territorial 2.22.12 page 1 · 2016. 8. 22. · august 10, 2016 territorial news page 3 range wars...

Your Connection to the Old West August 10, 2016Vol. 27, No. 2

Territorial News

Buffalo Bill AtSummit Springs

(See Lynching on Page 4)

(See Bloody on Page 6)(See Attack on Page 18)

www.territorialnews.com www.facebook.com/TerritorialNews

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See Page 2 for Details

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Arizona Kid...................12Arizona Trivia................2Business Directory........18Classifieds.....................18Jim Harvey......................2150 Years Ago..............4

This WThis WThis WThis WThis Week’seek’seek’seek’seek’sQuestion:Question:Question:Question:Question:

Who is creditedwith namingboth Phoenixand Tempe?(12 Letters)

LYNCHED BYCATTLEMEN

Scalping!It’s a Bloody Custom

Ellen Watson ThoughtIt Was a Joke

By Richard W. Kimball

uring the 1860s andearly 1870s, most ofWyoming was open

range country and brandedcattle owned by localranches often mingledtogether on public lands.That all changed in 1872,when the big ranch ownersbanded together to form theWyoming Stock GrowersAssociation (WSGA) toprotect their interests.

The organization hadbecome alarmed by thearrival of immigrant settlerscoming into the area. Thenewcomers were trying toturn much of the area intofarms. The newcomersquickly set about fencing offtheir properties with barbedwire to keep the free-rangingcattle from destroying their

crops. The wire fences werean irritant for the cattlemenbecause they favored openrange.

Ellen Watson(sometimes identif ied as“Cattle Kate”) came into theregion in 1886 and eventuallybought 320 acres of landnear the Sweetwater River.According to the CheyenneMail Leader, she was “ofrobust physique, a dark devilin the saddle, handy with asix-shooter and aWinchester, and an expertwith a branding iron.” Shebuilt a two-room cabin onher property and starteddigging irrigation ditches andconstructing corrals. Withher meager earnings, she wasable to purchase some cattlefrom pioneers traveling to

D

By Richard W. Kimball

idespread scalpingmay have beenintroduced to the

Indians by white Europeans.However, the practice wassoon adopted by many of thetribes of the New World.Traditionally, Indianwarriors would take thewhole head as a trophy.-Scalp hunting, at f irst,seemed to be practicedmostly on the Caribbean

Islands and in the Amazonbasin. Scalping in NorthAmerica was practiced inonly a few areas before theEuropeans arrived. It wasn’tlong before the Europeansbegan offering bounties forscalps. Once that happened,the custom spread rapidlythroughout all of NorthAmerica.

Most likely the f irstscalp bounties were initiatedby Dutch settlers at NewAmsterdam. In 1641, Raritan

Delawares, reduced tothievery and begging,became such a nuisance tothe European newcomersthat Governor Kieftresponded by proclaiming ascalp bounty for Indian hair.The bounty consisted of tenfathoms of wampum (a tidysum in those days) to be paidto anyone bringing in thescalp of a Raritan or anyother hostile Indian.

Wn May, 1869, GeneralEugene Carr and the5th Cavalry marched

from Fort Lyon, Colorado,to Fort McPherson, Ne-braska, skirmishing withTall Bull’s Cheyenne DogSoldiers along the way.While the troops were atFort McPherson the Chey-enne raided settlementsalong the Solomon River inKansas. The Indians cap-tured two women as hos-tages, Mrs. Thomas

Alderice, wife of a U.S.Army scout, and Mrs. G.Weichel. During the raid,Mrs. Alderice’s baby andMrs. Weichel’s husbandwere killed.

General Carr took af-ter the Indians with sevencompanies of his regimentand three of PawneeScouts under Major FrankNorth. Buffalo Bill Cody,chief of scouts for the 5th

I

August 10, 2016Territorial NewsPage 2

Jim HarveyThe Arizona Trail

Arizona - Web of Time

The TTTTTerererererritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial News is published by Territorial News Inc. The Territorialfeatures Old West stories, photos and art that are part of our area’s rich and interestingpast. The publisher assumes no liability for the opinions contained within this publication;all statements are the sole opinions of the contributors and/or advertisers.

The TTTTTerererererritorial’sritorial’sritorial’sritorial’sritorial’s East Valley coverage area includes areas east of Gilbert Road,including East Mesa, Apache Junction, Superstition Falls, Mountain Brook, GoldCanyon and Queen Creek. Copies are distributed free at convenience and grocerystores, restaurants and bars, RV parks and subdivisions and libraries. Subscriptions arealso available.

Merchandise or services advertised in the TTTTTerererererritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial News are expected to beaccurately described and readily available at advertised prices. Deceptive or misleadingadvertising is never knowingly accepted. To find out if a contractor is licensed call theRegistrar of Contractors at 602-542-1525.All classified ads must be paid in advance.Standard ad rate is $2.00 per line or $10.00 per column inch. Payment may be made bycheck or credit card. Mail to TTTTTerererererritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial News, P.O. Box 1690, Apache Junction, AZ85117 or E-mail [email protected]. The T T T T Terererererritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial Newsritorial News publishesevery other Wednesday. Ad deadline is one week prior to printing.

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both Phoenix and Tempe?(12 Letters)

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Watch thou, dear Lord,with those who wake, or watch, or weep tonight,

and give thine angels charge over those who sleep.Tend thy sick ones, Lord Christ.

Rest thy weary ones. Bless thy dying ones.Soothe thy suffering ones. Pity thine afflicted ones.

Shield thy joyous ones.And all, for thy love’s sake. Amen. About five miles west of

Tuba City on the NavajoReservation are the tracks oflittle fish-eating dinosaurspreserved in Jurassic rock.They were about seven feettall and weighed 600-700pounds. Visitors are welcometo inspect the tracks andphotograph them.

In 1859, Arizona’s firstnewspaper began publicationat Tubac, south of Tucson. Thenewspaper’s gone, but Tubacremains and its residentsinclude a colony of artists.

At Prescott on June 18,1877, a banquet was held tohonor a self-styled American

Indian hater named JohnTownsend who had killed 15Yavapai tribesmen ten daysearlier. The grateful whitecitizens of Prescott gave hima new Henry rifle and 1,000rounds of ammunition toencourage his work ofextermination. The localnewspaper called hisachievement a “gloriousslaughter”. Two years later,Yavapai warriors ambushedand killed him south ofPrescott when he was lookingfor more people to shoot.

1882’s Battle of Big DryWash, 43 miles east of CampVerde, was the last majormilitary engagement between

Arizona Apaches and the U.S.Army. That same year, C.T.Rogers, who’d subdivided partof his ranch to create thetown of Williams, was robbedduring a stagecoach holdup.

There’s a 1906 publicschool classroom on display atthe Historical SocietyMuseum in Peoria, Arizona.Peoria was named in the 1880sby settlers from Illinois for atown in their home state.

In 1917, the U.S. enteredWorld War One andArizona’s state legislatureestablished the minimum wagefor women at $10 a week. Thelegislature also banned the useof public drinking cups in anattempt to slow down thespread of disease. And the lasthorse drawn taxi cab atPhoenix was replaced by anautomobile.

During Nationalprohibition at Cherry Creeksouth of Jerome, 1928 lawenforcement off icersdiscovered the largest stillever found in Arizona. Itscapacity was 450 gallons ofmoonshine booze and it wasenriching bootleggers at atime when making and sellingalcoholic beverages wasillegal.

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s soon as the openrange was exhaustedin the American

West, the stage was set forconflict. When one rancherstrung wire that separatedhis neighbor’s cattle fromwater, hostilities usuallyfollowed, oftenresulting indeath anddestruction onboth sides. Thesharpest andmost lasting ofsuch conf lictswere betweencattlemen andsheepmen. Thisclash ofinterests was inmany sectionsof the West thecause of bitterrange wars.

Even though thegovernment owned most ofthe pastures in dispute,cowmen regarded sheepmenas intruders. They were notgoing to be “sheeped out” orhave the f locks devour thegrass and pollute thestreams. The cowboy, usually

well mounted, looked downon the sheepherder, whousually traveled on foot, ona burro, or in a wagon. Theherder was regarded as“lower down than a thief,”and the mutton he raised wasviewed with contempt.

Cattlemen tried tobolster their position bycharging that sheep killed thegrass by nibbling it too closeand trampling the roots withtheir sharp hooves. Theypointed out that the odorwhich sheep left on the grassand in watering places wasdistasteful to horses and

cattle. Sheepmen repliedthat, under goodmanagement, sheep andcattle could be grazedindef initely on the samepastures, but cowmen werenot convinced.

Many bands of cowmen,outraged at theintrusion of theflocks on rangesthey claimed,terrorized theherders andkilled or droveoff the sheep.Their methodsincluded club-bing, shooting,d y n a m i t i n g ,p o i s o n i n g ,burning, andstampeding thesheep over cliffs,

sometimes calledrimrocking. Sheep ownersand herders were ordered toleave the ranges, andoccasionally some werekilled.

The herder, usuallyalone, had little chance to

(See Conflict on Page 7)

Cattlemen and Sheepmen Clash

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Ellen Watson Lynching

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August 1, 1866The U.S. Army is orderedby the War Department totrain Indian scouts who willbe used “in the territoriesand Indian country” and“who shall receive the payand allowances of cavalrysoldiers.” Within a year, thenumber of scouts will reach474.

The Union State CentralCommittee, meeting in SanFrancisco, issuesresolutions calling for equalrights for all men,regardless of race.

August 3, 1866Colonel Henry B.Carrington sends two of hisseven infantry companies,150 men, from Fort PhilKearny in presentWyoming to establish FortC. F. Smith, in presentMontana 90 miles to the

north on the Bighorn River,in order to protect trafficalong the Bozeman Trail.

August 4, 1866The Santa Fe New Mexicanreports: “On the eastern mailroute the time has beenreduced to ten days for eightmonths of the year and twelvedays for four months.”

August 6, 1866San Francisco’s journeymenplasterers go on strike for aneight-hour workday.

August 11, 1866In Montana, the HelenaGazette publishes its f irstissue.

August 13, 1866Federal and Arizona troopskill 33 Indians and wound 40at Skull Valley, Arizona. Oneenlisted man is reportedkilled.

August 17, 1866One Indian is killed and oneis captured by troops onArizona’s Salt River.

August 23, 1866Johnny Grant sells hisranch at Deer Lodge,Montana, to Conrad Kohrsfor $19,000.

August 24, 1866Arizona infantrymencapture two Indians inArizona’s San FranciscoMountains.

August 26, 1866Federal and Oregon troopskill seven Indians onIdaho’s Owyhee Creek.

Also in August 1866The U.S. governmentreports that the Kansatribe is in a “very destitutecondition.”

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150 Years Ago in the Old West


Lynching

(From Page 1)

Oregon country. She tried toget a brand registered so shecould mark her cows but herappeal was refused becauseof the Maverick Law thatwas passed in 1864.

The Maverick Lawstated that any unmarkedcow or calf found on theopen range could not betaken by anyone. They wererequired to be branded onthe neck with a large M whichmeant they were theproperty of the WyomingStock Growers Association.It was a devious way the bigranch owners could controlthe cattle industr y inWyoming. A provision to thelaw, added in 1886,stipulated that no one couldbrand calves unless they had

a duly registered brand. Itmeant that small ranchersand homesteaders could notclaim mavericks unless theyhad a registered brand. Andsince the WSGA controlledthe registration process,getting a brand was nearlyimpossible.

Ellen Watson, afterseveral unsuccessful tries toregister her brand,eventually found a wayaround the law bypurchasing an alreadyregistered brand from anearby rancher. The BrandCommittee had no choicebut to approve herapplication. Not longafterward, Watson’s ranchhad 41 head of cattle andeach was branded with hernewly purchased LU brand.In March 1889, she hiredsome hands to help with thelittle enterprise—11-year-old

Gene Crowder, his fatherJohn Crowder, and 14-year-old John DeCorey. In April,Ralph Coe joined the ranch.A nearby neighbor, B. FrankBuchanan, helped Watsonand her boys mend fencesand occasionally helped withbranding chores.

Ellen Watson wasfriendly with Jim Averell,who also owned adjacentproperty along theSweetwater River. Averellwas an ambitious man. Heconstructed a large buildingon his land that served as ageneral store, a saloon, anda post office. Nearby settlersliving along the Sweetwater,elected him the area’sJustice of the Peace. Averelloften complained about theWSGA and the restrictionsof the Maverick Law. His

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eorge Catlin was bornin Pennsylvania in1796. His parents

wanted him to study law andyoung George did indeed passhis bar exams and become alawyer. However, George’s realpassion was art.He taughthimself how todraw and paintand eventuallygave up the lawand opened aportrait studio. Achance meetingwith a group ofIndians inP h i l a d e l p h i avisiting PresidentAndrew Jacksonchanged Catlin’slife forever. Hislife’s goal becameclear to him: He woulddedicate his life to paintingand recording the history ofNative Americans. In 1830 hetraveled west in the companyof William Clark of Lewis andClark fame. In 1832 Catlintraveled to the Upper Missouripainting Indian scenes and

portraits. After returning to theEast, he opened a gallery andtried to sell his works. Catlinwas unable to make enoughmoney to support his familyso he left the United Statesand opened a gallery in

London. After years of upsand downs, Catlin diedpenniless in New Jersey in1872. Today Catlin’s Indianpaintings are regarded as agreat cultural treasure, offeringrare insight into nativecultures and a crucial chapterin American history. In the

following narrative, Catlin’sartist ic eye captures theessence of a Sioux Indianhome.

There is no tribe betterclad, who live in better

h o u s e s(wigwams), orwho are bettermounted, thanthe Sioux. Theycatch anabundance ofwild horses,which aregrazing on thep r a i r i e s ,oftentimes ingroups of severalhundreds, andfrom theirhorses’ backs, atfull speed, they

deal their deadly arrows, orwield their long and fatallances in the chase of thebuffaloes, and also in warwith their enemies.

These people, livingmostly in a country of

In Their Own Words

G

(See Catlin on Page 10)

A Sioux village by George Catlin


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(See Bloody on Page 19)

Bloody

(From Page 1)

It was only after KingPhilip’s War (1675-1676) inNew England that thepractice of scalpingbecame common amongthe Indians. The horrorand barbarity of the actbecame ingrained in theminds of the early settlersas a basic Indian traiteven though scalping waspractically unknown untilafter the Europeansbegan offering bountiesfor them.

Scalping was fairlycommon in Europe at thattime. It was used as aform of punishment. Forinstance, game poachersin England were oftenscalped as punishment fortheir crimes. In Spain,scalping was one of thetortures of the SpanishInquisition.

With the advent ofscalping among the Indiantribes of the Northeast, newcustoms of dress and

ceremonies becamewidespread andincorporated into tribaltraditions. Warriors dressedtheir hair into a roach byplucking the hair on bothsides of the head and leaving

a ridge of hair whichextended from the foreheadback to the base of the head.Some also grew a “scalp-lock”—a long braidedportion of hair that hungdown the back or side of thehead like a pigtail . TheIndians often decorated thescalp-lock with bits of fur,

wampum and feathers. Itwas, no doubt, a taunt and achallenge to their enemies.

When the French wereat war with the British, theypaid their Indian all iessubstantial bounties for

English scalps. TheBritish, in turn, offeredsimilar payment to theIroquois for the scalps ofFrenchmen. Althougheach side expressed horrorand disgust when scalpingwas done by the other,scalping quickly became away of l ife during theFrench and Indian Wars.When steel knivesreplaced f lint knives astrade items, the Indianstook to the loathsome actenthusiastically.

To perform the act ofscalping, an Indian wouldgrab a handful of hair,encircle the head quicklywith a knife, and then yankthe hair away from the headwith a bit of skin attached.Usually, a victor would placehis knee in the back of his

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I believe a lot of conflict in the Wild Westcould have been avoided completely if

cowboy town planners had just made theirtowns big enough for everyone.

Happy 101st Birthday Alyce Eich withDebbie Stanfel at the Little Mesa Café,

August 3, 2016.

Happy Birthday!Happy Birthday!Happy Birthday!Happy Birthday!Happy Birthday!(See Conflict on Page 14)

Conflict

(From Page 3)

defend himself or his flockwhen a mounted band ofarmed cowmen swoopeddown on his camp in themiddle of the night. Often hecould do no more than lookon helplessly as the raidersslaughtered many of thewoolies and scatteredothers.

Such raids werenumerous in Texas, althoughnot as disastrous as in someother sections. In BrownCounty, Charles Hanna,who had brought the firstsheep there in 1869, wentout to a rock corral onemorning and found that all300 animals had had theirthroats cut. In the San Sabahills a decade later, cowmenset a dog on Peter Bertrand’ssheep and ordered him toleave. Also in San SabaCounty, night riders in 1880shot many of the Ramsaybrothers’ 1,300 sheep andslit the throats of others.

Three years later,cowmen ordered severalsheep raisers to leave BrownCounty after burning theirhomes and pens and firing ontheir flocks. One who movedtwo counties northwest raninto similar trouble there.Raiders rode into his campat night, fired into his herdand cut the throats of somethat they could catch.

This same year,cattlemen ordered othersheepmen to leave HamiltonCounty, and when theyrefused to go, raiders killedor maimed many animals inone f lock and scattered theothers. Near Laredo, aMexican herder was killed in1884 after ignoring an order

to leave.New Mexican

sheepmen had similarproblems. In 1884, f ivecowmen killed all 700 of thesheep that Arcadio Sais wasgrazing on the Carrizozorange. The next year, inLincoln County, raidersfired on a herder who hadrefused to move.

In Arizona, D. A.Sanford’s herders were firedon. In the San FranciscoMountain country in 1884,cowmen rounded up morethan a hundred wild horses.

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n 1832, mountain manJoe Meek joined a partyof trappers led by

William Sublette who nearlystarved to death in thedesert along the HumboldtRiver. Meek told his storyto author Frances FullerVictor, who quoted him inher book The River of theWest:

It was the custom of acamp on the move todepend chiefly on the menemployed as hunters tosupply them with game, thesole support of themountaineers. When thisfailed, the stock on handwas soon exhausted, and themen reduced to famine. Thisis what happened toSublette’s company. . .Owing to the arid andbarren nature of theseplains, the largest game tobe found was the beaver,whose f lesh proved to bepoisonous, from thecreature having eaten of thewild parsnip in the absenceof its favorite food. The men

were made ill by eating thebeaver flesh, and the horseswere greatly reduced fromthe scarcity of grass. . .Thesufferings of the men nowbecame terrible, both fromhunger and thirst. ..everything was eaten thatcould be eaten, and manythings at which well-fed manwould sicken with disgust.

“I have,” says JoeMeek, “held my hands in anant-hill until they werecovered with the ants, thengreedily licked them off. Ihave taken the soles off mymoccasins, crisped them inthe fire, and eaten them. Inour extremity, the largeblack crickets which arefound in this country wereconsidered game. We usedto take a kettle of hot water,catch the crickets and throwthem in, and when theystopped kicking, eat them.That was not what we calledcant tickup ko hanch, (anIndian saying meaning ‘goodmeat my friend’), but it keptus alive.”

Joe Meek’sSurvival Diet

I

Lynching

(From Page 4)

frequent letters to localnewspapers irritated the bigranchers.

Another neighbor toWatson’s proper ty waswealthy rancher A.J.Bothwell, whose huge ranchwas only a few miles away.During the heyday of openrange, Bothwell ’s cattleoften grazed on land nowowned by Watson andAverell. Even though hedidn’t own the land, he actedas if he did. Several times hetried to persuade Watson to

sell out, but she refused eachtime.

