terrorism in globalization era. terrorism – history and definition terror – latin word meaning...
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Terrorism – history and definitionTerrorism – history and definition
TERROR – Latin word meaning „fear”
Method of political war since the
beginning of the world history:Ancient history (case of Ceasar)French revolution (Jacobins)
Terrorism – history and definitionTerrorism – history and definition
Terrorism in prime: XIX/XX century attacks on heads of states
Tsar Alexander II (several attacks, last successful one in 1881)
President of the USA McKinley (1903)
Prince Francis Ferdinand (1914)
Terrorism – history and definitionTerrorism – history and definition
1930 -1940ies – era of terror in Germany and USSR
1960ies – era of diplomatic terrorism
– beggining of the Islamic terrorism
1980ies – idea of suicide bombers
Development of the terrorist organizations
What is terrorism?What is terrorism?
109 different definitions of terrorism (Schmidt and Youngman „Political Terrorism”)
Words appearing in definitions: violence, force 83.5% political 65% fear, emphasis on terror 51% threats 47% psychological effects 41.5% discrepancy between
the targets and the victims 37.5% intentional, planned,
organized action 32%
Different definitionsDifferent definitions
Webster's University Dictionary:systematic use of violence, terror, and intimidation toachieve an end (goal)
FBI :unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
General concept of terrorismGeneral concept of terrorism
Terrorism is the intentional use of, or threat to use violence against civilians or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims
Boaz Ganor, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism
International terrorismInternational terrorism
US State Department
International terrorism is terrorism conducted with the support of a foreign government or organization and / or directed against foreign nationals, institutions or governments
Why is it so difficult to define terrorism?Why is it so difficult to define terrorism?
One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter
Types of terrorismTypes of terrorism
Political terrorism: based on governmental, state, political, territorial problems
Criminal terrorism: based on material motivations (ransom, blackmail)
Individual terrorism: aimed at an individual, specific person (politician, businessman)
Collective terrorism: aimed at accidental community (metro stations, buildings)
Major organizations Major organizations considered terrorist organizationsconsidered terrorist organizations
Hamas
Hezbollah
Al-Qaida
ETA
IRA
Hamas - Islamic Resistance MovementHamas - Islamic Resistance Movement
„hamas” means „enthusiasm”- Palestinian movement- established in 1987
by Sheikh Ahmed Yasin- against any agreement with
Israel- goal: to establish an Islamic
theocracy in the area that is currently Israel, the West Bank and Gaza.
Hezbollah – Party of GodHezbollah – Party of God
- founded in 1982 by Libanese Shia groups
- Leader: Hassan Nasrallah
- goal: to establish a united Islamic republic
- cooperates with Hamas against Israel
Al-QaidaAl-Qaida
- „Al.-Qaida” means „base”- established by
Usama Bin Ladin in the late 1980s bringing together Arabs who fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union
- serves as an umbrella organization for a worldwide network
- goal: to establish a pan-Islamic Caliphate throughout the world
ETA – Euskadi Ta AskanasunaETA – Euskadi Ta Askanasuna
ETA means Basqu Country
and Freedom
- established by the young nationalists in 1959 affiliated with Basque Nationalist Party
- goal: to create an independent socialist state for the Basque people, separate from Spain and
France
IRA – Irish Republican ArmyIRA – Irish Republican Army
Established by Michael Collins Secret army of the Sinn Fein
Party fought the Irish War of
Independence against British
rule, 1916 - 1921 later on – fought for the North
Irland to join the Republic of Ireland
1969 – divided into Official IRA and Temporary IRA (radicals)
other subdivisions: Real IRA, Continuity IRA)
United Nations and terrorismUnited Nations and terrorism
AIR CONVENTIONS:
1963 Tokio Convention – safety in aviation
1970 Hague Convention – aircraft hijackings
1971 Montreal Convention - acts of aviation sabotage such as
bombings aboard aircraft in flight
OTHER CONVENTIONS:
1973 – crimes against internationally protected persons
1979 – hostages convention
1980 – nuclear materials convention
1999 – financing terrorism
Council of Europe and terrorismCouncil of Europe and terrorism
Two new conventions open to
signature in 2005:
1. Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism
2. Council of Europe Convention on the Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism