwork, In addit ion to being

Mu s:lims, wh at b inds, JE w i t h A I Q,~leda,is ' the s i .n , g I , e :- ,m i n d e d ' b e ~ ' i e , £ : i n j ihad,

a n d i n i t i a 1 . I , y " it. ' w a s this ideological affinity that: ' b , r o ( J u g b . t :indi 'viduals f r o m ,

J-,amfi;o;;k I l i . " 4D I i i I ' i · · ah ~ "'I!i!iift,' l Ii_II., __ aw!':"'!_~'I~'lly,g.: l~ -

Co p y r ghfw mater a l



:a .. . . . . . . : iv ' . . ~ -, ' " , - , M ail . , ,- '" . I ',' t d ' " " ' I ' 'd '- - - - . '. i i i , " r d ' - - h - " - ' ' ' '- h - . _ .. _ '- d ,. , . . .- -.- ' . . . .- -aenvmes U), _._ ,_~,,1aysla,no I'I_OJi!l'f!S13 anc l; aat t tese still. eats were not

' l ! . . . . . . . d-" I d - ' " b d h ,. d h ' t f - - ' 1 d ~47'Je l 'Q (gtrainee a , ~ ,~oo t SO~,::_Ilen but as a 5eCOD'_ or tfu rd ee ,e ' ,on 0,; ' ,ea.c [ -S . . "' . ',-. •

'W h at th is arrest sig ni ned 'was, 'dIe continued ro le ,o J Pakistan, , e s ' P e - '

ci'aUy irs madrasas, in produclng , I i : b a d : i s for regional and ,in,te.rnati,onaJterro rism ..Out ofthe .500 stu dents :in A b u Bakar Unive 'f..~:ity:: : -, -'.,-J-: 2-- ,~O• .-;_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ . '" _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iR o e_I :L . . , . 1 ' : ! ! nea : r , l y ,U i ar.e

f; ' 6 - ' ; I " " : I " ali'''f'\I!! ~ " D ' C - U '- d 'W " " '0" - f : ' ~ ' o ' m - ' M a I~'v~';idl - T h ' 1 " ~ 1 " ~ ~ , t I ' I I d ' du d t '- 'd'o"nA~~',dj; ' F - : 'o i " i ; ;~ ' I IA i j j _ ' I i " ' ;D 'O '... ,,&,~, , t '-!I. lI¥-cI...:II' 1__.. 1 1 . _ '_ _ 1'-' .I..,' .t :_ J J • • .' [ g,lu.,.· ~ la,~ .' l.g. l.~:"' . . J _ ~ , .• .u~I."",' .:._·~\I_iI . ~~.Ilu Y.Y.l ;0

t- e < ' ! i . - r r e s t of Ham ' 0 1 " ' 1 1 ' 1 '1 ' ; ~ , ' b r " O ' ' ' ' h , t I I ' i I \ I ' a T h ' . 3 '; : S --W " d ' e ' i n ' t ' s t u ' d - - ' t ' n - in 0 ·- - e o f eh ea ·1 ., '-r.~ IL· . I I . 111 :1 .1 ' ~ IL ~IJL. .. . ~.. I . I! _l : - > . . . ." . . . - ' . . ' - " - I_ _ ~ '_ , : , ,_ , ,_ ,_ . 1 _ - . ~ - ' ,~ , - - - , _ _ - ~ _ _ ,_ < _ ~ ,- - - ; ~ '_ , - - - i _ ' _ L ~ ' : : : ' - ' - j I : : _ - - - , , ~ , - - , _ , _ - ~ _ : , : , , - ' _ ; . y l , ~ - g ,I" :,n, ":,,' 1 . _ , ; ,

]BS ' dras ~:t!, ':_---cr:-c: -r~'p:o ~ ed " 0 · ' 1 hi",-'C:-~' '.:;-(,-,---:u ed - ' ' ' ' 1 1 ' , - 1 - '-(,-,c- ,~'~~,.:-,:- "c,' "' nst ' I i i " - - - - ~ ,- ; . - , , - , - - b , , · , t '___;~sa,~wa,~ - ,,~,_ ,I i ; "e_,' '" ,_.__.aV~, ,argu,~_J' ,!lS,am IS: a"galD,s, ~ ~er[\o\[u;,m _ u . ,

ls i am Is fo r j ihad a l 'O ' : f I _ i nSI' the op••p .ressor o :f M u slims, If Ame,ticam and J ' _ l e w 5 ,• ~ It •

want to conspire against Muslims:, t hen ' w e : should wage 'war aga ins t th em ..~1

Eq·,ual l .w 'imeortant WlI'S the role of JI'a m a Darasi tul Islamiya Madrasa ..ThisI ,I r-~ 1_ •

is a religious seminary administered by jamaat-ud D a'awa, 'th e ,pofitica],W , i O I o .f th e b anned Pakistani :Ka'slllnirj, militant g roup , Lashkar- e ..Taib a ,~'WhHe rhe le.T~,known, ~or irs, ''1]o~ence in, Kashmir, is not known to haveb '..' - S 1 L A s " + h ~ .' b I ' I . . .- een ,a ;,c !t tv 'e 'n.~~outr teast ' . : . _~ la , ,In t ' ,e ' pas t , : l . t :1 5 however ctear 'tlilat s omeS o u th east A s,ians, have b e en , :inOue n ced 'b y its madrasas and most likelY t

its no lincal ldeo lo av and mo du S ooe rand l ," ,. . ,1 ;" ~ . . . r i 1 ' ~ _,ll . ,y - ..' L

M'anag: ing Jil t h rea t '. ' A ' : - , - W , -: -- , ' h · . Q , ' I :e , array of ' r ' O O · . : · rd in eted b om '....ngs in In do · . · o - · ' e · · sia sin ce c " ) i j " O , ' _ ' O - and in

I . • o t t , . 4 i 1 I ,ILQ .1.... _ llIIL-I.ll .. ,-, ... U~IL _. ~ 1_ I 11_. I. __. _ .~I . iJ •• '\iI .. ~U. !Q.l1.1._I I.., J

, , -

.p a rt lc .u i 'a r, t h e Bal i and H o tel J W ' Marriott bombi :ngs ; the, series, o f

bombings ~n the P.hili pp lnes and S o u th ern Thailand and. the ;i, lbatted

b omb ing s in Singapore were a dangerous r , e , m i . n d e , [ " fo r A SEA 'N ,o f th e_ t= . .

' iI i ' h ' - - . , .- , ; rs " · · f · ' i i i ' '- ', . i' " - '; - . : " • . , . :11. ; , d ' 1'":''' - • . : I !. . . . - , : . , - . d :£ ': " - ' : ,~ . ', . ' l i t ' , - - - ,'; ite -;"'.., '.", - .... 'ID'···,··'I/, , rears 0.' ,",erro,ns,m,.l 1 1 . ( : , L U .109 m e ne e o . ! l,o r u rgen r COli n e , f measu res, , , u e'i - ilu ,'iL ..,. ~ . _ '-', ,I. · d · 'L.. T 1 [ ' . - rh ':' --:, ',' h - " , 1 , r - ", - - ,- . '. -- ' f - ' . ( " i-...~..-./"-.""':("-',~ -to ' I i : u e mreat .pose - IlfJ~~W .. ere an un I.0. 'f tr.mu:y 0. . 0 , 3 , 1 1 . 0 0 0 1 1 . , r,egto.na , 3 .D ,_

, . . , 1 d . , e d l , . h e s am e v e i 1-

u l . t~ r ,na , t1 .onaI..· .

angers, eX ls t, · . . :, m rl ,e ' sam e: 'V1

e!lD" counter-measures w,ete a sod - 1 1 'IL 1 J 1 "~ ., '1 d I "I;I, ,O,pteu a;t 'bir,e e , . e v ej,$ " name.y, nanona t , re g Jl,ona. a :o : . ,iD't;e.:rD_I,tlO,oa!t.

'N 1 ' l i onaU: y t ~a,r,g'e,=sca,l,earrests, totallin,g nearly' 2,00, in almost all

countries wh.ere: J l : operates" in particular, Indonesia, Malaysia", Singapore

a n d . " t·: h .te ' P h i ~ ~ p ' " . '~ ' ~~S , h a v e t " " I I I~ 'e -n -' ' p ~ : ~ce UI~1 : "~ g ' - ' o l d a , . , d · · :n1~W' d · .f~ ....onia n lawsIll .. , ,_ c [ IIJ, . .. . ,II!..r.:.. II, .,",. ,gK.. lJ~t."iIl~ ..... ~ •• I,I.:I I _ , _ ' ) 'J . _ . ~ . . : . . . ' ~ ~ . . -~g.~y-~~~~g .. ~J.

" - - ' 1 - ' d '" '. ' , t h T'_,- .. ' . ' 1 1 S ' - " . . . . , . . • ' . - . I ~"- • ' S - - " " - , . , - ' .' , - d M I . . . ~ - 1 - ' - ' " . - " . - - - . . - . - , ~ j l - II .O , t : U:.:I0g, t" e In ternat ce.cu r,n :y .n.ct In ' ·~·Ul ,ga ,poIe, a.n ' , ".·3, ,ay;s,~a~m,any __.

mem b ers h ave b een , in terned fo r lo ng p erio d s .. M ; an y o f those :involved in

b = B I: 'L..... b '" h - 1 - I i . . . d d - h N · ~ 'Il.t e' 'ab lk)ml_lngs , - Ia-vt, a~'so ueen. :sentence~;·to'eat -'. :..~ew agend,es na v e

a:iso b ee,D estabHsbe·d to ~str.engt:he,n,homeland defef l l~ '~ a s , 'w ' e l l ;ns beuer. - .

d-" -" h -'"- .. be - d - - k- ·B '· ' I-. d " .··· ..·1·- '. ' < . ' ~(I'"'''' ·1···. ··~'·~~·-·:-.-I·. ":-,'."'~ :-y~' :-·-·'I:-·-;-~-·-:-,·· ""~-·-:-.'~'I ~ . ,,-.-_- ::-~:-,-:- -:·I-·U·'~I--:-- i,-,coor In.anon among, t .'esecuruy a " g ' e D C , l e s I . ,en, un. , e r t , a _ e , n " , -,I:gge,l[u· g,tm;L_ .1 1 .. iL " - . . · 1 - 1 - - - - , - - d '- f ' - ' · - - - , . -'--:t '- -r--'---~---' e- 'C~' 'n~,-£0' " ; - te ' l l [ 'enc-e. J l aV 'C ' a,ISO uee,D, ;3 : ocale- , , ;u£ count-e_-[t.e_,["(l[,ISm_; _S,pe_UI;.uy ,j,~rU 1 I _ ' ~ ' I _ ~ g _ , ; : : ~ ,

1-: -l~ :-:ti, -n. R: -i'..~-- AS-EAN ' h as adonted a numb er o f ,measu res 'roo _ 1f:C _ _0 __ e ,g ona)1', . . - - -- - - ,t" - - - -- ,-"-

ne'IJ ' tralise~ J I " r h , e ,f,IIst I e g i , o , n , " ' w , i . d e ter,rorls.t o rg anisa do n, i . -n . s ou t h e a s ,t ,Asia,~

