terminos junguianos

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Mkgm Qir ̂ hiti ~irgjì~ m kj~ gyirtj~.Mk}yhghm Ik mrti di km mk}yhghm nj`~thtyxi mkej gí~ }yi km ivri~hþ` rinhi`tçahnm

di km }yçghnm. Lyè ~iýmkm }yi kj~ mk}yhgh~tm~ ~i eyhmom` jr mvhjgm~njgj ik ~heyhi`ti< Myryg `j~tryg `j` i~t myryg qykej &‛@yi~trj jrj `j

i~ ik jrj qykemr‗(+ nkmrm mky~hþ` m ~y hr ‛gí~ mkkí‗ di km gmtirhm. I~ nhirtj}yi ik trmomlj dik mk}yhgh~tm ~jori km gmtirhm riri~i`tmom y` h`ti`tj diiìtrmr i` km~ nkmqi~ di km~ rimnnhjì~ }yçghnm~+ irj `j kj i~ gi`j~}yi+ ~hgyktíìmgi`ti+ ~i i~tmokinçm y` rjni~j mrmkikj+ i` ik }yi kmrjxinnhþ` dik gmtirhmk ~ç}yhnj amnhkhtmom }yi ik nmgh`j m rinjrrir ~inj`nhohirm njgj y`m ~i`dm di di~mrrjkkj x trm`~ajrgmnhþ` i~hrhtymk.]yhi` oy~nm ~irhmgi`ti km kmh~ fhkj~jfjryg &hidrm ahkj~jamk( hèri~mi` y`m qçm i` km }yi ik nj`jnhghi`tj hgkhnm y`m mytj trm`~ajrgmnhþ`+riri~i`tmdm i` km aheyrm di km trm`~gytmnhþ` di km gmtirhm.

Mgkhahnmnhþ` î ythkh|m km mgkhahnmnhþ` oy~nm`dj m~jnhmnhjì~ nj` ik gmtirhmk ~hgoþkhnjj ghtjkþehnj }yi igirei &i` ~yiýj~ j i` jtrj~ i~tmdj~ di km nj`nhi`nhm(+i` km gidhdm i` }yi ~i ri}yhirm+ m gi`ydj h`dynhdj jr km amktm di

m~jnhmnhjì~ ir~j`mki~ j jr km nkmrhdmd dik gjthqj.M h̀gm Ik m~intj aigi h̀`j di km ~h}yi gm~nykh̀ m. M`hgm gy`dh< ik Mkgm dik

Gy`dj. Mr}yithj+ ~ieü` km ~hnjkjeçm lyèyhm`m+ di kj aigi`h`j i` km~h}yi dik fjgori. Rir~j`hahnmnhþ` di km~ ti`di`nhm~ ~hnjkþehnm~aigi`h`m~ i` km ~h}yi dik fjgori. Ik í`hgm gyi~trm nymtrj itmm~ didi~mrrjkkj &qj` Arm`|+ =862(. I` km rhgirm mmrini njgj km girmir~j`hahnmnhþ` dik jdir aç~hnj+ riri~i`tmdm i` km aheyrm dik mtkitm. I` km~iey`dm+ j~ii h`hnhmthqm x nmmnhdmd mrm kmìmr km mnnhþ`. I` km tirnirm+~i trm`~ajrgm i` km mkmorm+ mmrinhi`dj nj` arinyi`nhm njgj rjai~jr j~mnirdjti. Ah`mkgi`ti+ i` ~y nymrtm gm`hai~tmnhþ`+ ik í`hgm i~ kmi`nmr`mnhþ` dik ~he`hahnmdj. I~tí hàkyhdj i` ik fjgori jr km aheyrm di ~y

gmdri.



M h̀gy~ Ik m~intj gm~nykh̀ j di km ~h}yi aigi h̀`m. Mr}yithj+ ~ieü` km ~hnjkjeçm lyèyhm`m+ di kj gm~nykh`j i` km ~h}yi di km Gylir. Rir~j`hahnmnhþ` di km~ti`di`nhm~ ~hnjkþehnm~ gm~nykh`m~ i` km ~h}yi di km gylir. Ik í`hgy~gyi~trm nymtrj itmm~ di di~mrrjkkj &qj` Arm`|+ =862(. I` km rhgirm

mmrini njgj km girm ir~j`hahnmnhþ` dik jdir aç~hnj+ riri~i`tmdm i` kmaheyrm dik mtkitm. I` km ~iey`dm+ j~ii h`hnhmthqm x nmmnhdmd mrm kmìmrkm mnnhþ`. I` km tirnirm+ ~i trm`~ajrgm i` km mkmorm+ mmrinhi`dj njàrinyi`nhm njgj rjai~jr j ~mnirdjti. Ah`mkgi`ti+ i` ~y nymrtmgm`hai~tmnhþ`+ ik í`hgy~ i~ km i`nmr`mnhþ` dik ~he`hahnmdj. I~tí hàkyhdj i`km gylir jr km aheyrm di ~y mdri.

Mr}yithmk Njrrhi t̀i ~hnjkþehnm+ ìjlyèhm`m+ }yi ri~tm i~inhmk mti`nhþ` m kmrimkhdmd mr}yitçhnm }yi h`y`dm `yi~trm ~h}yi. Ik mdri di km ~hnjkjeçmmr}yithmk+ Lmgi~ Fhkkgm`+ mreygi`tm nþgj ‛km dh~jkynhþ` dik xj `j~he`hahnm di~jrdi`+ xm }yi tjdm am`tm~çm i~ eyhmdm jr y` jrdi`mr}yitçhnj gí~ rjay`dj.

Mr}yithj I` y` ~i`thdj lyèyhm`j ~j` i~}yigm~ oí~hnj~ i` km ~h}yi fygm`m }yi

~i njàheyrm` njgj gjthqj~ y`hqir~mki~ x ~i ivri~m` nj` km ri~i`nhm dihgíeiì~. Ik mr}yithj njgj tmk `j kkiem m km nj`nhi`nhm+ i~ ‛~hnjhdi‗+ i~dinhr+ trm~nhi`di km ~h}yi fygm`m njgj }ym`tyg~ di iìreçm mytþ`jgm+~yokhgh`mr x njkinthqm }yi ~i gm`hahi~tm` i` ajrgm~ di ivirhi`nhm~~h`nrj`ç~thnm~ j trm~ni`di`tmki~+ }yi j~ii` m~ kj~ ~ylitj~ x jirm` mtrmqè~ di ikkj~. Km ~h}yi nj`~tryxi+ nj` i~m~ hàjrgmnhjì~ iìreèthnm~+hgíeiì~ mr}yitçhnm~+ }yi ~j` nje`j~nhoki~+ x nj`~thtyxi` kj~ gmtirhmki~di trmdhnhjì~ ghtjkþehnm~ x rikhehj~m~+ dik ajkckjri x di km~ kixi`dm~. Kj~jrçeiì~ dik nj`nitj mr}yithj kj jdigj~ i`nj`trmr i` km jorm dii`~mdjri~ njgj Rhtíejrm~ &952'922 m. N(+ Rkmtþ` &4?6'>46 m. N.( Rkjth`j&?29'?52 d. N.(+ Rjrahrhj &?>?'>24(+ Lígokhnj &?52'>>2( x Rrjnkj &4=2'469(.I` tjdj~ i~tj~ m`tinidi`ti~ ahkj~þahnj~ jdigj~ qh~kygormr km `jnhþ` diy`m i~tryntyrm rjay`dm }yi i~tí i` km om~i di km mmri`ti rimkhdmdivtir`m. Cm`t &=5?4'=624( ayi jtrm di km~ hàkyi`nhm~ ay`dmgi`tmki~ i` kmei~tmnhþ` dik nj`nitj mr}yithj. ^y km`timghi`tj di y`j~ i~}yigm~md}yhrhdj~ m rhjrh jr km }yi tjdj~ kj~ dmtj~ ~i`~jrhmki~ yidi`jrem`h|mr~i i` nmtiejrçm~ h``mtm~ ~i qh`nykm dhrintmgi`ti nj` kj }yi i~ti



nj`nitj }yhiri ~he`hahnmr. Rirj }yh|í~+ ayi ^nfji`fmyir &=556'=612(+nj` ~y hdim di kj~ rjtjthj~ njgj ajrgm~ jrheh`mki~ di tjdm~ km~ nj~m~+}yhi` gí~ hàkyxj i` km eirgh`mnhþ` di km `jnhþ` di mr}yithj i` ~ynj`ninhþ` lyèyhm`m. Nj`ti`hdj~ dik h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj3 hgíeiì~

rhgjrdhmki~ x gjdikj~ di ajrgmnhþ` di ~çgojkj~ }yi ~i rihti` m kj kmrejdi km fh~tjrhm di km fygm`hdmd. Gjdikj jrheh`mk j hdimk m mrthr dik nymk ~irimkh|m y`m jorm. îeü` Nmrk Lyè+ i~tryntyrm y`hqir~mk `mnhdm dikh`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj }yi mmrini i` kj~ ghtj~+ i` kj~ nyi`tj~ x i` tjdm~km~ rjdynnhjì~ hgmeh`mrhm~ dik h`dhqhdyj ~m`j+ ìyrþthnj j ~hnþthnj.

Mr}yithj dikm gmdri

Ik mr}yithj di km gmdri riri~i`tmrçm y`j di kj~ mr}yithj~ rh`nhmki~di kj h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj i` km ~hnjkjeçm m`mkçthnm di N. E. Lyè. Kmhgmei` di y`m Erm` Gmdri righti i` ~y eèì~h~ m km fh~tjrhm di km~rikhehjì~. ^y gm`hai~tmnhþ` ~hgoþkhnm ~i fmkkm riri~i`tmdm m trmqè~ diy`m mgkhm qmrhmnhþ` £dik thj di y`m dhj~m gmdri³. Dmdm ~y i~nm~m xnj`dhnhj`mdm ri~i`nhm njgj tmk i` km ivirhi`nhm rínthnm+ x trmtí`dj~idi y` mojrdmli ~hnjkþehnj+ ~i fmni ìni~mrhj km`timr km ayi`ti di km }yidirhqm tjdj ~hgojkh~gj< ik mr}yithj. ‛Kj £gmtir`mk³< jr m`tj`jgm~hm+ kmgíehnm mytjrhdmd di kj aigi`h`j3 km ~mohdyrçm x km mktyrm i~hrhtymk gí~mkkí dik h`tikintj3 kj oj`dmdj~j+ rjtintjr+ ~y~ti`tmdjr+ kj }yi dm

nrinhghi`tj+ airthkhdmd x mkhgi`tj3 ik kyemr di km trm`~ajrgmnhþ` gíehnm+ dikri`mnir3 ik h`~th`tj j hgyk~j }yi mxydm3 kj ~inritj+ i~nj`dhdj+ kjtiìorj~j+ ik moh~gj+ ik gy`dj di kj~ gyirtj~+ kj }yi diqjrm+ ~idyni xi`qiì`m+ kj mèy~thj~j i hìqhtmoki/.&N. E. Lyè. Kj~ mr}yithj~ x kjh`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj(.



Njgkilj Ik njgkilj i~ y` mtrþ` di i`~mghi t̀j~ x ~i`thghi t̀j~ ~yrhghdj~ }yi~i merym` &}yi i~tmokini` y`m nj`~tikmnhþ`( mkrididjr di y` tigmnj`nritj rjqi`hi`ti di y` mr}yithj. I~ ik ri~yktmdj njgj ‛ajrgmnhþ` di~ç`ti~h~‗ di km h`tirmnnhþ` }yi ~i fm rjdynhdj i` km fh~tjrhm dik di~mrrjkkj

dik ~ylitj+ i`tri ir~j`m~ rimki~ di ~y~ ‛rikmnhjì~ jolitmki~‗ }yi fm`nygkhdj y`m ay`nhþ` i` ik di~mrrjkkj x ik gmtirhmk mr}yitçhnj rikmnhj`mdjnj` i~m~ ay`nhjì~. ‛Njgkilj gmtir`j‗< h`tir`mkh|mnhþ` jolitmk di kmay`nhþ` rimk gmtir`m x mr}yithj di km gmdri.&/... ivh~ti` njgkilj~ }yi

lmgí~ i~tyqhirj` m`tirhjrgi`ti i` km nj`nhi`nhm x }yi jr ikkj lmgí~ydhirj` ~ir rirhghdj~ mrohtrmrhmgi`ti. Orjtm` di kj h`nj`~nhi`ti ih`qmdi` km nj`~nhi`nhm nj` ~y~ nj`qhnnhjì~ i hgyk~j~ ivtrmýj~ ih`mktirmoki~/ Lyè(. îeü` L. Lmnjoh kj~ njgkilj~+ /eryj~ diriri~i`tmnhjì~ igjnhj`mkgi`ti nmremdm~ i` kj h`nj`~nhi`ti dioi`nj`~hdirmr~i i` ~y m~intj ìemthqj x j~hthqj+ yi~ fmx }yi rinjrdmr }yi'nj`th`üm Lmnjoh' /Ariyd nj`~hdirmom mk njgkilj ivnky~hqmgi`ti m mrthrdi kj mtjkþehnj+ ghi`trm~ }yi Lyè kj nj`nhoi tmgohè` m mrthr di kj ~m`j/.

Trmomlmr nj` kj~ njgkilj~ i~ morhr y`m rytm di nj`tmntj nj` kj ~mermdj3m~ç njgj i`trmr mk hàhir`j nj` Qhrehkhj+ x rjgiti ik mrrhoj mk Rmrmç~j3 /...M}yç ~i mdqhirti nkmrmgi`ti 'dhni Lmnjoh' ik gjdj di nj`~hdirmnhþàh`mkh~tm di Lyè< kj gmkj yidi nj`~hdirmr~i ~higri+ tmgohè`+ njgjy`tj di mrthdm dik ohi`+ kj mtjkþehnj+ njgj ayi`ti di y`m h`~hrmnhþ`gí~ h`ti`~m di ~mkyd/.

Njgkiljgmtir`jìemthqj

Kj gmtir`j i~ mdinymdj þ j~hthqj+ i` km gidhdm i` }yi amnhkhtm ikdi~mrrjkkj3 irj+ ~h` igomrej+ jdigj~ fmokmr di y` njgkilj gmtir`jìemthqj ~h ik ri~yktmdj i~ tjdj kj nj`trmrhj. I` i~i nm~j+ km gmdri `jamnhkhtm y` mdinymdj di~mrrjkkj di kj aigi`h`j i` ik fjgori ~h`j }yi kjmnmmrm x ki hghdi ~y mdinymdm h`dii`di`nhm. I~ti finfj i~ aínhk qirkji` km qhdm ivtirhjr i` ajrgm di gmdri~ j~i~hqm~ }yi hghdi` ~mkhr mk

ljqi` þ mk mdyktj di /diomlj di ~y~ amkdm~/ &fhirtrjahm di kj gmtir`j( þ+jr ik nj`trmrhj+ i` gmdri~ }yi ~i rijnym` nhirtmgi`ti di ~y~ fhlj~ x mkj~ }yi ki~ amktm km rjtinnhþ` mdinymdm &fhjtrjahm di kj gmtir`j(. ^hìgomrej+ i~ gí~ dhaçnhk qirkj m `hqik ~yolithqj+ i~ dinhr+ `j fmokmr di y`mgmdri ìemthqm ~h`j di y` njgkilj gmtir`j ìemthqj i` dj`di xm km



gmdri rimk `j lyiem y` hgjrtm`ti mik þ+ h`nky~j+ xm `j ivh~ti.

Nj`~tikmr Tèrgh`j lyèyhm`j ~h̀ þ`hgj di mnthqmnhþ .̀Dègjì~ Nj`~hdirmdj~+ i` dhqir~m~ trmdhnhjì~+ njgj ~iri~ h t̀irgidhj~ njìntjri~

i`tri kj~ dhj~i~ x kj~ fygm`j~. Rmik gyx hgjrtm`ti i` km trm`~gh~hþ` digi`~mli~ }yi ~i dmom i` ik gy`dj di kj~ ~yiýj~. Rjdçm` amqjrinir mkfjgori amnhkhtí`djki ohiì~tmr x rh}yi|m irj tmgohè` jdçm` mrrm~trmrkifmnhm di~qi`tyrm~ x trmeidhm~. I~çrhty~ trmqhi~j~ }yi yidi` ~iroiìamntjri~ x }yi yidi` tiìr gyx gmk nmríntir. Ik i~çrhty di kj~dègjì~ ayi h`njgmthoki nj` ik i~çrhty di km~ rikhehjì~ gj`jtiç~tm~}yhiì~ i~tmokinhirj` y`m ìtm dhairi`nhm3 kj~ íèiki~+ yrj~+ kygh`j~j~+ xoyi`j~ x kj~ digj`hj~+ nj`tmgh`mdj~+ j~nyrj~ x kki`j~ di gmkdmd. I~tmdhnjtjgçm i~nh~hqm hghdi i`ti`dir }yi kj~ dègjì~ ~j` gitíajrm~ dikmkgm fygm`m3 nj`trmdhntjrhm+ nmgohm`ti+ oiìamntjrm x di~trynthqm. Lmgi~Fhkkgm`< ‛i` ~yiýj~ `j~ qh~htm` dmhgjì~+ `hàm~+ fèrji~ x dhj~i~ nj` kmajrgm di `yi~trj~ mghej~ di km tmrdi m`tirhjr‗. Km~ rikhehjì~gj`jtiç~tm~+ ik nrh~thm`h~gj i~inhmkgi`ti+ fm` eiìrmdj y`m ayirtidymkhdmd i` ik ~ir fygm`j. I~tm ~i fm ivri~mdj ivhkhm`dj mk nyirj x mkj~ ~i`thdj~ dik nyktj rikhehj~j. Km gmtirhm rirhghdm+ nyirj digj`h|mdj+h`~th`tj~+.. ritjr`m i` km~ rínthnm~ gm~j}yh~tm~ di kj~ nhkhnhj~ x digí~tjrtyrm~ dik m~nitm+ x njkinthqmgi`ti i` ai~thqhdmdi~ rikhehj~m~ dj`di kj

mem`j fmni mntj di ri~i`nhm+ my`}yi nmgyakmdj nj` kj~ rjmli~ diknrh~thm`h~gj+ njgj jnyrri i` nj`gigjrmnhjì~ di km îgm`m ^m`tm<akmeikmnhjì~+ nrynhahvhjì~+ rjni~hjì~ m`dmky|m~ dj`di ik nj`~ygj dimknjfjk i~ gyx hgjrtm`ti njgj i` km~ nj`gigjrmnhjì~ Oí}yhnm~.



I`m`thjdrjgç m

&dik erhiej< i`m`thj~+ nj`trmrhj+ jyi~tj+ x drjgj~+ nmrrirm( ~he`hahnm njrriri` ~i`thdj nj`trmrhj. Nj` dhnfj tèrgh`j ~i i~tmokini i` km ahkj~jaçm diFirínkhtj £ik lyiej di kj~ jyi~tj~ i` ik diqi`hr+ i~tj i~+ km `jnhþ` di }yitjdj kj }yi i~ m~m m ~y nj`trmrhj‗. Nmrk Ey~tmq Lyè rinjeirí ik tèrgh`j i

h`nkyxè`djkj i` ~y ~hnjkjeçm m`mkçthnm kj diah`hrí njgj £km mmrhnhþ`+i~inhmkgi`ti i` ~yni~hþ` tigjrmk+ dik rh`nhhj jyi~tj h`nj`~nhi`ti.I~ti ai`þgi`j nmrmntirç~thnj ~i dm i` nm~h tjdj~ kj~ ~hthj~ dj`di y`mdhrinnhþ` ivtrigmdmgi`ti y`hkmtirmk djgh`m km qhdm nj`~nhi`ti+ di gjdj}yi ~i ajrgm i` ik thigj y`m j~hnhþ` jyi~tm h`nj`~nhi`ti djtmdm dihdè`thnm ayir|m+ km nymk ~i ivtirhjrh|m rhgirj jr km h`fhohnhþ` dikri`dhghi`tj nj`~nhi`ti x gí~ tmrdi jr km h`tirrynhþ` di km dhrinnhþ`nj`~nhi`ti‗. Km i`m`thjdrjgçm i~ tçhnmgi`ti ivirhgi`tmdm i`nj`ly`nhþ` nj` ~ç`tjgm~ m~jnhmdj~ nj` km ìyrj~h~ meydm+ x m gi`ydjri~mehm y` ri`mnhghi`tj di km ir~j`mkhdmd. Rirj tièj }yi ~yormxmr }yii~i erm` km` ~ieü` ik nymk i~tí nj`~tryhdm km qhdm h`nj`~nhi`ti dik mkgmi~nmm m `yi~trj i`ti`dhghi`tj+ tm`tj }yi `y`nm jdigj~ ~moir }yè gmk

~i ìni~htm mrm }yi mjrti y` ohi` jr i`m`thjdrjgçm+ x }yè ohi`h`dynhrí m fmnir ik gmk.&Lyè. Mnirnm di km ai`jgi`jkjeçm dik i~çrhty i`kj~ nyi`tj~ jykmri~(.

Ahkigþ` Hgmei` am`tí~thnm di Lyè di y` m`nhm`j+ mk }yi kkmgþ Ahkigþ`+ }yiriri~i`tmom km h`tyhnhþ` ~yirhjr3 mrm Lyè irm njgj y` eyry.

Ay`nhþ`tikijkþehnm

Dhrinnhþ` m km ~h}yi fmnhm km h`tiermnhþ`. Km ri~i`nhm di hgíeiì~mr}yitçhnm~ ~i jdrçm mnthqmr di ajrgm nj`~hdirmoki i` gjgi`tj~ ditrm`~hnhþ` i` km qhdm &kj~ rhtj~ di m~j }yi mü` i`nj`trmgj~ i`ditirgh`mdj~ nyktj~ trhomki~( j m`ti mnj`tinhghi`tj~ qhtmki~ di nhirtmhgjrtm`nhm+ nygkhi`dj+ oí~hnmgi`ti+ y` mik nrimthqj x njgi`~mdjr.I~tm~ hgíeiì~ dhrhei` m km ~h}yi fmnhm ik i`rh}yinhghi`tj+ km h`tiermnhþ`x ik ~i`thdj. Tmk nj~m ~i yidi nj`~tmtmr i` ~htymnhjì~ }yi rjqjnm` y`hgmntj igjnhj`mk erm`di+ njgj km iàirgidmd j km gyirti+ j }yiri}yhiri` di iìreçm x nj`ni`trmnhþ`+ njgj ik finfj di igi|mr y`rjxintj nrimthqj.



Ay`nhþ`trm~ni`di`ti

Y`m ti`di`nhm h``mtm m }yi kj~ nj`ti`hdj~ jyi~tj~ yidm` dhmkjemr i`triikkj~ x ièrmì`+ i` gytym hàkyi`nhm+ kj }yi yidi qirdmdirmgi`tifmnir }yi ~i trm~nhi`dm` ~y~ qhilm~ jj~hnhjì~ i`tri nj`~nhi`ti ih`nj`~nhi`ti x ~i ‛i`nyi`tri‗ y`m `yiqm j~hnhþ` md~nrhtm mk xj. M i~m

ti`di`nhm km di`jgh`m /ay`nhþ` trm~ni`di`ti/ ri~j`~moki di kmrjdynnhþ` di hgíeiì~ mr}yitçhnm~ jrtmdjrm~ di jti`nhmk mrm kmnyrmnhþ` i h`dhqhdymnhþ` djtm`dj mk ~ylitj di y` rjay`dj ~i`thdji~hrhtymk. I` diah`hthqm i~ y`m ayir|m tikijkþehnm dik h`nj`~nhi`tinjkinthqj+ i~inçahnmgi`ti dik ^h'gh~gj+ nj` y`m ah`mkhdmd h`tiermthqm+mrm ik di~mrrjkkj di km nj`nhi`nhm i` ik nmgh`j di km h`dhqhdymnhþ`.