The WSGA cattlebarons tried to discreditWatson in any way theycould. They claimed that shewas a prostitute and calledher place a “hog” ranch, a

rural brothel. The CheyenneDaily Sun misidentified heras “Cattle Kate,” a fictitiousprostitute, cattle rustler andoutlaw named Kate Maxwellwhom the newspaper saidwas responsible for a raid ona gambling hall in Bessemer,Wyoming. Localnewspapers, however, neverreferred to Ellen Watson as“Cattle Kate.”

Early in the morning onJuly 20, a WSGA cow-puncher named ErnestMcLean rode into Watson’sranch-yard. He saw JohnDeCorey and Gene Crowderin a corral trying to catch anunruly horse. After lookingaround, McLean turned hishorse and rode away. A shorttime later, the cowboyreturned, this time in thecompany of five men—TomSun, who was driving awagon, and Robert Connor,A.J. Bothwell, John Durban,and Bob Galbreath, all onhorseback. The two boys inthe corral watched helplesslyas Durban and anothercowboy knocked down thefence to the ranch’s pastureand drove out the cattle.

When Ellen Watsoncame out of her cabin to seewhat was going on, McLeanand Connor hopped downfrom their horses andgrabbed her. When sheasked what they wanted, theysaid, “We’re taking you toRawlins.” They then“helped” her get into theback of Sun’s wagon. A fewminutes later, the groupreformed and headed for JimAverell’s place.

Averell’s place was onlya mile away. They met himinside the second gate andtold him they had a warrantand that they were going totake him and Ellen toRawlins. He was “helped”into Sun’s wagon. Neither


Ellen Watson


E

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Catlin

(From Page 5)

prairies, (meadows), where they easily procurethe buffalo skins, construct their wigwams withthem, in form of tents, which are morecomfortable than rude huts constructed of timber,are more easily built, and have the advantage ofbeing easily transported over the prairies; bywhich means the Indians are enabled to follow

the migrating herds of buffaloes during thesummer and fall seasons, when they are busilyengaged in drying meat for their winter’sconsumption, and dressing robes for their ownclothing, and also for barter to the fur traders.

From [my] view . . .of a Sioux village, onthe Upper Missouri, my little readers will get avery correct notion of the manner in which thesecurious people live. There were in this villageabout four hundred skin tents, all built much inthe same manner: some fifteen to twenty pinepoles forming the frame, covered with one entirepiece of fifteen or twenty buffalo-skins sewedtogether, and most curiously painted andembroidered, of all colors; presenting one of themost curious and beautiful scenes imaginable.

Inside of these tents, the fire is placed inthe centre, the smoke escaping out at the top;and at night the inmates all sleep on buffalo-skinsspread upon the ground, with their feet to thefire; a most safe, and not uncomfortable mode.When you enter one of these wigwams you haveto stoop rather awkwardly; but when you are in,you rise up and find a lofty space of some twentyfeet above your head. The family are all seated,and no one rises to salute you, whatever youroffice or your importance may be. All lower theireyes to your feet, instead of staring you in theface, and you are asked to sit down.

A robe or a mat of rushes is spread for you,and as they have no chairs you are at onceembarrassed. It is an awkward thing for a whiteman to sit down upon the ground until he getsused to it, and when he is down, he don’t knowwhat to do with his legs.

The Indians, accustomed to this fromchildhood, sit down upon, and rise from, theground with the same ease and grace that we sitdown in, and rise from, a chair. Both men andwomen lower themselves to the ground, and rise,without a hitch or a jerk, and without touchingtheir hand to the ground. This is very curious,

but it is exceedingly graceful and neat. The mengenerally sit cross-legged; and to sit down theycross their feet, closely locked together, andextending their arms and head forward, slowlyand regularly lower their bodies quite to thesitting posture on the ground; when they rise theyplace their feet in the same position, apparentlywithout an effort.

The women always sit with both feet andlower legs turned under and to the right or theleft, and, like the men, lower and raise themselveswithout touching the ground.

When you are seated, to feel at ease yourlegs must be crossed, and your heels drawn quiteclose under you, and then you can take the pipewhen it is handed to you, and get a fair anddeliberate glance at things around you.

The furniture in these wigwams is not much,but it is very curious in effect, and picturesque,when we look at it. The first startling thing youwill meet on entering will be a half-dozen saucydogs, barking, and bristling, and showing theirteeth, and oftentimes as many screaming children,frightened at your savage and strange appearance.

These hushed, you can take a look at otherthings, and you see shields, and quivers, andlances, and saddles, and medicine bags, andpouches, and spears, and cradles, and buffalomasques (which each man keeps for dancing thebuffalo dance), and a great variety of otherpicturesque things hanging around, suspendedfrom the poles of the tent, to which they arefastened by thongs; the whole presenting, withthe picturesque group around the fire, one of themost curious scenes imaginable.

In front of these wigwams the women areseen busily at work, dressing robes and dryingmeat. The skin-dressing of the Indians, both ofthe buffalo and deer-skins, is generally verybeautiful and soft. Their mode of doing this iscurious: they stretch the skin either on a frameor on the ground, and after it has remained somethree or four days with the brains of the buffaloor elk spread over the f leshy side, they grain itwith a sort of adze or chisel, made of a piece ofbuffalo bone.

Men are seen coming in from the hunt, with

their horses loaded with meat and skins, to keepthe poor women at work. It is proverbial in thecivilized world that “the poor Indian woman hasto do all the hard work.” Don’t believe this, forit is not exactly so. She labors very hard andconstantly, it is true. She does most of thedrudgery about the village and wigwam, and isseen transporting heavy loads, etc. This all looksto the passer-by as the slavish compulsion of hercruel husband, who is often seen lying at his ease,and smoking his pipe, as he is looking on.

His labors are not seen, and therefore are

(See Catlin on Page 16)

Scalp Dance by George Catlin

Catlin’s Jú-ah-kís-gaw, Woman with HerChild in a Cradle


The CaliforniaGold Rush

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(See California on Page 17)

ithin two years ofthe discovery ofgold at Sutter’s

Mill , nearly 100,000prospectors rushed toCalifornia. Amongthem were numerousforeigners, includingMexicans, Chileans,Peruvians, and othersfrom South Americaas well as Europeansand Asians. A fewhundred emigrantsfrom China reachedSan Francisco in 1848,and within four yearsCalifornia’s Chinesepopulation wouldswell to more than20,000. Some wentseeking gold, but likeother foreigners theyfaced stiffcompetition fromAmerican prospectors, somany of whom arrived byland and by sea in 1849 thatthey became knowncollectively as forty-niners.

Newspapers back Eastprinted tantalizing stories in1848 of the fortunes beingmade in California, but many

people remained skepticaluntil President James Polkdelivered a message toCongress that December.Accounts of the “abundance

of gold in California,” hedeclared, “would scarcelycommand belief were theynot corroborated by

authentic reports in thepublic service.” Amongthem was Col. RichardMason, who toured thediggings and sent 230ounces of gold to Polk,assuring him that therewas more gold inCalifornia “than willpay the cost of the warwith Mexico a hundredtimes over.”

Spurred by Polk’smessage, thousands offorty-niners on the EastCoast set out forCalifornia by sea. Farfrom being ruggedindividualists whosought only their ownsuccess, many who

made that voyage formedcompanies and shared withtheir fellow members boththe expenses of the ventureand any profits they made inthe goldf ields. One suchcompany organized in NewYork consisted of 76members of the MethodistEpiscopal Church, whopurchased their own shipafter each man invested$300, receiving in return “anequal interest in the ship,mining implements andeighteen months’provisions.”

They embarked forCalifornia in June 1849, with50 Bibles and no alcohol onboard. Before the yearended, some 750 ships leftports on the Atlantic or GulfCoast for California, most ofthem packed withprospectors. Other ships

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ounded in the early1700s as MissionSan Antonio de

Valero, the Alamo wasconverted into aSpanish fort,manned by soldiersof the AlamoCompany, whoarrived in 1803 fromthe Mexican town ofAlamo de Parras.Following thefamous battle betweenSanta Anna’s troops andthe Alamo’s doomeddefenders, it became theproper ty of the TexasRepublic in late 1836, theUnited States in 1846, andthe Confederate States in1861 before reverting tocontrol of the U. S. Armyin 1865, which abandonedit in 1877.

By 1936, whenPresident FranklinRoosevelt spoke at thecentennial of the Battle ofthe Alamo, the monumenthad been thoroughlyoverhauled and bore little

resemblance to theoriginal fort. Its historicalsignificance had evolvedas well, and its defenders

were now honored not justas Texans, but asAmericans. Rooseveltplaced a wreath on what hecalled “this shrine wherethe blood of 182Americans was shed.” Theactual toll of those whodied defending the Alamowas slightly higher andincluded some Tejanos whowere seeking independenceand some Mexican citizensborn in the United States.Hundreds of opposingMexican troops also diedfighting there to preserveTexas as part of theircountry.

F

Rememberthe Alamo

(See Conflict on Page 20)

Conflict

(From Page 7)

cowmen drove more than4,000 sheep into the river,causing hundreds to die inthe quicksands.

Colorado cowmen wereequally intolerant of sheep,even though in 1869 theirterritory was said to havetwice as many woolies ascattle. In 1874, night raidersentered the corral of John T.Collier and killed all hisimported Merino rams,worth $1,000 each. In BentCounty in the same year,

Jeremiah Booth found 234 ofhis graded Cotswoldspoisoned by men whoordered him to leave withinten days.

Other Coloradosheepmen found theirwoolies shot or driven off,their herders beaten, theircabins and corrals burned. InGarfield County in 1894,

raiders killed 3,800 sheep bystampeding them over abluff into Parachute Creekafter wounding one of theherders. Later, in the samecounty, only one crippledsheep survived the slaughterof a flock of about 1,500.

Similar troublesplagued sheepmen farthernorth. In Idaho in 1896, twoherders encamped in theShoshone Basin were shot todeath and their f locksscattered. In Montana fouryears later, eleven cowmenkilled R.R. Selway’s wholeband of 3,000 woolies. InWyoming, raiders killednearly 12,000 sheep in asingle night. In otherinstances, they drove flocksover precipices or scatteredpoison on the ranges. Areport from Tie Siding saidthat raiders set fire to thewool of Charles Herbert’s2,600 sheep, killing most ofthem.

In Wyoming, after theturn of the century, nightraiders became bolder. NearThermopolis, in 1902, theyshot and kil led aflockmaster. In the centralpart of the state that sameyear they slaughtered severalthousand sheep and theherders. In 1904, near KirbyCreek, they shot and killeda sheepman without warning.

Sheepmen in easternOregon were having similartribulations. In raids from1899 to 1903, thousands oftheir sheep were killed. In1904 alone, 6,000 wereslaughtered in threecounties. Early in that year,

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Lynching

(From Page 8)

Averell nor Watson wasconcerned and they laughedand joked with each other asthe group moved on. Whenthey reached a small canyon,one of the WSGA men toldWatson, he would throw herdown in the river if shedidn’t stop laughing. Thatcomment brought morelaughter when Watsonpointed out that the shallowstream didn’t have enoughwater to drown a bug.

Back at Watson’sranch, the two young boystold Buchanan what hadhappened, so he quicklysaddled a horse and rode outto find the group. When hereached the canyon, he hidhis horse in some bushes,grabbed his Winchester andcrept up behind someboulders. He watched as thewagon was drawn up undera large cottonwood tree.

Still not believing theywere in any danger, Watsonsaid, “What are you goin’ todo now? Hang us?’ She andAverell began laughingagain.

As one of the WSGAmen threw a rope over oneof the cottonwood’sbranches, Averell said, “Ithink they just want to scareus.” He was still grinning

when Bothwell tied the otherend around his neck. Then asecond rope was thrownover the branch. When it wassecure, McLean tied itaround Ellen’s neck.

“Jump!” somebodyyelled.

About that time,Buchanan f ired hisWinchester. His bullet hitcowboy John Durban in thehip. The WSGA menreturned fire with rifles andpistols, forcing Buchanan toretreat. He returned toWatson’s ranch where hetold Gene Crowder and JohnDeCorey what washappening. Buchanan thenleft the ranch and rode toCasper to tell the sheriffthere about the unlawfullynching.

Back at the canyon,rancher Tim Sun whipped histeam and the wagon movedon leaving Watson andAverell struggling andkicking at the end of theirropes. Their hands, whichwere not tied, graspedfrantically at their necks asthey tried to breathe. Sincethe stockmen wereamateurs, the ropes did notbreak their necks but onlystrangled them. It took along time for them to diebefore they finally becomemotionless.

The next day, SheriffPhilip Watson (not related toEllen) and a posse of sevenmen went to the site of thehanging and cut down thetwo bodies. According toArthur Pose, one of theposse-men, the bodies weretaken to the Healy ranch.The coroner determined thatEllen Watson and JimAverell “died at the hands ofJohn Durban, Tim Sun, A.J.Bothwell, Sam Johnson, anda man named McLean.”

The accused werearrested and brought to trial,but were later released. OnOctober 24, a Grand Jurydismissed all charges againstthem because no witnesseswere found to testify. RalphCole died under mysteriouscircumstances. The two

James Averell

P


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Catlin

(From Page 10)

are less thought of, when hemounts his horse, with hisweapons in hand, and workingevery nerve and every muscle,dashes amongst the herds inthe chase, to provide food forhis wife and his little children,and scours the country bothnight and day, at the constantrisk of his life, to protect themfrom the assaults of their

enemies.We see the Indian

women in the full enjoymentof their domestic happiness,with their little children anddogs around them, thevillagers dressed in theirordinary costumes, and thelittle cupids taking their firstlessons in archery, which isthe most important feature intheir education. This happensto be “scalp-day;” from whichare suspended the scalpswhich have been taken, which

is the signal for all warriors todo the same; so that the chiefand every person in the villagecan count them, andunderstand each warrior’sstanding and claims topromotion, which areestimated by the number ofscalps he has taken.

How curious it is thatthese ingenious people, whohave invented so many waysof constructing theirdwellings, never yet haveadopted the mode of buildingwith stone. This is probablynot the result of ignorance orwant of invention, but fromtheir universal policy ofleaving no monuments. All ofthe American tribes are moreor less migratory; and whenthey move, they destroy alltheir marks, by burning theirwigwams, if they cannot takethem with them, andsmoothing over the graves oftheir parents and children.

A Sioux Home

Lynching

(From Page 15)

boys, John DeCorey andGene Crowder,disappeared and were neverseen again. FrankBuchanan also disappearedand it was generallybelieved that he waspressured by personsunknown to leaveWyoming.