1·•·.. I ' 1" " ., 00__ h A ". ., _ ~1 .· le r. ro nsm m l wut-_eas, t . · ' 918 ,




as w , e l l . as, o rg anising th e' ~S, ingapore ,P~an ', .wh ich ,amo ng : o th ers 'n .rg tted

tru ck. [b omb ing s o f Americafl~ A' l ! Is t taUan, Brltlsh and. _ ]s rae l~ , inreresss in

Singapore' as weI] as; va [~OU5, Sln,ga,po;re targets" piar details', see '[ bid .. Alia

f e _ f e r to a fiv~patt r - e , p o r t ' t i , t ' l e d . "'Asia's O w n O s a ~ ~ " In h l tpd/www~,tim't ."omlrim,d3si,alf~atllreJma:la.'r_tettorlha.mbaU.html

3,],;; Information about the Q[,gan il sa .doJ l ,a l seruerure ' 0 , [ ,th~ J 1 . h as eml:na~ed, £ r o ' w , 'various, s < C H l : f , C C S in- t lu-ding the C'3,[pt\u:t o f' a seeret J ] ' manual titled. 'The'

: G , e n e t a l Guide t , o ' the.Jl Struggle' 'w h ic b a , l s o contained d"~a,gra,ms o f the jrs," t + D C

.- ,. ..'L,·" 1 - ' f : ' t ' l i ! . B ' ~ " - b ' ' - b ' " lit r h ~ - , - - - , . . . ,o~ga:ru:sa,.on,. . . . 'Ufln.g, ..ne I:na 0. .. ~ICnau : 'O!DlUJ,g; one Q, r , me , ; ;ey :S~5:pe(;I~'S,

,M'uhammad N'a;s.~r , A b h a ' s r.~vlealed 'chat A hdu U ah S ung kar and ~ .t e- rA 'l) u'D....1..~ - S.·,L;t, 'W i c_ e 't~l~ A ·~ · · ·m ' t ~f' the J 1 1 . a n Olraa i -Msat ion , set u p s om e dm e inD'iIi. ,- ., .a:[ , . a 5 lJ 1 i l r _ _e r e 1 Il-~ '". ---~ ,~ .... . - - -- - - :,. - .~ - - ;",D-- _____ _ __ __ , .

1 ,99 '1 .- 92 :f;oUowin ,g , a split ' w , i d ) , the' Dl, : B e ' l o w th e , A r n i r was; the iM'a,j~lis

M- Ii. "t; .' '. 'h' A ," $ ' l " L....;] d d A b R d..... _af~IZl,,. a~s.slsnlng tie .,m~:r~ I ·o\mc' Oil' n:s m e m e e r s in e r u c ,e ;; _ _: _ " " lu ,~-, 'U5L_an.,

Su l t an A riJ~ ~1i~s, to,fa,and Secreta.ry o .f l-dajeU$ Markazi , , A l b u : D u i a n : a 4 ,Below

'the Mil ieUs , M a : r : k a ' z :i was ' m l e : four ,Mant iq is (n .umber o ne ~,edb y Ha;m.baJiand~ , ; . .- 'M '· -· ·, . ' k · L1...",- -1 ; - . " " , - , - c-:~, .. I b '· : '~ ' A ' ' . L d ' 1- V'l. - -."L, n d ~ a t e m "A 'b u I n s a n , n u m b e rI _ at er . _iIliIllIliIS~ numoer twO.y .,,!lJ _ J i l l , Anlnu a lL_ ,___-__ _ :,_ -- '. -.__, , _I, ,_-

three by ,Nasi r h im sd f wh~ le 't h e len der' o f number f o u r 'was unnamed,

3\2 ~ A cco ,rdi.ng to g, , N e w $ U J e e l t . fC,p tJ t .14 th e ,h ead oli' the AI , Q , ae< ia ('.ulaDjsa~j,on

,. ,- :0 " ,- ,-- - b.J - - Ii' " ' I d . : - ' - ; c. u 'e· , is I ~~ I - ' - : :ooet d hr.! a C.o :nswtari 've ; Co , ' undL In , tu rn ,u : . sama In L.I.1i _en" ,leI! ~s " " U P .r - ~!; -- ~1 -- - - -- -- - -- - - - - !I i

there' are foul ' ma'in comminees responsi,ble' i o : f ' various aspects o f ' the'

lerr-orist network, Th is inclu des t~hel:!1'i'Ds.nceComm i, t t oo ' that ' controls thefin a,n cia l a sp ect s 0 , ' A I Qa,ooa, dtl,t sustains rh e n e f 'W Q . r k . • 'N e 'x C ,is th c:'

R e l i g i l o u s I L e , g a . 1 C omm it t«~ T h is functions: 1 ' . 0 ' j us t j fy ' th e EerrorisE' 3,t tacks,

based on exjfremIst In retp re tad oms: o f' Is . t am~The: Media C'ommj l t t ce ' dis-• - ~ . - " ' . ' ' ~ j ; , ·,l~.·rm' .ti -n :in S iD ' - .nort o f rhe or;Oa;n isad() IJ l . '~ activities" :fin:alhr.111Ulla,",,,, ~D__l-Q==a__0_= --- - - - , p p - - - - - - - - - - -a-- - - - - . - . - .. , . I "

the ' ,Military' Ccrnmlinee ,recrui:ts ;lad 'trams ]s:tamtc llg 'btHi. t , a : l l , o c 3 , ' t e s , weap-.... ~,if;! ii'.....' 3 , ~.;r;,~:.e~ ~H [ 1 " 0 . " ' : " 0 · ' · ' [ 1 " " 3 · - . m · · . 'n " l i ~ ; I I! I : n s ' , and ; i ! " " IAo ; i i " l i , r . ' -~ ' I · ' na ·1 + " " ' 5 " a '~" I ; i ! " " k ;e , 'n~: I ( i }w t h ,_~s~ '.~~~ !IV "__,lil'l!~, IiJ~I, 1"~=.I. ,I. " ..... , --lr·GiIV"-. 111.1.. ~ ..... v; JU I .. _ l"'~: _ !il' iMlIiiI __~. ~ l_ ~~ _ = -_ ~ _ ~

,. '" ll ,t , f; fi 1 h im a . i:n c :o mm . itl1 ~ are sU p ,p a .,[t e e . . 'S . ,gIOUpS Or , c .QUJrro ,_ ,~ ve e Q , p ' _ c W'~'O ~ ; a y '

m e ' ,grolU1-d'wlo1tk.for variio 'Us r e . r , r o , r , i s t operations. S ee " T,ile N u t s.' an d , B o l t s ,

f T- -," N-'- ;5 - ,- ,-

-ei October 1S 200'1 ' p " . 36: " e :r,I "O ( F. ; ,: ',ew .w 'e_ \" .....,' ~ " ,c ., . ,_ .: ,: - : '-~ . ~i i i , I , , , ' - , : ~,33 .. P ,oUo wing th e arrest o f th e: s e c o n d batch 0 ,( Jl o p e , [ , 3 j , t ives in . S,ingapore, it w a s ,

Q.Il'nounccd 'that 'b y '1 . : 9 9 ";1 3 , rreg io J l3 ,1ne two rk o f· )'sh )'mic :Ol iUran , t gro~ps ben t :

O ft '~~in,g, among others, terrorism, to , P U [ , S u , e their :poUtical ohjecti,YIeJ, h ad

a keady' b e e n , se r up, T h e : J I is ,said 'E O , h a Y \ e 'bdria'ced. an , a O l l i a n c e called

Rabin,nll M u , i i a h i d c e n , in,volving among others , the .MILP, the ,Abu Sa,naf,Ge raka 0,Mujah-idln, blam 'altrani, and possibly, the Gerakan A cch , M , c r .d e 'k a ,

mat' has been n , p r m g £0.( an lsllamlc smnc in northern Sumatra and 'w,here:

th~A I Q•••,:a ed - le a.rs ir u .'~ ,h ad ' - p a i d a visit t , o , &dUta l t e coonP:.ra t i,on . .· S ee ~J I. 1 :" _ _ -- iii --~ --- p -- ,---. - . --- -- --. -- .r'" . '

S do,

S o ' i J I L _ . _ 'Th "1 d l ' " ' ''T''L S "T"' ~ 'L..... ' 1 8 ' 2001, p : r eaU lg to ': _uim;r.n-aian, ...~ I r iet t"QJts i : t m e - - s ' : . , ~:~rettloo['_:, ~,~'_::'_"

,According to a media :r ep o rt ,. t h e , Rab . inuu l M : u j a . ii id e e n , 'Uil 'rtes ar [east nine

h om ~~ g r . o w n . :M u s U m m U i r a n . r groups j 'n, eh e ,rqdon~ S e e Poteign B i r o a d C a c S . t '

M,oni to" t ( S ; i n g a , p o , r e ) : t No 2 ' 1 8 1 0 . 2 , ,Septcmb~r' 2 0 ~ 20 02~ p ;;3 ,;;

,34,.,Ac~onting, '[0 Internet ; s O ! t u : ( i e s , ,Asian i rnt~Uipi llee o f £ i ! c t t , s , OO ] i" (:' 't hat the '

jI-1 : , . . " " branched I " J "U . · { - , ' o f S ou ..h ......eil i" ·A 'I l ' , ] ; : " 1 '·W!;t'~ , " ' ! I I , , ; i ' " " - i i I I I l ; i l ' b - i i I I ! ' ] - ' " ' g . establish t e d in ,_ ~;[iCl3. .LA . r ' \ . i \ I , 1 1 I i r . U I. .. Y!L:, '-r.aI"'~'" ,. i : : I ! a ..I. _I ~ a ! \r 1 li r1 1 J . . . . . . . Idl: . ! \ . ! ~ ' r g J U ! _ !I!~~ .~. _ _-__

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Aw's t faUa,~Accordine to lnt~.~~iloeim,c-eo u rces, th e J I I ' :rlO'W' : h : 3 J S 10' Ifm -,~,-c I [- Jk- \C ! ' - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - -~ , - - = - -- -- --- - - UL - a~n Q , c _ _ 5,

:n.amely~the fim ctlvering ,Ma~.ay,8i,a,~S i . m , g a p o , [ \ e t and , Tha i la ud , , t h , e secondIOOV-ri-- S - - a - - - - JI )--'Y- "-- I n d - . - - " - . .11,.- t h '. . .J - - - '. - Id " . . ~• •~ .~ . : c : ._ng,um __[ ! I - a , , a n ' l, i I, , . ,a , _ a 1 0 , _ u _ , o n C S l a ; ; '~ Jn C , ,~- . I ' t ' \ ! l , ( ; IOvenng , ·n, I Q , ll CSL 3 , ' S

S u law es1 ,£S lafld ~ ,KaUma.nm~ BrU'~e i and Sorg thern , P n _ i l i , p - p i n r l s ; and the 'fo u rt h co 'v ed ns: ,A 'u :sttalia ,,and gdof]es;ia~, prcvince o f' ' Papua " S ee ' T h 1 t

S . t r a , i t s ' Times" Oeeobe r 2J~2002.,

3$ ., ,Acco. rd ing , 'to Sidney J o n e s ., . t h e Di~mor o,f t h e , ]nttma'darnd : C r i S l : S Gwu,p i n ,

J a lk a - : - ,. ~'~e' J [ 1 w ; L - L..L ,..1 . . . .. 1 . . . . . . . . 4 ,-'k ....-c. - -- - - ' h " ~ · - - , ';h '· ' ~ '. . , . - .,.." ' D : : 1 ' - ) ' h " . .,_____:_m~· .I i. U_~,I];_'nQL :~U_~l!![-C\!I,';[l.t:, , S a I _m ' C pL _IIOSOpry ~,as ,~(IIJl:~l >' ... ~ _ ow e - v e r "

[ dream t b ig g er ,and . 'w ,ant ed t o e s ta b li s h ,a n , 1 ' s 1 a m _ i ~ R e , p u l b l i c : u n I J - f y i n g btaJa'ysia,

I nd o ~s~ at M in dan ao , in ' the :Ph]] ippid~, , S i n ~ g a , p o , r e , , S o l l , t f i e m T h a i . l a n d , , a n d .