Firgi~ .. ik ‛gí~ fygm h̀tmrhj i`tri kj~ dhj~i~‗+ i~ y` ei`yh̀ j dhj~ jkçghnj &‡(Njgj gi`~mlirj di kj~ dhj~i~ mmrini ~þkj i` km Jdh~im+ `j i` km Hkçmdm.Rirj ~i`thgj~ }yi i~ti mik njrri~j`di i`tirmgi`ti m ~y gjdj di ~ir.^y qmkjr i~ km fmohkhdmd. ^y~ trmomlj~ di`jtm` gi`j~ ayir|m j ~mohdyrçm}yi mehkhdmd x tjdm nkm~i di nkm`di~th`hdmd &‡( ‛M~tytj‗+ ‛Amkm|‗+‛Hèi`hj~j‗3 i~ ik mtrþ` di kj~ om`dhdj~ x kmdrjì~ x di tjdj~ kj~ }yi

~moi` rjnyrmr~i nkm`di~th`mgi`ti y`m qi`tmlm &‡( Mkkç rinj`jnigj~ mkgmi~trj di km jjrty`hdmd+ di ghrmdm mkieri+ `y`nm di~nj`nirtmdj+ mk }yiki hgjrtm` jnj km~ `jrgm~ di jreykkj x di km dhe`hdmd x }yi+ m i~mr ditjdj+ ri~yktm mgmoki &‡( Tjdj m}yik }yi i`nyi`trm mkej rinhj~j i` iknmgh`j j firidm y`m ajrty`m dm km~ ermnhm~ m Firgi~+ tjdj kj }yi ~i kkmgm‛i`nj`trmdj‗ ~i nj`~hdirm riemkj di Firgi~ &‡( îýjr di km ei`ti }yimntüm i` km j~nyrhdmd &‡( @hèü` dhj~ nyhdm tm`tj kj~ riomýj~ x ~ynrinhghi`tj &‡( I~ ik ghkmerj~j arynthahnmdjr di kj~ m`hgmki~ jr ik nymkyidi m~yghr ik nmríntir di y` dhj~ di km airthkhdmd. Rirj ~i trmhnhj`mríhdmgi`ti< ~y mnthtyd thiì y` ikherj~j riqè~ i` km èrdhdm heymkgi`tighkmerj~m &‡( Jtrm amnitm di i~ti dhj~ kj gyi~trm njgj mnjgmým`ti dikj~ gyirtj~ &‡( È~ti i~ Firgi~ R~hnjjgj+ ik nj`dyntjr di km~ mkgm~+dik nymk jçgj~ tm`tj i` èjnm~ j~tirhjri~ &‡( Èk gh~gj ~i kkmgm eyçm dikj~ ~yiýj~ &‡( kj }yi fmni i~ y`m jorm gmeh~trmk x ik ejni i~ ~h`ri~j`~mohkhdmdi~ &‡( Ik gy`dj di Firgi~ `j i~ di `hèy`m gmìrmfirjhnj. &U. A. Jttj+ Kj~ dhj~i~ di Erinhm+ Gmdrhd+ ^hryikm(.



Fçmdi~ Km~ Fçmdi~ i` km ghtjkjeçm erhiem ~j` km~ ̀ h̀ am~ fmnidjrm~ di kkyqhm+ mkgi`j~ i~tj i~ kj }yi mrini }yi ~he`hahnm ~y `jgori. I` y` rh`nhhj km~Fçmdi~ irm` y`m~ i~trikkm~ }yi mmrini` i` rhgmqirm3 di km~ }yi ~idinçm fmoçm` ~hdj y`m~ `hàm~ trm`~ajrgmdm~ jr \iy~ i` nj`~tikmnhþ` jrkj~ erm`di~ ~irqhnhj~ }yi rimkh|mrj` nyhdm`dj m Dhj`h~j. I` km ghtjkþehnmnjgmrnm di @h~m+ mti`dhirj` mk `hýj Dhj`h~j+ i`trieí`dj~ikjj~tirhjrgi`ti m H `j. î dhni }yi km~ fçmdi~ ~j` fhlm~ di Mtkm`ti xRkèxjì j km jnií`hdm Itrm. I` y`m qir~hþ` gí~ tmrdçm+ ~i fmnçm di km~Fçmdi~ y`m~ gynfmnfm~3 firgm`m~ di Fhm`ti+ }yi+ di~jkmdm~ jr kmgyirti di è~ti+ gyrhirj` di i`m+ ~hi`dj trm`~ajrgmdm~ i` nj`~tikmnhþ`.I` km ghtjkjeçm rjgm`m m km~ Fçmdi~ ~i ki~ hdi`thahnm nj` km~ ^ünykm~. Km~fçmdi~ ~j` km~ ~heyhi`ti~< , Aè~hki, Nþrj`hdi, Iydjrm, Mgorj~hm, Aij,Rjkhvj, Dhjì Ayirj` km~ ~hiti fhlm~ di Mtkm~ x Itrm+ x firgm`m~trm~ di km~Rkèxmdi~+ Aèkh~i+ Nþrj`hdi+ Iydjrm+ Mgorjvçm+ Aij+ Rjkhvj x Dhjì.Di~yè~ di km gyirti di ~y firgm`j Fxm~+ ~y~ firgm`m~+ km~ Fçmdi~+kkjrmrj` ~y gyirti nj` tm`tm qifigi`nhm }yi gyrhirj` di i`m. \iy~+ i`

rinj`jnhghi`tj di i~ti mgjr+ njgmdinhþ m km~ firgm`m~ tjr`í`djkm~ iì~trikkm~ x km~ ~htyþ i` km nmoi|m di Tmyrj+ dj`di ~y ~mkhdm m`ymk qmmnjgmýmdm jr kkyqhm moy`dm`ti.