According to newsstories published in TheLaramie Boomerang inAugust of 1889, “It isbecoming more and more

Ellen Watson Lynchingapparent that the stranglingof the couple was one of themost bald-faced outragescommitted in the territory.. . The opinion on theSweetwater is that theseland troubles were thedirect cause of thelynching. When forty-onehead of cattle freshlybranded were found at theWatson woman’s place theopportunity was seized tocharge the couple withcattle stealing and get themout of the way. It was atrumped up excuse to hangthem.”

riginally a tradingpost, Carson City—named after the

explorer Kit Carson—waslaid out by Abraham Curryin 1858. After the discoveryof gold in California in 1848,miners and immigrants hadpoured into the territory,exhausting the supplies ofgold in stream beds andoutcrops. Many minerstraveled eastwards across theSierra Nevada looking formore opportunities,including the man who wasto give his name toAmerica’s richest silvermine, HenryTompkins PaigeComstock.

In 1859Comstock andothers prospectingat Gold Hill on theslopes of MountDavidson found athin vein of gold,which turned intobluish quartz rock.Analysis showed itto contain bothgold and silver atnearly $4,000 a ton.A l m o s timmediately, some NevadaCity businessmen arrivedwith offers to buy the site;

amongst them was GeorgeHearst (father of WilliamRandolph Hearst).

O

Nevada’s state capitol in 1871

Comstock, a lazy andshiftless man dubbed “OldPancake,” happily accepted$10,000 for his share.

By 1861 there weremore than 10,000 miners andopportunists at the diggingsat Virginia City. However, asan already establishedsettlement, Carson Citybecame the area’s tradingand urban center, a positionconfirmed when it becamethe headquarters of theComstock Mining Company.The city also developed as acenter for freight,transportation, and lumber

for the undergroundmines.

In 1861 Congresscreated the newNevada Territory, withCarson City as itscapital. The f irstterritorial secretarywas Orin Clemens,whose young brotherSamuel—better knownas Mark Twain—accompanied him andwrote about thearea’s mining in hisbook Roughing It in1872. Carson City

was chartered as a city in1875, eleven years afterNevada became a state.

Kit Carson


California Gold Rush

1985 W. Apache Trail #2, Apache Junction480-982-0753

(Corner of Apache Trail & Palo Verde)

Happy HoursHappy HoursHappy HoursHappy HoursHappy Hours9-11am & 3-6pm9-11am & 3-6pm9-11am & 3-6pm9-11am & 3-6pm9-11am & 3-6pmOPEN EVERY DAY!Mon thru Sat 8am - 2am

Sunday 10am - 12am

Thursday Ladies Night6pm - Close First Drink 2-4-1

Keep cool at Debbie's bar. Where the air-conditioning works great!

Great Burgers,Wings and More!

LUCKY'S GRILL“Our New Addition”

Hours 11am-10pm Mon - Thur11am-11pm Fri & Sat

Closed Sunday

1 Year Anniversary3-day Party

Special Events, Daily DrinkSpecials, Contests.

Come Ready to Party!

Friday, Aug 12Car Show, Free Hot Dogs

Band: Jynx 8pm-12am

Sunday, Aug 14Band: Jim & Shari 1-4pm

Saturday, Aug 13Bike Show

Taco Eating Contest at 4pmBand: Dogg House 9pm-1am

330 S. Gilbert Rd. Mesa, AZ

TheTheTheTheThe OfficeOfficeOfficeOfficeOffice*****sportssportssportssportssports barbarbarbarbar

480-6480-6480-6480-6480-6 49-149-149-149-149-1650650650650650

POKER POKER POKER POKER POKER7 Nights a Week! 7:30 & 10:30pm

Open 6am to 2am 7 Days a Week!

K A R AO K EK A R AO K EK A R AO K EK A R AO K EK A R AO K EFriday & Saturday 10pm-2am

THE PLACE TO WATCH

6am til 7pm!

Home of the 13 HourHappy Hour!

California

(From Page 12)

carried fortune hunters toPanama, where theyjourneyed across the isthmusto the Pacific and embarkedfor California. That journeymight take only afew months,compared withseveral months forthe voyage aroundCape Horn, but itexposed travelers todeadly tropicaldiseases.

Most of theforty-niners wholived west of theA p p a l a c h i a n straveled overland toCalifornia. Somewent out on the Santa FeTrail and continued along theGila River route thatAmerican troops hadfollowed to California in1846. But the majority tookthe Oregon Trail along theHumboldt River to one ofseveral passes through theSierra Nevada. Whicheverpath they followed, fewparties reached Californiaoverland in 1849 withoutsome loss of life.Cholera, whichspread quickly incamps with poorsanitation, took asteep toll amongtravelers on thetrail that summer.Some parties wereaccompanied byphysicians, but theycould do little tocombat the disease and oftensuccumbed themselves.“Our company doctor hasgot the cholera very bad,”wrote one forty-niner. “He isout of his head this eveningand will probably die beforemorning.”

Many gold seekersoverloaded their carts andwagons, and the trails werelittered with discardedequipment and the bloated

bodies of oxen and other draftanimals that collapsed ofexhaustion, hunger, or thirst.Despite such travails, morethat 40,000 Americanprospectors reachedCalifornia overland by late1849.

Once they got to

California, it