Br.U; ' [ l le i " '. S ee " J , I ' = ' From 3 , V i U a . , g : e S c h o o l to a :EltgiQnal :N ' ~MQfk ,o f Terro e " ~

3,6 ',. S ee: "T erro r i'n,As~a:,TIu : Region is S c i l l o n, the 'D,a:ngef ' List" T i : ' m ' e j Decem-

be'r . 2 . ; , , 2[0 02 ; 'p ~ '4 '8 ,~

37., ,A s w as a r.,gu ed b y tl~,e : hue MlLF Chief; :Has ;h im, Sa~ama ,£~~,The :MIL'F

derlv ed a lot of ' c~ :,pe I~ i}en~eecause the (am,p (in. ,A:fgha:n:istan) wars su b -jeered eo air and , ,a,rtlfie~ry' artack. OUf; , f i g b : t c r s were expo sed eo a mere

sed ou s, w ar an d. adv anced wen,polls .in clu d inG; m issile s an d, armoueed ve-

: h . i c l c : , s , . , h, 'eJ ' t i l ,elt r e v o l u e i o a a r i e s ~ f [O \m,a l l over ' th e wo rld. h Ci ted in ,Za l cha ry

, AbuUJ~op , . cit. ~ p . 9 1 . . ,

3,8 ~ ,Accor.din,g (0- du~:SD (S ; inp .po . re)~ , fOUow,ing t he al"f'cst ' of J I~ operat ives i n ,

,Au,g,us;t2[00,2,. "a ,slgni:ucant finding is r h a ' u : t h e' reg ional Jl ,did n o t opera te ':d,oli,e, but fotft~ed d~c;R~ibit-:ltpl ,MuJabtdeen, [egiQna'~ i 1 U j , a D c e ' 01 ....j:ihadist:~ImiUra/IIi' g'[~Un§; Th - 'R '- b~ ' ! ' h ' i t , ~ M ' ... - 'L . " · d · · -. - . . . ' - . . '. - d . -. . ' . . 'p - · · i I . ' I.' inee~ _ o _ ! _ , _ : _ 1 _ : . . . ! _ . ~ , ~-.'CLiIf'-~ _ ,, ~ _, e ,~ a ~ _ · ~~ . A [U ~ . _ 'Ulan], '~ en .com ,p nse . a CenL f a : l [co.m_llu,. :ee

made u p o f' leaders firom t h e ' miUta.ri,t , g t , o u p s , In . th e , r e ,g i o n " w h i c h . In,(:luded:

a, ,M,oro Islamic Liberation Front {MIlF,h and b ., ;8 south Th ailand. ~ jihadjst:"

,g £ 0 u . p , (ha'sed in Narathiw,a.t '~II ' Th/c JPs ro le was, 'EO se t u p an,d ,cOOfdmau

meet1.np , o J eh e ,atU iiu ~,C :epart~,e~s..,~reiy' 'w,as v - e r y ' ,std~d:y'maintained ,a'od

o n : iv t h e in,vi: too.senlee members 0 : £ ,t~~~ --:,--'''::-,~---:;: 0 , - ~ : - , , - _ th , . , - d · · . - [ . - - 'm-:~-:',..,___ , = '!!!TI,,,L. ,__"""_ _ _ .nt'Lc!M;; grou p s ~ !"e ['f ! a low e . 'L ,Opa , _Cl

nate ~:nR a ' b i : r a : r u l , M ' u ] " ' , a l d d e e n m e e . d n o ~ ., A p -· n a r e n t l ~ : th--e m e = - t i nU ' l l ; l , ba ' . - -r;lIf - -- - " ~ - ,,- ,,- - - '. -- ,,,- . b"''' ". ,I; '" n..[ ee . tr" .. .v e

been. ,h eld so ' ,far b etw een : I a : £ ~ 1,999 and m ld ..,2000~, 3 9 1

• S e e , u ; , P r o f . i l e ' ~ A b u D a k a r ' l I , a t , ~ u ~ y , i r f J ' ; ,h i t t ,p : J / n t ' tw , s , .h b c . .c o . .u ' k I l I h l l a s i l a ' ' ' ' , p a i c d 6 d

2 · '· 7) 7 ) ' 9 : 6 " · 9 · · , ' 3 · · · · stm-.JIJI.: .-:,::',',_'! ! ! ! ' - ~'_"'I

4 0 1 ~ S ee ~B~n Laden , F'u n ded [Chris t ian, Haters" , ,lit tp:l/~.m.a.Uarc:hi,ye'.cn,mJ,eskol@,miU'a,. ,n[et~i,d/m$sQ0006,. h ' U n l

41 ~ See "Te f fo r i s rn '~ :s , N ew 'P,[o:nt:, Minds o f' SJn,gaporeans,~; T h e S t ; r a i o 't s 'T , ' m e s ;

Ma,y' 22:" 2 0 o. 2~

42. Sec' "G~ly'er,rulu:nt 'News R,elea:se o a rh e 1$ ,A , A . r . r e s t s : : The Link: of the

Y -- - ~ ; s h '~1I'n V ' : , i d · ._h~ b i t j i " p - ' - ' ' ' I .; lW W ~ · - ' - ' i1 - - w - ' - 2 · · m - ' - - ' h - ' ~ go-v- s . . . J \ m ' - - · h - > ; o - .1 d . '- [ e - "ft~l]~.J J · ' ' ' ' · p > " , " o r ~ ' ] ' · ~ ' - 4 · ·1 - , : j_ . . · t v ~..IL . ~I~·~I. :~''':.~V " J]I~l",_"" '1i " '_ "._. ,_'.< Iii,] I _liIIInlial'!i..:l!'!-·~· ,r'] . W. i. ~iiiI'~._JI::iU~_.~, ~"'I!!I'iJI._~~·_,U-I" -~ '_: 'IF'~ '

= 4 , : I i I ! ' ~ r ' o " .0 ' t - ' = O : & : - p - aren i"1=[O~,!Iii!:'tr~"l[l'ilt=11'I_~~ .. . .. .. ' .1. H. "'"'. . ,ii" i!..'lt.'irR,," -V

43~ S ee U Ra.man, . M lT b a . n i ;n d a'nd Im.ter.,natio,nal lllam k: F.ro nr1J " S O l l u ' . h Asia,

A n alysis G ro u p,~ :Paper No 8,!ln~Ja.nuary : 9 " 2004", , p , p . , 1,~6:~ee: httpl=/ I '

· w ww . .sa ag ...o[glpa .pe[s:9/pla . .e(..8.90~htm·1

1:U t If(urorism !in Southeast Asta




:6eld, O,pcr;stors; "" ioin:t oper,a dOI:ns; and p r o v i , r u n , e ; : assistance on i i ' t : raDs,po.r- '

tatiort, border ,rand, :imm , ig r . , a , t i0,0, control c h a U e n ~ l e s Hto "stem efmct iv~; I , 'Y

th e .How o f ' te rro rislt -re la :t ed material" : m o , n e , ' and people, , ' ' ' '~,7,At . o ne : ~ e v , e J ,

. , '1 . , .

~ d l '. ' '. " " f. A S " E A ' ' N ' , 11:g, lvl

e ' l l m e W ,L _ , evana t i on In. c a p a c m e s 0 -1 "' : ' :_ :"'. . . .. , . -. g o v e r n m e n t s to Ure t ec tand b reak u p ' terrnrist cells and f u n d lng now'S, th e p r o , : € ' e s s i o : n a . u s m and

ex pertise: o f U S agenc i es in , enha,o,cing: th e fu n c do n a l c ap ab ilirie s o f AS:EA'N

in , interdicting th e "flo w o :f t~r,rorisit=r,e,~atedm3Jterlal~ money a nd people"· \_ , .. ' I'~. .'. - - '. ' . ~'_ _ _ _ '~' _ _ ~, .. ._ .;

b o t h ar the mter-seate and in tra-stare level, IS ve,ry much needed and·,_-_,~et e d, A ' ~ ' "~-e " i I ' " al ~ " 1 i 1 vea ~ d i , f t · · e ' ' ' ' ' th ' .~ l n i " t ' i : a l i n v ~£ t h e ' U~ ,AS :EAN ' J :;'o ~n .'tove. • ,U~I ,I, QI", A $..... 1 1 - , A~. ~ .... 'ir ~~~_'k_ ~ -'D y~ ~ _~ '. ~

Declaration .. the Counter Terrorism Intell igence Centre ~IC].1C~a, ~o: int. Lar ,In, ., ..u , , .. ,-, l"- , " --- - ----\--- h -- ,~----

C · · · ·. ~ L A . : ,· . . , ' T I t " ai , a - l : g ~ . " D I - l r v - "I~~~: ~ : I U " " C ' e s s f u l in t r a c k '.'I"~'g' ' O - ' , W , " , ' ,n a n d c a p . . . . : - · r -; na= H =am' b - -ali,. ._ " _ ~ ,~ _ . ,_ ~ , _ < _ . ~ \ _ _ '~I' 'Q"QiIJi ~--,~- ~~"'- -- IJI..·., .. ,1;1~.: .1 . _... ~IU I, __ ,u .,.. _ ", Ir.-UI IIL ..iO ! I II .A't!_~.. JI. ' Ia, terro rist im po ,:rtant : fo r h is knowledge o . . f bo th , JI and A I, Q aeda,}~S

The question : E S , . ho 'we;v,er" is th e operationally drl ven , c o u n rer -t e rr cr is tt:.::~,':J U ' - , S · ) - A S ' t ? * ' I i ! ; . tcoopera t ion in the 'WI.f on, terror in S o e t h e a s t A s ialJ,ocuso= _ . . _~_~ ,~ __ v ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

e;nuugh , :~ 'The' fact remains that Indonesia th e ideo log ica l 'and operatio:n_ill

l ocus o f' th e tr,aJl&nati.onal Jem~u)ih Islamiyah terro r netwo rk, h as 'Yet' to

'targ,et J I dec i8 iv el.y~ This h as prompted respected observers to cast igaee

'President ' ,M ,eg a'w ati fo r nor moving .decisively enough, against terror,

Mi > ' . - · o , - , [ a o : , v ·a[-- - = u · · ' I ~ l - ' I · m - - , - · . , d : - 'o ' : · . m - - - I ' ] · n - C I 'a - ' ~ ~ d : , S ou th er n T .h a i l a n d ba' :, S b e e n wrac~ked b y ' ' - '_ _J._ ,~_ ~ _ ,I n ,} 3_ ., . ~ 0 _ _ .ILi~ _ ~ ~ ' 1 1 : 1 ; 1 _ . _ l • ~ O I I ' _ . . _ 11Q~" ~ __ .. _. _ _ '-, _ _ __ _ __

'v io le n,e e a nd sO,me anailysts consider die' area '"Je;rtne ground, : (-or te rror -

ism," 2~ CbiHillgl 'y, suicide terror attacks by Islamist mU~, ta.n. ts"kmg be lieved

" 0 " 'I.,.~ '~I M · · · · · · ' :t · . J d -I.,Eastern n h - ; 'e'n£li;'me'non ' I ' i l l n ' l - ] ' ~ ' : " ' i I : / l y totak jiI, [-0- nt· in S o u th east A', . r o ' : i a ·~.. ' Lt-t:~AI ;.:' ,U, I . _·111~~~~ ~:'I~~ _; .r~J .. , ' . I~ '. .":1.1. :.! ,I. U.:lJ.lt·· .~! lW1 ..~., . : .. .. .. . ,A:··~ ..,'.·..Yl. . _ "l~ .. . ' : ' . .: " "I t . :.~~[L- ~. .~:'~,

h a s , o c c u rr ed ;IS ' w , e n ; ; Th e 1SaJ i ,3ttacks o f' O cto b er 1 ,2~,2002~ th e A:ugus t

. s , 2 0 0 .3 J : a k a : r . t a , ~ ; a . r . d o t t bombing I n v o l v e d suicide, b o m b e r s , and i : m 'i s

'b elieved th at :a ,recent blas t om a, fe:rry in w aters 0,(£ ,M,an~~a , i : n v ' o l ·V ' ed a,

su ic ide b o .m ber tra.med b y t he ' A bu S ' 3 f r , a i , . , l O 'WhUe enhanced COUD't'fr ..

terro ris t m easu res m a y help iden tify and elim in ate m div idu al mUim'n ts andceU s , 'b u t o ne thing is clean th e · · i ' d e ' O ' I ' o g , i ; c a J mi'li 'eu 'whdch m l o t , , ; u a t . ' e s s ome

S oeth easr ,A si:an M usl ims to engage in terrorism canner b e' n~u'lralise.d b y1 ! . . . . ' . n : - , . ' : . " ~ ~ ] " . . . . h ," '.' . h ' ..' d b - d- -, .,,-~ "-"'hI' and immierationne ;"er In.,,fl tg :e.n,ce snaring , ennanceo , o . r _ ' _ , l e T 8-eCUIl,. . , t j;.I, 1:',' ,I t ) ." " ' : , " ,I

p raced,u tes an d ca"paci . ty building exercises,

• J . t is no t 5 u ffi,c i,e nt i.y re co g n ise d t b .a t' it is not o.nly the m_il~taD:tst h e m s e , ~ , v e c s : ~

'b u t a lso tbe Islamis,'t, ideology ' i ! : h e y ca:rry around :~:nheir h e ad s, 'l'h .a:tm atter ~'Th h~ id '1 b , ~.. 'I I" - '.- , - - - , - ~ - _ a ; t . 't l - l S L _ ,e < n o g y _ . ~ I : a , S v e r y ' concrete, operanonst unpncanons emerges,l.~ .. -- , " h i . I ,,-'., .~' •. , _ ,t -, n '-". y-.- - 'j; (----:,',..... c. N '- 0 '· j\-Tfi1,'!L;j!j. ... 2 ' 0 : 0 ' : ' 2 - ' · Indonesian p.....i I 1 · ' ; i " ( 1 i l I iIrom Ii. ,'e, I o.uowlng ex,ce . rp IL ,[[o,U,I, ,3 " . .'Vif i " ,u l I U....'" , -- ,\ ,I I! ,' . ' ,~ - ,J,!!!," ' ''l;;I '' _ ' . .,,~a., .:u.I ....',

inte!rroO'ation 01 Ima'm Samud r a th e, co nvicted field. coerdinaror o J th e Ban ,J . . , _ D..".'._.~. _. - -_. ..-. -1 ;t. - - I. ~ 1••••••• ~ _ ••• - ~ . ~'t!~ _ . . ~-" _ ~ "~- - " " ".

S' i ngs :pOfe , I 1 6 5 ,




T'-h - " ' - b dari "'S h A ' " , " I I " . '- ~ - , _ . ~ e . n t [ e ' r ; . , s t a . t - e ~r o r u . n . · ~ a r u ; s I n ·~ · o u t~c a - s t ' _ ,~S l~aare' n n p e n : a : . ~ ' ~ _ , S tereanons

and th,ey h a v e rend e d to fo llow a,co lo n ially in sp ired pattern of demarcationa rri'v ,c d a t in,r reasons o ,f ,a,dministFn:lt:iv,e convenience. States have been

formed in. a l, reg io n, th e main ch araeterist ic o f' 'w h ich is socia] d: ivers i : ty~,Instead of uni. t :~n,gpeople 'Who Deiong[ to t he ' sa.me ethnic _ g I i O U P " speak rh e

same langu;a,,8ea n d f o I lQ iw th e same religion, t h , e s ' e : boundar ies have t f ; : n a , e d

to divide; th em. And, in,th e p o se-In dep enden ce era, when th e nat ion bu ild ing,

experimem started, kn many' cases based o n th e la:ngua,ge' and r(!Ugiun of'

the maj'o.rhy community, the minorities were' unwilling to reconcile r h em -

selves to poli t ical domina nee from cu lmra lly alien centres. Region almino.rity dissidence 'a:nd demands, for separare states have been, m,Qs : t

marked in S·outhern Thall ....ndin So u rh '[Af'-n ·t}'il.·...- ' t . i i n p - - ines and ni"i ,..tr,~ o· f -··. I.' ..1K _:".1[ .ILl ".' 1 ~J: I ,~ \11 . I .. .I1u· "[.alJol.·:, . / I I.l!. - yll.url' 1j;: ,",ILI, ,C,I~L,111J~~ 'IIJ1"1~·. .' ~,""ll .., ~'dH~ I I: .~ ," .

Indonesja. [Com,p lic at i,ng , t he S: iW;3, t i IO:n ,ha,d been, extra-regional and regio,:nai

su ppo rt to th ese m o v e m e n t s A s is Wf'U known , th e U ' n i t - e d . Stares ' w a s , d e e , p l y" il _ jl '. h . ' I ~. ~ b a, ~ " 'S ' , . h 1 1 a . , : ' O ' ~U l ,VO~ , ' y eg in t)e re,g lon:a ,~,, p r , I S . L n g t . _ : a , t ' [ oo , t ; ; . p la ce In:uma.tra, 1 : 1 1e ie ~Ji.7J' "s.

'U -S ' ] - " d - i i . . . . d f ' 1 -1 . il '1.Vl' L~ ~ ~ d ' -[ I. , ~ . ,' ., '. ,P O J,ey to ra y na s tu rned ,~]1,_1, c.ir,c :~e i!1wa :5bdn , g t : o n . i!S p , r o Y I [ ~ t og : sup ,po r t

'to the Indonesian Presiden t to tackle th e pr()blie'IDs, ,posed by the , A c h e n . e s e :

rebels, The rela t i ons be tween , ,M'a la ysia and Thai land deteriorated o n. the

ques t iou 0,( : a c t o i , ' v i t i e s of Mu slim separatists in Sou t h e r n T b , a , U a l 1 d , 'tha:t ,;} u t

th e no rth eastern p ro vinces o f M jalaysia, wh ich are predominantly Mala'f~

S , i m a ; ; l r l .} t the separatist movement In, S o u t h ern P h ilip pin es, w h : i : c h e l a t e s ,

fro:m,October I 9 ' 72 , was, : s u s E ~ , i n , e d . b y ex rerna Isupport, £ r u m , t h e neig hbou ring

state of Sabah in East ~Mai~l)~~~dand later, in financial terms, from , L ib y a,

'Wh ia t I wan t to highlight is the fact that the demand fo r a separate

political i , d e l l t l t y - by dissident Isla,rule minorities (des,p:ireexrernal support)ha d "1I ' n antonom :-,and m o.- · ' 0 ' " mentum 0 ' : £ - it s "'"i;"II'I~'n-~and, w :. · :h ,at is D ' ' I ;O ' , iI"-.i;IIo,_ th O re_"",p,1;'.JQo·,"·1 ,g~L' ~ , U . · . . . . ; .. . ..!.Jy,.,.~) ~:I.~ -_ ·~~,:_~~<.)I~I~I~,~~:",o~J :,... ....; ,~~ VYV'I", I~~._I.U]! '. '~~" ~ . Jll··I.~~ ~~ .. 311!r.'

canno t b e t : a , c k l e d , m : e r e i , y ' at th e , l e v e l 0:£ la 'V I I,nd o rder a n d m : i : U t a , : r y '

reprisals, Th e ru ling elite mus t under take soul , search ing : t o find o u t wba,'t

'went wrong wirh , nat ion buDding, exper iments .