Hgmeh`mnhþ`mnthqm

Tèn`hnm di Lyè nj`~h~ti`ti i` y~mr km hgmeh`mnhþ` &hgmeh`mthj qirm( mrmh`tirmntymr nj` kj~ ir~j`mli~ }yi yiokm` km ~h}yi x nj` kj~ }yi ~injìntm gidhm`ti hgíeiì~. Kj~ ir~j`mli~ ~j` njgkilj~'mr}yithj~ xjolitj~ h`tir`mkh|mdj~ di km~ rikmnhjì~ jolitmki~ dik ~ylitj. Tèn`hnm di

Lyè nj`~h~ti`ti i` y~mr km hgmeh`mnhþ` &hgmeh`mthj qirm( mrm h`tirmntymrnj` kj~ ir~j`mli~ }yi yiokm` km ~h}yi x nj` kj~ }yi ~i njìntmgidhm`ti hgíeiì~. Kj~ ir~j`mli~ ~j` njgkilj~'mr}yithj~ x jolitj~h`tir`mkh|mdj~ di km~ rikmnhjì~ jolitmki~ dik ~ylitj. I~ y`m tèn`hnmtirmèythnm+ ikmojrmdm jr Lyè+ x }yi jdrçmgj~ diah`hr njgj kmythkh|mnhþ` di km hgmeh`mnhþ` mrm h`tirmntymr nj` km~ dhairi`ti~ mrti~ jir~j`mli~ }yi njàheyrm` `yi~trm ~h}yi. Ryidi igkimr~i di dhairi`ti~gmìrm~ x tiìr dh~th`tj~ ajrgmtj~3 di~di km h`tyrm+ i~nyktyrm j yi~tmi` gjqhghi`tj di km~ am`tm~çm~ i hgíeiì~ }yi orjtm` di ajrgmi~j`tíìm di `yi~trj h`nj`~nhi`ti+ njgj jnyrri i` kj~ ~yiýj~+ fm~tm+ di



ajrgm gí~ dhrintm+ h`tirmntym`dj nj` km~ hgíeiì~ }yi orjtm` i` kmgidhtmnhþ`.Km hgmeh`mnhþ` mnthqm yidi nj`qirthr~i i` y`m firrmghi`tmay`dmgi`tmk i` ik rjni~j di nj`jnhghi`tj di `yi~trm ~h}yi jolithqm+ xi` y`m rínthnm }yi `j~ mjrti mykmth`mgi`ti mytj`jgçm i` `yi~trjtrmomlj ir~j`mk.

H`nj`~nhi`tinjkinthqj

I~ km firi`nhm i~hrhtymk di km fygm`hdmd+ mnygykmdm m kj kmrej di tjdj ikdi~mrrjkkj ahkjei`èthnj di km i~inhi+ }yi ri`mni i` nmdm i~tryntyrmh`dhqhdymk+ x i~tí ri~i`ti i` nmdm h`dhqhdyj di~di ~y gh~gm nj`ninhþ`.Gitmaþrhnmgi`ti fmokm`dj qi`drçm m ~ir mkej m~ç njgj `yi~trj MD@ j

ei`jthj ~hnjkþehnj+ km djtmnhþ` firidhtmrhm }yi nj`thiì tjdm kmhàjrgmnhþ` m`çghnm j qhqi`nhmk }yi rieykm `yi~trj di~mrrjkkj ~hnjkþehnjfm~tm ~y nykgh`mnhþ` j ki`htyd. Km fhþti~h~ dik h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj `jqhiì m ~y~thtyhr km hdim di y` h`nj`~nhi`ti ir~j`mk+ ~h`j }yi ~i ri~i`tmü`hnmgi`ti mrm njgkigi`tmrkj &_mxgj`d Fj~thi+ =899(. Km mrti di km~h}yi nyxj~ nj`ti`hdj~ h`nj`~nhi`ti~ ~j` firidhtmrhj~ x irtiìni` m kmfygm`hdmd i` eiìrmk3 jr nj`trm~ti+ ik h`nj`~nhi`ti h`dhqhdymknjgri`di km~ ivirhi`nhm~ }yi fm` ~hdj rirhghdm~ y jkqhdmdm~.

H`nj`~nhi`ti~hnjhdi

Tèrgh`j mnyýmdj jr LY@E+ }yhi` lmgí~ jrem`h|þ ~h~tigíthnmgi`ti ~y~i~nrhtj~ ~jori ik h`nj`~nhi`ti ~hnjhdi. Khtirmkgi`ti ~hnjhdi ~he`hahnm~hghkmr m km ~h}yh~. î fmokm di y`m nymkhdmd ~igilm`ti m km ~h}yh~ i`mkej }yi ~i gm`hahi~tm i` ik gy`dj aç~hnj. M mrthr di =841 Lyè di`jgh`þ

~hnjhdi~ m kj~ mr}yithj~ mrm ri~mktmr }yi thiì` gm`hai~tmnhþ` ivtir`mi` ik gy`dj aç~hnj.