'From, an Indian perspecsive, ,~tmust also b e mentio ned that th e

emergence 0.£ au th,orita.r.ia,11~s:m, , i ' l l , , m " a . n y ,Asla,n countries and conseq Dent" ' f - I . ' - " o ' - ' _ - - I l - ' " - d " - I " . . ' 'f- If ! IUp~ 'p-_- ' i ! "~ i f "E' l lnn -1 0 " - ' ;C ' ! ' A . i ' " 1 l a - r oe eos iu o ' - 0 - ' z a v e " ' - ' 1 ·i l in ' "0 ' ' ' i!',fjj;- I I C ' -,t 'J, l -S·dl ' I I ' -L~n-~ n" ~ "a 'm l ' "i J I _ . ', ' _-'J!,";;,,;tl;)i,lIi!i,;1!'~ , . _'" ~ 1Ii,O ;.," . oj _,:, ,.'__:,!tr 't"~,1J _ I, ' _ -, ," e;Qy·'.·-., a '·,11 . I'" !Ij.,'._'-[ ,II,"",' ',1 " - A I.e ·V •. [v, , ! O ? '. _ _ , L : •

I n . th e Arab wo rld , '[h e 'ded in c o f' secular ideo logies such as: so c ialism an d

'Pan A rablsm, was, th e C Q D ; s e q , u e : n c e (): f 'US e :ffo :n s~ wIth th e assistance o f i:ts

, a · , · I ' ~ l · ' ~ . s : :·0-. " w - ~ : p - . ~u t the " t h r e a t IO "~eom rm in ls m - - , W ' < ~ l t " ' h : t h e , d . " [e l ~'If'e'of ~A;(!III']<1iI'iI!'l__U ! I O < ' !I I I~ ,_ . , I . - ' " ' , v U _ ""D"", 1_. I,,"Q" _ : I : !!!,,;V,_ - . I l l . 'ill ., ~ .. ,II.. _ .._ "'"', 1i,1I~. 'VI' , ~!Ij,j,''''''W ,A,II,

ideo lo g ies, 't ] te vacu um was f l U , e o by Islam, However, Islam that W,3S to

,L.. 'n-·~.o:··I1··":'II~, an amido ...~:o communism ·····1 came to be ~p'nTlO':n,r,~a;ed-, bv certainil,U_.","'u,, ,g~.u ~"."'~!.~ Il,' U _.I~_ ~,' Il,l. U M.,r;l."r~----- -,1 _.. ~

fu nd am en talistfo rces to b .r,in gabout social, econemic and ,p oH tical changesr ,

'W h at I 'w'oldd like. to hig'hlight i , s , ,that, ,fro.ma ' h i s t ~ ( J r , l , c a lperspective, ra dical

: I s , l a m was n o t ; s Q , m , e r . h i n ; g , t h~u~emerged ove,r.nigl)t,. b u t it W,3S a movemen t

Ind,ia, l 183




- -'. -I .'. ~- - 1_ Indo n . ~. .o r1 i. . " . - . ilitarv ' I l. . . . - ( ; :L,.... . - - . ' . ' - - " - . - . : ' h " I - ' - f - - - " g b " t-,'.,-· c _ - . - - d -C3mp a l g n , ~ UI, .III; .OneSU1,.UiLe D U l3ty ,u3S 1m·· 13 ,p oo r _ ,man n, _. S re cO f i'"

B u t it is the ' lon~yc o h eren t secu larist 'o rg an isad ,o n , 'widl :3 . ' l1ulioos'l, presencedow n t '"U I I Th " -" '" d · b1 ," 'h ~ ,. l d - I • 'j; t.: "-I o w n 'toVI__a J 0 1 e . . e v e ~ ~ . . ~~:US;J't1:5,n ' . .s~nsa - , I _ e !ln,= u e _ , p ~ n ' o :_n~OJlesUlr,S: re~l,orrmS:t

t : I I lr'~- t. U

leaders keep th e a reh ip elag o to g eth er, and in , bridging th e t l .uf i :vo.idab]e period,f- '! - ' - 0 " - 1 " ' - o dernl ~ - -h gh• - ' • - I. I . '. - 1• . ," " .~ I .- -. . ..~. I . ,"- . I, '. t," '- :- _. i - .. " ", -. ." I ._

'0 , lnsta"luy ' e ' v e , r : y m Cl,lllSlD:g, o o u n t r y mu sr come tnro u g ',~• - - it ,- , - . ~ .. 'Ik . ,- '' - f ' - . •

' G . E , v e n , t .he j e m a a h I S l a nUY,3 J ) , l's avo wed goa I, 0 .· a Southeas t AS : l a : n ,

caliphateencompa, t ls ing Indonesia" Mala,ysia" S , i n . g a p o r ' e , . Sou the rn T h a : i , - ,

:~ a'D .d ,h e S ou t h ern Philippines, and parts o f' ,Aust~a,Ua, . . . . . . . . .lndjJ~ln.secu.rity', j ; n - · , ~ g ; i I I -o.........~~I\~c:,e!~t'i ' i , '~ly-:ha v e , ' ' ' , ' ~ t · · g · h - I " " t o ' - W - - ' : O " · - r r v a b o u t - Islam,---;~·teloes ' 0 " " 0 - - their. _ - : . 1 I - t' \r . I' t I_ ~'~,U.~i . i ! : I I ' . . & . '-.G;l.I::I_I'I:' I .a, ._. -, 'ai l~ •'. I_ , I ; . . . . . ' _ . ' " ' . ) I" ,J ' "llJ'J!·_ J ~ l~ ._ _J'~: t, !I ' . ,'. I ',.. I U_l...i_

_ _ '_' L !"" '!'

'Th M -"~ : l im ' I f ~ B ' gl d h P k : j : ' d Ind-'w-n-' £0 "'1'I'n:'-'-'" - ne '.-1"-'--.--', ' - 'e -' - '- - 'e -- - - . ', '·' '--·D-·'' '---=.--'· 1- '- I'- "- '- - ' l l " l i, --n--: '.-' ".--. ,...'u . . :. . ..' ,-~ " I I -. I.' I" -.'. '. '.IJ.I ,I I '.. __"" ..o _·try~ _' I,,':_ ·_JJS· "L, 'p :,o p .. s, 0" I. a~_ ,_a , _eSJ . 't .., 3" ~"sta..", : 3 " , , , , - , , I_La

together make up [be 'world's largest Islam ic p o p u lario n ,

,A possible source of. concern, I S the I l o t 1 J n t i ' a , ' con:vergence betweent-"'," 1 - i . . - , . '.1 ' - d - t- ' h - . - - : , : . ' : , - '. · · · . ' 1 ' t ; , _.1 ' ' ' ' : - ' - ' I ' " l' -."'--"" , . - f · ~ · · · , ~ , " d ,'• -' I. (- ' i: - . .. . ( ' , \w 'M l ) ' · . I • . " " ~ -e rrorrsm I,n ,_ _ - _ pro~U'er .a , , , I ,on O, i [weapons 0 _ ma,SS'_It:S,,[UC J,on,W~-,__: ;_ ,S/~

I - T h ' - ' -: : . - ,- ': : ;~ ' - ,I~--i'{--:,n s o f ' I P : - " ~ ' k - ;~ i : - : - ' r : - ' - - . - " , ' - : - . ' - C - , - " I - ; - : '- ' - ~ : : : :- . - - ,~ ,~ ', - - : r : " - · t · , -A· · · '1 . . .d- ' I -'- I Q " - de :. K · . · " ~ ; - - _" I E : , re .ve . l a , IL , IO I lS0 " a .IS ra n s " ,op nUCI,~a,r,SCIED, IS. , ,u u , '. -~ ,a eer ,v n a n

-w - - " ' h , - ' o ; - 'as a d m i r t e d e':D,~', I ' , ; 'M'O' ' 1 [ " " " " 0 - ' L ib v a a n d Norrh Koi!'\lllli4 'n'I ielear-w eao o n ~',_:_:.:_:'I,__ ' :",,_~_~~,,~,_i!J!~1~~~,.ito. ,_Jl.a.-_~:7. .' _,_: ' , J : a, G~,!!!!,·_ ,~. v~ ~"_:,_;___:~a, ___:I~~p~-- p _ _ _ : - - ' ~~rU--~

h ] h - 1 5 £ d ll d i b ~ee ..no ,og,y over t· ese past " years~, are proroun - I - Y I.nsturmng.

Th e 3,ctiv,ities, o f W~lhha ,b i " , c h a r , i : r - i e s " and o f the T a , b I i , g ' h i Ja.ma;ar-

an Islam ic ~ :huma'nittarian o rg anisatio n b ased, in, India,-~em, to me anothersource of concern. The Tablighi Jamaat' seem s, 'to ' ha,ve spread p h en om ..

ena II'v' in ..Lie M ' . . . . .U ' I C J i ; ' m ' - ""'0, m.un 'U ' niti es of M r ' inda ' R - ~ ' O :4 'W "

' , ' h e " " ' e S a u d'~ L - :

A ' - ' ·rabi anI ir .r t . . IIJ.· llL_1 lUll, .. ',_ I:....~I_IL .._. '\iI., 11 __ jl, ..... 1 '.',1 ,1·_·.I:_U.g,_I.g,_.,. ._, .. ,_ .. \ I I ! . '. - . - _ ··.·_1, ,,,II.':',I_g.

, char ,i' tjj es ha v i e : a lso been , active.I n . - h P h ~ '~ : ~ ( ~ · - ' . " ' - , ' I s l a m i s r ' - " , - - ,- ,~i' ,-- - -: .. ~, ' N · · ." . - i L l .._., " :L.._ ~ ,- ,L l ,p p , t n e S t a .n ew D_ ,am lst t moveme,nr oper3tlD,G ,Ul_o.fitue':m

' ' I i )1 . ! : I~ ' 'pn~l· f tAp.------ :ph·'e ' " R a " . l ' a l 1 . e . .. ..a i m a n ' M ' " '0 ' - - " ' m · ·, j I i ! i i j ; : t " · ( ' R · · ·· S ' M · · ' \ ,n~.:'!'"known ""I;t!' 'L]" .".n ' J} ' " A.' £ ' 1 1 1 _ ' '~I. ~~I·r-,I-J.I.-~: , . _.1 :. _ 1 " .llla.Y _dU_!l!~Q~,1I ... :~._ ' . '....1 ,I_,II!-.l~,.'....., . . ,- ~' ' :._ :' - :. IlgJ~1 Jl.I~1.~1,.,,",1=1,IP~ ,~~

~ ' ! - I ' k -d ' I T O : ' I t 1 h - " - A · ' b , S · · :" - ' .: r '-, -"~ b 'ii" - -,-:- I .- ' i i ' f i i " ~- , : " ' i I ' ; . . , " ' : I ~ 1 '. : . ', ' ' t o i l . . , : f ' - : , , - - " '- . " , ' , ' - _ -. .,~m__e- _ - o -_ ,e ' . .O u.a ,YY,B Iu ,1 . op e ra~u llg O D , lL S ow n, a ,p ,p are .n , ..I " ocu ses, O D.

co nv en in g: C h r i sri ans and ,send lng th em , a broad fu r r - 1 ! E - r o r . l s t training, Thismo vem ent is 3'P"p '~[e f t t -"1-u ' f i iH '~H""e 'd b v S . . . .u d,ji A-b, i :d1n monev A- - . . .~ 0"" · M · · ·'",.-1.,._ - ! .. I '.1',_·I._-_-I.~_!~_= • • ,_ . ~ __ ,~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ l ' _ ]. . j. : ' ~ ~ " ~ J ~ _ r ! A . , , , , , ~ . _ '. . _ . . ' ~ . ~ ,, . (:.g. ·_.._I InJla , & !Q l : I, [ ~ : ! ':I·~IIII\r.I:~'n.I"~~~Ii.-~ ',I~., ',_':,~_III~I

30 of Islamists planning a series 0 .£ auacks In Man f [ a , turned u p ' a ,man wbo

co nfessed , to ' p lan ting a b omb -eco ncealed inside a TV set= -o n a f ' f J r , r y onM.anil B ,. 1 - 'F · I l . . . ...'L : : .~ : i\ ,_ , I·' h .. -h .-,.· .'.~~1~~~ I'_a: :3 .y . tn, ta te , _ - ; , e ~ o r u a r y tmsyear. ll.J.I, exp~o510nw rose ongin au t r onnes

n S J v l c 1 1 . o t y e t ' estab lish ed did. gu,t dl,e ' v e s s e J . , kU lin g mo .re t h a n 100 ,people~,

•

Cou:ntler ' t e ' r r o , r i : s , m.

• H I : O - ' , W ' " ""~:'1j'Ii W ' j I I i, l ;( ' I ; O - : " u ' :n t - i t3 r :~ , r - " ' l ~n ' t h · - · ~ " w . : - · o - , : · - · r ; d o · . · £ ' t · . - h · · l e · . - ' 0 - . r D \ : ] j - n ' ~ s e r : i I ! ! " o : : f ' - · , : t L t i l ! ! C. - ~~ f ~, e · , ' F i . . . . ,,g,· .. ". '. ",,",an .,."'" '-i... in, .'Ii.,il,~, .. ,i,,",.· .,,]i, .... ... 'D'"""' .1__"", _ ... JlHi;!I ' vn~~r... I i . . . ~

v3nq,uis,h,- tn.is: new i -n~ematiO:Dal phenom,eno :n Icaned 't er ,r ,a rism,? In South;..

east: ,A sia a R.endO lnal · C · · : e · nt'~,-: i - J r ' · C•· >,,-- t - - : ' "T":: - - : - c - '·C ,- - , ': -; 1 - ' 1 " - Ib , ' 1 . : " , - , b l - ~ 'II. ' , f t '· . __ _,__ .._, .._' _ '~' __"___. _ ..1141: _o_oune : r u:£corrsm w as esl,,3 , 1 & ea, 13,S"

'Y ea r in 'Kuala Lum,pu r fo .r th is pU'r 'pose~

B ut let:me:conc l ude by sharing' g, vIew tlu!t \VIe ca n :no '[ e r a : S i f ! ' t ,e , r ,r o , r. ir s m . •

W e , c - a - n ,only m a k , e trerro,ris,m, . irre[eva-n,t.., This 'view,point 'was in , p u h l ,ic ' ,

cJ-iscour,Sf' I s : b o r d y after' L 9 / 1 '1 , a'nd, tv,enrs in :kaq a ,ppe. ar t o l S ' l l S t a i n , th,e v , a U d _ t t y




long ru n th e: _C ' x j s . t i n g : radiea I, grOUP$ could easily expand their bases by'

: r e c - r u i t i n g : m,o re members, and d l : C ~ :p a t t e r n o f C i o m J l 1 c t s cou ld shi f t more ''IDwar.d, t 1 1 1 e ,rc:gionalJlg'~obQl one,

There is now a gfowin,g body ' of litera tu re o n Sou r he a s i As;ia f S Islamiaterrorist organisations, but at the same' time there are doubts whether 3ilf'

~I f : th e l , ~"t'~,'t"'d;fi:tl"~ ' t h " ' . ' at has b een p ' :-:ro ,u ced so t~lr-, ' ' : " 9 " ~ ~ o ' "u nd I ' y ' u m -~rro-,'['uS , these~ -.!W i .. ~J.;.IIjIlu..&,~, ' ... D__~ D ~-. .;~ _ , _ . . _ .-!l.llf~ -~ . _ . .v I-A _ &lU't11 ly I.. l .. _Yo ... ~-~- ~~.. _. _"

organisations and the W;I,YS t hey ' w o , d c ~ In fact, 'w'hat'anyone knows ab ou t

these ocgani.sa t io ,f]s is, ool,y slightly more than 'R'har t these orga n ; i s a d ons

ex ,pee t d le ,iD 't()l kn. ( ) 'w~,O r' l e - 1 s c " : tt 'wuldd b e ' difficult fo r th ese o,rgan-isa.d,ons,

to succeed il l th e'fr' g oals, A h so , :b :is worth pointing o u r that eifeL case o f

co nO f,a in Sou theas t ' Asia, a n , d elsewhere t h a t concerns pol idcal Islam

eR joy ,s u niq u eness with ,I, great : deal, o f ,h i&tor ica~ detail, Generalisa tions

mad.e so fa r make e'very case look lik e: an epidemlc that requires the same

Vlicc :ine or' IC lllr~he W ,3 r-l o , n ' t-errotr.,i.sm,.,There a re no doub t s tHa t tnlnsnad,o.na1.

terrorist networks exist in Southeast asian ~'ftlUlil'fi."'- but hoW' a : n , d ' l te 'what ,"--:Iu ,-, ,&d'~ .. ' I ,.\w!I~n·y .. ~ ~:, _:tlQ~ ,I:: 0 I ',' I!lif.UI~..."~ ~~@._~, 'Pp-v .~ - ~ ! \ ; ~ " ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '. . . '~ _ ~ _ __ _~ ~ ",Y '" _'~~ __ '. .'

ex tent ' th e,' are a f f i l i a t e d wi,th l o e a I ,peo ple o r- , g cO ' " I ! 1 , PS are :00[ alway,s, clear,

'The' , i n f o t l f i a t i ( ) l n and, k n o l w : i e d g e supplicd by ' th,e "tess and Am,er:1can,

s,ym,pa:t 'hisen, poinrlq t,o:w9'rd Islamic rad ica lism in , Southeast Asia : i s

largely o've_r,ratedj parti ,cula,r~Y' in rh e case o f Thaitand.

'wn . . . ",,'L f " 1 '" h S e c , h f e , 'T L il d1Thw ~ia. tare tne causes 0 : .' " ",1 0. .ence tn t ae I~O'U,t.0.' -,~,~~ aanc _'. ' - , nere are a

D umb er' o f reasons, The h_rst reason is suppression fol" the sake of assimi . .,

J -.,!,-~- ' l b " - ~ . ~ t.._~--~- ' f " S : ' - ~ 'b ~ T - I L . " I ~ - d '.~ d e - ~ ~ - - - e d ' S " !' ~ - - h ~ c.....- ' 1 6 .a non .. !,IIC; ,p rO lD ' l . lem0: .'. ou t _, e r . n , . .UBh'an ~.S~ cep~:yfoote ,..lRC'Ct I ,e . . w u t n .

was ineorpeeared into t h e K in ,gd om, th e Thai government ha s , o o n ' r i ' O . u o ' B ' d y

em,p , l loYled ' w h . a , t ' A r oDg Suthasasea c a l l s the " check and ru le ~ means tOI

sU,ppress t h e p o r en tia l , t b r , e a t in t h e seethem provinces as w , e J l a s '1,0force

people there r o assimilate with Thai culture. , A c o o l r d i n _ g , to A'fong, this

ij 'chec'lc,and rule" comes in v ario as : fo , r ,m s . One o f : t ' n e ' 'o:!des.t fo rms that th e

g overnment' h as, u sed sinee [he: ,adminis trat i,ve: in:tegratioD, 'of' t h e . ye-a!'

: m 901~.2 . is 'th e a,p,pointment' o f Th ai B u ddh ist ,I,o cal,o fficials : i n ' m e , {u '

so u th ern p ,:rO 'llnC e S from tbtf:, high,Mt' level 0 '£ ,gov~i.E'n,o,rsbip ' 1 ' , 0 the lowest

l~ lec~:r-~II I , p:0 -_ C ! ' I ' · " i ' L " o D ' ; e : o · 'H,'~ ;'W ·. j I i . u e : iP rh " e , ~ 'g o vern m ent 'h : ld~' o e c a s i o ' - - 0 18 ,' 1 , I ' v ' ~ h : a" n · o - d < I~ ... ~l.&~1 ," .. ~l" Vt_~+ I 'V.,,-"",,", .•I, ~.... ,, ,~l_l~ 1.!IiiI~ lIiJ"IIIiI~g Iii. -··]/~' - -D~~

tow,ards :3 p o , ~ i , C J ' - o f ~',ru:le by' [be ' local people ," bu t such attempts re I 1 d ed

to b e ,lo ng o n words bu t mu t ed in action, 15

,An,orh,er ' d.iscl ,pU nary measure e m , : p l o y e d . by th e gov,ernmen,t in the:

name 0,£ ass.imilation is .inlposing cenrral Thai, education on, the Musl im

e o m m : u n i t y 1 0 th e s o u t h a:nd.at r h e same time using force t m , < Q s d y ' b y ' the

Thalia nd t 121

Cop y r g h f f . ' o d mater a l



po lice a nd occ~ls lo - :nany by rh e wHila,ry') to eru sh . ,Mus l im diis~:id:en.'ts..

:Histo,r:i,c:aUy,. , S i S , part' 0 :1 h is narionalist upsu rge In, the 1930, and 4 . 0 S " , ~Plim,e

:Mirdste',r F , i e ,: ~ d ,M , a ,r , s : h a .1 Phibun Songkram crushed d issent ,in ,th e sou t he rn

' p , r Q v 1 n , c e s , , , I n , th e l a t e 19,30s and earl,' 1 .940,s" apstt from benn in g Islam icdress : 3 n , d Iaw, the gove rnmen t '£ fied't o oblige a ttendance at' Thai -language

h I A h' 1 ff d '. bc ~00.' s, ,;JJ a consequence, t~eommnmty not oruy 0.•e;'le! resistaaee but

also "threw -U 'p ' d n:e··· 'w~'. : ' - :adre of ' i I ' e~~p" ] "O~~1i~ , lead ers." ' 1 : & In 'j - ' 9 : ' · ' : . '7'-. ' L J j : a - II , ". : · S · . : 'U ' I ' i' o n · - " '"l i.I ;~I~I_ H" ,011". p.j ,. ~g. ~ _ ,I: [.10.. 1.111:11'" ,IHq ~ ._ .~. Qi@i "ILl! _" ~,~ ,irJ ",_, 1 ,. ,. - _'.,.

Tomlna, a M ,Q sHm, leader wh o h ad demanded the f . o " r , m a; l ' . io n, o f' a , s e m i , , , ,

lndepeaden r state ' w : i t h . i n Th ai]_and~ disa,ppea.t.ed .."7 ' It is :n ,o 'w 'wid.elyb c a i l l " ; P ' I i f A d - ' ' L E - h , ' 1 _"'i:t~ h '· A, w - · ~ - : . "c dot'"W-I-'-'" i l ~ y ' " abdu ....e d a - n d ~ " ' ' ' I · i l ~ A d ' ' In f ~ : a - ' c i l " . . .bdu.i"'iI'l" '0 '" ' '3 -n.J_ .· ~ '. I _ ·~ · ,· " '- · · _ 'I . .~I_ ~ll~ ',_,~ .· ..-:~.;I!I _~I_,_ , i Q j _ I . I , " _ : !I II ,:: ~ '_~~[~~; ._._, '__':~'~_I . K ,_J ' ~~~_ · I ! I,~_g,~I, · _ . t " " : " , " " _ . " _ . _ ' ~ ~ " _ ~ : : : , , , • . . " _ ~ _ l & u . ,

~=·'n" Ib. 1 b ' I 1 1 b .1 1 . T - h " S " " ' "' . s e c r e t ,K ,J j , u t n g , . I 1 a v : e :aw,ays b e e n e .m , p ', , o y , e u . ' ~ Y ' t ' I 1 : e . , 1' ,3l i , : tarte 1 0 , managing

dissidence, 'In the late 1,9S0,s~Field Marshall Sarir Thanarat, whohrew I . b d h - I II . iL . ~ f ' h ' .Jovertnrew Phi ..U R anc I :' is government, kept u p me ~ ieg1U : . y o r i " i r s , preee-

cesser, H e :forced, t he : , £ a , r , s o , u t n . to ta k . ' f on th e Th,a.~.language and other

selected parts: 'O f '[be Thai nanenal curriculum, B y operating 500 p , o f t - a n

(a C i o . r r u p , t i o n , of' t,be M a I,at p O ~ i d o k , ) . schools whic:h ra u,,ght ldam and.

' - M " : ' · ' ! t I l · ~ I ' u ' 1 ' ''! Ii ' ' I l1 P ' u O ! I IP ' D r a ; . h - - ' e - ·r'rh . . .O , · , n:u . J · d - - 1 ' 1 l . .1" ! I O : " m - 'and T h a i M ": ~ ' n ( 1 : I - l' 'I ' Y i I i' i! ' . .. .nn · ' i i i " . ' n - " uD , d ' to.:·'.~:·_A~AJ·' J Q~"D _ _~~~ .. _ _1-10, ;,.-,Il. ",:;_,._. , n , . _ : U , I . ~ _ . I J 1 .~I, I.,' ',1.1 .·;_ ,~ , - p~,. __:';1 ',,_ .~ . .&,~~I ~-v. '_,~I •. _._.~;_:_·... : ~i.:~'

resist the expansion of the cenrrahsed educational :s,ystem, imposed by th e

,g,o'v'ernmeDt~t:R The atte.tnpt to ease nnders, ' tanding between Thai bu reau ..

.' era ts and Musl I .m ,cit lzen s came .i 'n,th e late ' 1,96'o.s:w,ben the Tra i nlng: Centrefo r ,Mala, ,) , ,Language a n d .M :u sHm Cu ltu re W,3S estab lish ed u nder the

umbrella of the F a c u l t y 1 0 ' ; ( ' ,Arts" Chulalongkorn ' U ' n i v , e ; r , s i , t y . . The courseW, IS , la,~g,ely designed , f O I those who were classified as "non-na rive n

bureaucrats that were stationed , 0 ,1 ' were ,3 b o u t to be stationed in the f . a , f

Sout 'h ,! , 'The' COU:F .se at CJlulaJo'llgkorn. Uni v,ers .i ,ty ,faced problems :~,argel,'f

' because less th an 5 '0 per cen t o f t:h0 se « ! n f o , : n , e d w~re ' ,3 b le to , p a s s the ii.na I,

t est " 'T b .: p ro g ram me: was th en mo ved to Prince o f S o ng kh la, l J : n i , v e [ , s . i ' t , '

atP~I>~~\~~:' ....a·01.,:, '· I '- ' I·~:where it was believed the c o u r s e would : s ~ a t i s f y . ·, - ~the needs,a~ I , . I . .g . ; l . i l . I ," . _ ll~ '" ~ _ _ W ig . . _ ~ _ _ . , . , . ._ _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ . _ _ _. _ _ . _ ._ . ._ . . . . .• 1 I

0 : 1 t:he si tuat ion ~ 'D,th e south , In 1 1 9 17 7 ' fo r unknown reasons t h e ]WJnistry" f 'I" . ' '. ' ' b ' , . . " d " . ' ~ h ' . , ~ , . " . . . . - , . . 19 A l h , h " . ,~ , "k . ','0', ,nrenor oannec I· e enure programme.' - _~__~OQg__current y r ere are

over ,4,0 0 p on -o h schools w·idl \ ma n . : y nnregtstered , I n . the predomi:n;ant

,Mu;slim provineea Mus"Um's, unti] t:h:~s,very ' da:y demand a separate

ed u catio nal sysr.e,m tna'lt pa.y:s: impo,fta:nce' to their I slamic , ,:u J rn re~ .so,me,

travel abroad to pursue thelr further education in r b , e ' Middle ' East andS o u t h . Asia w'h.e,r~:programmes o f studies s S J , t h ; , : f y eheir needs, U'n,de;nld,b:ly~

I t Is v ia educa t i on abroad that m_any o f th em , 1'1::lrR no t 'O D I ~ Y 'about Islamic

studies but, also the. g ,u lding, phi losophy and practices ,0 , ( guerrilla warfare

against the a ,u t b n r .ir ie s f h a :t they feel oppress them, l T b c ' entire effort tOI. f o rce the sourhem ,Musl ims to assimi Late with 'Th ai cu ltu re" ,ap an ,from

edu catio n and o th er means, inclu ded ch ang ing names o f, p laces a n d

222 I ' 'Ie rro ri's m in Soulheai~ ,M,ia

Copy r g h f e - d mater a l



'. ( 1 '- . " d - ' . 'L." t,d id - ~ ' T - ' h - " A " ] ' - h - I . ' . ' hn-V;t-u~l~.SWll'lCJi c I e . , ': , : no[ :sounu very -" ,~ ,aJ ,,·ranISca ,~sttte entire sc a eme

of assimila tion "Thai-isanon." 20

" ' i f " ' 1 . . . , S " 'b M '" 'II' '. d 'h 1'· ~-,1,lle' "..OUt' ~!e'En.,..'.'u.S'llm'!.; trHl:'_ to 'Us'e 't : '-,I p a . : r .l h l m e ' o , t a r . y system tOI,maKe

'dle.'F;'voice h eard , b u r th ey were no t successfu l , In 1957', Amin ' Iomina,dle so n o f H aji Sulong 'lam ina wh o had be c ome 3,0,M'P , 'was iailed :Eur t h ree

yea'rs a ,fte,r ra ising , Ma I ; a . y ,MusHm, demands i : n P arliam en t ~He ' a : n a , a, ( i eUOW

~~tPwere accused. by Sari t o f plotting a separatist revolr, They fled to

,Ma:ia,ys:ia,after th eir release .. r ! , A , s a " resu lr o f e h e Thai government's u se of

fo rce, new a,nd , r a d i . c : r d o.rpn1isarioil's, em,er.ged~,The ,P ,at tan l, U n i t e d Libera-

t io n O rg an isat lo n (PUlO) was fo u nded in , t,961 and h ad strong con tac t s

wi:d l resu rgent I sla :mlc movemeae i n . th e M iddle East ..Th e B arlsan Revo lu si

:N'asioma:~, B , R ' N ' ) and several o t h e r g roups d r , i : v - e f t by the ,p :hUosophy 0 ,£Islamic - s o c i , a 1 i S D l jo ined :b.ands with th e , M 'a i a : ts i a . n , Commun i s t :P'atty acrossth e bo-cder~,nThese ' groups em,ployed v ario u s g u erri lla tactics to terrorise

and destabilise local, government , l B ' y ' rh e la te 19',60s th eir links extended

to th e C ommu nist ' Pany o f T h ailan d ( leFT') and t hey assisted th e C PT in

,es:tabi ishblg "a second base o f su . pp o rt in , th e h i~~s,e~xte:ndin,gup :from th e~M_31ay.s,hln.o rder t h rough th e southern r.egion~')t,l~)'A s tbe end o f th e C o ld

'Wa t a,p,proa.cbed.,l th e C PT disappeared, B ut th e organisarions based on

IsJamic ideo.logy i n . , the , f : i ) g h . ' tfo,[ ' jiustice ia nd lo r free do .m from T b a i l a . n d

survived", ,3llbe~lt wit h d iffi,c.u b ,i,es .. T h e d i . f : f i c ; u , ~ d e s , ' w e r e partly b e c a : l ) J s e o f'

dif:ferences among; themselses as they do UO[' see eye to eye, ,pa,rdcul!rI,y- e . ~ l d h i i, ~"' d- ,.,o ln rssues concermag ie a ee rs .. sp , pnormes, ' 3 ' 0 : · · · . taenes,

To daj, th ere remain . pO ,p :u h u :' o rg anisa tio ns th ar claim ro represent the" '1 It '1 .. . . , 'M ' I" ., h f S h ,f : Th ,.I dl A d " heir cl ~ ' i l . .]I,,lUll ,':, US uns 10 t_ l~e ,_a: r -_~ 'O' I l l , t l_Ol .... ·~;)lhan_~,~ ,c 'Cor . : j n :g :t o tne ir c aims, tI ley'

are th ere to f igh t against Tha i ,c-o!.ordali,slm~,Mo s t o f t h em co lt s.:id e:rthe Tha i

co nstimdon U , leg i:d:m ,a.te1 0. t h e area and their memb ers are no t unde;[ Tha ij ' llJ .[ , isdijaion.Therefore, j , t . th e Thai iudicial ,s,ystem, p e r , fn . r m : s in , a n .inhuma,ne'

manner , they reserve rh e r i gh t to react accordingly , These organisa t ions

~nc~hide 'h e BRN , G erakan ~1ui 'a~h idi~nslam : F ' a , t t a n _ i ( :GM '~P ) " Kumpu l a nMl l ] ~ " " " b : i d ' - ' e Q : n M~II '~v~i ' ; ! ' : I I :K : > ~ · M - ' · · " . , · , th e G ·. · - , M . · · . · ·' ~ P ' ~ 'l. , . 4 " " ' d ' ~~" "~~ '~ ;~>f1 i i . co u sin fo u nded~".g. ..._~~ _ @! g,)~~ , .r:vl_~ I I,J • - _ l~ • [ e r _ I . , ~ 911.r-g.J"y~~";l_~ .U 'u ~ . , _1.1 __ i~. _

, " - - ~ 0 9 - ; ' 5 : - ' ) -N 'F - , · p : c U ' T L O - : t . . ~ : ' - , f ' ' . ' p T U " I - ' L O - ' " ..J ".-- b lish ed ~,- '1 I '9I05'\,-..;I1t I l )17. ';' ., 'ew .~ , 1/, ••... tS,p,ln l · u m _ , . ' - ' ; an . u , . e s r a , eU SI : ,e u In J,l~,7: ~,~a n , uR a " - b i t , " " ' t " u ll M · . " l f ' l i t " " l ' h - ideen '(:~-n - I - I ' ' ' ' ~ n f f o - b -'] ' - . s d it _ J 'L - t · , 1 1 _ sd .. - th - J - - - 'L_" _~~~':_I, .,,~.. ! ! I; . . ,i I! ,Amaeen '_,~", I'h~ .' '. . .e ne.I,e've_,1. . 0 DC nnxe ' m tne jemaan

Islami,y.a.h founded i n . 19 ,99)~

Th e seco nd f~lct,oris the: budget3,r-y ' : f a l c r o , [ ~ ,S ince :Iarg e amo unts o f

mo ney (J et alone e m e 'I C , e n .e , , ' 'a n d . s p e - e l a : i "budgets lh ave a I'w a.ys b een

,aUocated . to th e ~ur.itl ' i l, g , e r u ; ; . i, e s t o combat secessionism in th e soo th , t h ese

ag encies are believed to h av e sp o nso red acts o f v io lence in order 'to

legitimise the ' need fo r a :permanendy lar,ge a Uocat ion o f budget, ,Also, thereare ,Inumber of complaints po,i:n-dng QU I t ' how certain s ra re au the rit ie s use

Th II d I~ - n: -1 _ - ' _ - B _ ia n L ~ %.3

Copy r g h f e o d mater a l



repo rted th at rh e po nce t r , a n s : f e r , r e d from th e centre o f th e COlUl'tr.y tothe,- ,:- .~.'L ..: ,--d ,--...- - _ L . e d ' , m " - o · t ( ' l ; - - e " ' : - ~ ' : - _:-~ ' : i ' It . . , dno- ; ! i~ ' 0 : ' ·[n'II~'~-I'_["~~~ -",,-~bll~,:- ;~,r:rn,n- : - ' n " t ·!lOUw ,i,D, , s e a _ [ C n e c' ti ~'.-.tU _S Wlw_:_ ~a:S~' ... , _ , _ I Y an , l.u.1orVrno-, 1 .y I ;o - . .""H ,

'p6~O'...n - - "would n 0 '" to , ' I ~ , F " " [ O ' W : - _ - ~ ' ~ at this a . . m [ ' ~ ' U ' - nts [ 1 ' , 0 ' · ' ; a serious insu lt to 'th e ,M u 5lim ,\.!;I,"" _,.,. uw_1 _ l _ . ,1\J~1" '" ·U· la ! l l . , UI ~ l ,_ tV .. _..~ I,~ .. ~=~ us __~_~___ ~ _ ~' -

popu la t ion , And 'until now ' th ere are no , I o , rm a l codes0 , : 1

conduct for officers,statf--: ,n ,e~ ,in the sou':h a,~art from a, [~l~..: I\'F~ 20·.-p' D i e , " m · : I [ ~ n : ' , 'u l ~·: 1 'W~'i:C·h w a s-----0 u_ _ _ _ " __ __P - ' _ - - 0_ -- -- q-0. - ,rY .. =-8 --Q ____ __Uli -, _Ro. ' ! I

'nu b liS lb ed as , r; e c - e n d ; y . . . .. .3: S M 'arcb 1.6,; 2004, . J , O Ilr'" ' ,

Th e fourth facto r is dep,ri,va;rion~,Here , M i ,c h a , e l P . a _ r , D . w e U ~ s , words in

'19,9,6 [ o m Tha_ila'nd'ts pattern, 0 .1 uneven d e v , e lo p ,m e : n t ' are s t i l l . v,alid a n d also

a,pp. licable to saud) Thailand, Despi te tile e , p : i t b , e t $ and met apho rs whicll h av e:'If.._n W. - : - ~ l - ' d - ',.,1v' ,:I,...... . . J I ·o~denict T · i t . r i , i : i ~~ . n . ~ · · d ' - , j I : i l ' ,cenomic [~',mi:;l~~""~@, t : Ik.,~[-- [~e' , a n l o . , - . .rher....~~I, ._ '_ .. ~!l J' I!I"!~ ill _ Q,~,.t", n , ,~l~JJI~., Q ~,,,," .•.1 1 . , . . ,Ii. , . , , .il,alll;.;..h;", . Jl1~ ,,", , ,lOll _J.iL ,11,""L,

'Tha~iiand. Awhere' chan .g~ is much sl.ow,eE",im,p,rovement less o b vio u s, ,IRd~ b 'i'n"", ~j'~

P1

Jkf

d - I ' .

J k ,{ :.oos,peas _eBS bngnt, ' .[ ~o.yerty, u n e m , p _ : o y . m l f J 1 t , J3C_: ' O'~ : 't .- nicanon, -,ac_~'01 'b l " ' "L ~ k f it 1 k - f" · 1 .J I r f U ~pu - ,I n: m t ra st ru ceu r e, , Iac. '~ o r capItal" .aek 0 r iane, _O'W'q: l iJa~lty o ~ ~.vjDg:

standard, lack of market for agriculraral produc ts ; t1ooding~ and o th er'

eeonomie related factors were almo st aU reported in th e nine' amphoe("~'·'···tt·-·'··''''~I'f'fjih·th..,-,·· ,...'.....-. .: . [ . . .. ,'~. the sot ..hw h e - ' P ' , ' · ; · 1 ' · . · . - · · · U ' - ~ · 'j-',':':: and hi'D I S _ , lC ' !L ' S , ~ Q ,I. ~ ,[ie , I . . . fee p r o V 1 n ~ e s , L n . ! . u e ,SOU.'.-, w , L,ere. lloy,a ., u o m s a . p , ao , - ( U S' 1' 0' . . ; -. -- :- ~ nd Ii' ,- 4 0; ,-,'.' '.. I , - · : b . 'I -" , _ , n · T h · · - , - ' , " - , o b ' I · · ~ "· I · I " ', - '- " : ':'1 ~. I: ' . - ~ . , '- : ," . - j~.~team, c om : ucteo a researc I. sur.vey~ ....e pro .'em concermng mate yourns

lin th e sou th . is , also a l i c e y concern, A t, un,empi,o,men,t looms, bi,gil, SQHU~ :join

crim inal g ang s to make a U vmg~ ,S ome wh o a re addicted ' to' dru g$ also : join,

c r im in a,1 -

O ' a ~ U Q - £ :J ' " \ , 't;itll:'~' c a n I)'pfi. m O - 'I I '1 IA 'V "' 0 : ; ' [ '£.'~''7""'L'.1( .J'~'lg' . c _ n n c : t ~ ' l m p · ' t - ; o · · n_ 3 3 ,I I I I i ! I l l_ ," ~ _ -. . _ _l tJ.. I.I~-, ~ "1_1~l l '\iI.. -_ ~ ~ 1 Ir , { 11:1!!\r.~".· I . f . . lIUJlll:I~lr U-I;I!I.II._ ..IVI'~M __ ,~, .1]·. ·...JI ..

Th e :f i frl-t facto r is,T,nal foreign po l i cy , Th is faceo r ,~ s I,arlel}" , ign,ored

b I f" h "]- ,. --h -h W ' 'h d -,. ~ h:"'.> . (I-·.·:I' '! I~ ,: . . ; :-, ( . . . . J . :1 . ' : . . . .. . ' "'-;-1-':-" II I';" " .. -1'1-'." ". ',~.' 1 [1 "1 :,:- ...... '-1 ."" .. ) j '. , . ' > 'I: 'J. :., :.[.'y a ,n a , ,Y iSe so . tn e VIO , f ;noe ID , t; [,,e sout 0; ..•..•. ,at ,m ,any .. 0 nOI , nonce 18,t .a t

:l • • I~ d lnse th Am ~part rrem comme out in '= l iaree crow, , to u rotest aeamst t ,f: ........•.~r,i.ca.n.-" - - - - - - ,g - - - - --1- -- - - -- -- p - - - - - _ --b-__~- ---- -----_ - - -_- -

'. A,~"', i d Ir M 1 ] ' "S'- th Th " " 1 d hw[ars In~~amstan ana traq , ,many' , I _ . ' _ U S . ims :lLneout a em Lnauan n iave

unt ~.~his verv [-- : I ,~'v 'coutiinned to bovcotr Am• e rica n 'nl l " ,od'Iu ; s andgood' C ' : _ " 'T : "~· :v~:•._I._II ~.. 1.11 U" ''' . 1.11. . - .Y.. ~) ... l"~ 1.1. _.. ,I~. - lrJ.l ..... - ·L.. AI. - t ' .. ' . ~!II III JI",I

I ~~ '" " ~ . . . . .. · 'Th -e . f '~' t·, ' b - ' I " d~ . J I I I - ' . 'a , s o ' , ln~,ea,s. ln . iSt , " ,pe' tc,e'~v[e: -- ,~.- .al, ' o r . e ' ~ , g n , P O , 1 1 C y 'to ne " o , p s , , ~__r : a _ . , ' SU: i "pom:ve

of th e United Srat,es:. :Man,y l e e ' : ~ that their voices have never 'b een h eard

by the 'Thai govemmenr, The ];s'lamic Committees of the five southernmost

P r o v l l l l . : r e s p- ~a5'5ed a , . r e $ o , I , l ! l ! u , ( ~ n caUing 1 0 . 1 " the ,p -o vle n u n ellt' 'to take a, clear" _ D

stance ,against th e 'U S .. : ~ e dwar in , Ira,q,[and asked 'th e, go v ernmen t to e X , p l a r m

lt s a[cti,O.Do f 'expe~liDgthree I r , a , l q i e l i , p l o i m a r t s from t h e country in , Ma .rc J1' 1 ' 0 10 ' - 3 ' . ' ' y : " . ,; 1 1 . . . . T h ' . . ' ' . : , ' . , ' , : - . : - ( . - . ' 1 ; 1 " ; to , , ', ' " 1 1 . . { . . ' , · b · . · · - , : , . e d · t h ' l . Am :~" .:. "." ..~',',,," , . '! • ,~ "e~ ...uf" , ,.aI, ,governmen:. . n o , ! L " o n '! e ,m.r~lc -e - .. e " , · . [ " c r ,. , c a n . V 'c . n l 0 n

of . ' ,a:nr, i . ' -, t 'e . f , l "ol 'i ;sm poUcy 'w,b.olebea.necUy 'but a'lso chaDged its injjtia~,5[ ' tance' 1 1 · I f'_~ i, n 'i, d - ' k - I ,,J '" t h - I U N ' : . '0 : 0 , t_J! war a ;gau l s t ~ [ a q , . u - ~ ' I , t l a , J J . y It u r n , : _ e " , r1 '00 . ~ t o a , a : ' [ 3 c c : o n .d : n .g to , - : - - , ~ c 1. 1

Security' 'C 'auDe ,i] , :E teso lu t j .on , out d~;ens,w itch .ed to de~lo,y,inll 'troons b l I f , a ~ 1~ r' I !til ,r ,

t o ' : i o in - r : b e U S .. : ~ e dc o alit io n :f.o rce, wid l. ,t h e:00$[' to - date 'o f two. Thai , s o . l d i [ t l S j O

Uves~ T h e ,IDUo 'wing ,details, are 'some: o f' th e de'lelopm,ents t m . . a , t ; dearly' ~ - - d ' ~ . P o - t - tb - -- '~ t- ,I L- t - - t b - - ~ T - _ ' - - b - i - r - d • • ;t. ' '' - - U - e , ' i ' r _ . : I I S - " r - ~m,~_l~aI_lC:_~_~C,pectal, I- l 'e lUCw'Cen.', .Ie .'" ~a.l gOY'CI'IlDl[enl a n ; · · '(uC .·:nl'oo [I .a:lie5

: m , the ' a'ft,erm'lth 0 '£ Sep~tembeE11·· 'whic 'h be]p'...ex:nhl'in wh'v the: Thai M'-cslinl~ .. - - .. _ - .. " ~I. . _ ..... I . '. I - J • , . • • I I I , . - f . l . . lr· - . _ - I -_._ .. u_- ._

co,mm:unlty €~ls ,m ,O , f 1 ! ' i$oJa:t,ed f rom , t'h e c e O 'r re . .

'Thailr8ind ~ I:221


terrorism in southeast asia

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