H`dhqhdymnhþ` H`'dhqh~hoki+ Y`j. Dirhqmdm dik rjxintj h̀ ti`nhj`mk di km ~h}yi didhrhehr~i fmnhm ik mr}yitçhnj di tjtmkhdmd+ amqjrinhi`dj ik di~mrrjkkj dik~ylitj h`dhqhdymk. Ik rjni~j di km h`tiermnhþ` di km ir~j`mkhdmd3 km



oü~}yidm di ~he`hahnmdj.

H~h~ H~h~ i~ ik `jgori erhiej di y`m dhj~m di km ghtjkjeçm iehnhm. ^y `jgoriiehnhj irm M~t+ }yi ~he`hahnm trj`j+ riri~i`tmdj jr ik lirjekçahnj }yi

jrtmom ~jori ~y nmoi|m. Ayi di`jgh`mdm Erm` gmem+ Erm` dhj~m gmdri+_ih`m di kj~ dhj~i~+ Ayir|m ainy`dmdjrm di km `mtyrmki|m+ Dhj~m di kmgmtir`hdmd x dik `mnhghi`tj.H~h~ irm riri~i`tmdm njgj gylir nj` ik

lirjekçahnj dik trj`j M~t ~jori ~y nmoi|m. Jtrm~ qini~ i~tí ~i`tmdm+j~ti`tm`dj y` tjnmdj nj` ik dh~nj ~jkmr+ jr ~ir fhlm di _m+ ik dhj~ ^jkmr.Rjdigj~ qirkm heymkgi`ti nj` mkm~ di ghkm`j+ morhi`dj ~y~ orm|j~ mrmoi`dinhr m ~y~ diqjtj~ i fhlj~+ ~hgojkh|m`dj ~y gmtir`hdmd3 nj` ajrgm didhj~m írojk+ mgmgm`tm`dj mk amrmþ`. I` ~y qir~hþ` m`trjjgjram+ H~h~ irmriri~i`tmdm njgj y`m gylir }yi kkiqmom y` mly~tmdj qi~thdj+ njrj`mdmnj` ik trj`j m`tirhjrgi`ti di~nrhtj. M njghi`|j~ di km dh`m~tçm VQHHH x iìk irçjdj tmrdçj+ i~ riri~i`tmdm nj` nyir`j~ x y` dh~nj ~jkmr i`tri ikkj~+mk gjdj di km dhj~m Fmtfjr+ jr tm`tj+ mtrhoytj~ tjgmdj~ di i~tm ükthgm

dhj~m. Tmgohè` jrtm ik ~h~trj x ik gi`mt+ ~çgojkj~ di km dhj~m Fmtfjr x+ i`~y~ gm`j~+ ~yiki kkiqmr ik m`l &m`cf( x y` nitrj mhrhajrgi.^y jrhei` i~h`nhirtj+ irj ~i i~thgm }yi rjqh`j dik diktm dik @hkj. Km~ rhgirm~gi`nhjì~ di H~h~ dmtm` di km dh`m~tçm Q di Iehtj i` km nymk ~i i`nyi`trm`km~ rhgirm~ h`~nrhnhjì~ khtirmrhm~+ irj ~y nyktj ~i fh|j rjghì`ti gí~tmrdi i` km fh~tjrhm iehnhm+ nym`dj ~i igi|mrj` m mo~jroir x ~h`nrith|mrkj~ nyktj~ di jtrm~ dhj~m~. Nj` ik thigj ~i ivm`dhþ ayirm di Iehtj+ i` ikJrhi`ti Rrþvhgj x ik Hgirhj rjgm`j+ nj` km nj`~trynnhþ` di tigkj~kilm`j~ didhnmdj~ m ikkm+ njgj i` km~ H~km~ Orhtí`hnm~. Fm~tm ik ~hekj QH ~iydhirj` i`nj`trmr rm~trj~ di ~y mdjrmnhþ` i` km Iyrjm nrh~thm`m.Iktigkj gí~ hgjrtm`ti didhnmdj m ~y nyktj i~tmom i` km h~km di Ahki. I`

Di`dirm irm ivyi~tm m`ymkgi`ti i` y` }yhj~nj dik tigkj di Fmtfjr+ mkj~ rmxj~ dik ^jk+ mrm rieiìrmr~i. I` Eyh|m ayi qiìrmdm njgj îýjrmdi km~ hríghdi~. ^y nyktj ~i rjmeþ jr tjdj~ kj~ yiokj~ dikGidhtirríìj+ ri~h~thi`dj km ivm`~hþ` dik nrh~thm`h~gj x ~i gm`tyqj i` iktigkj di Ahki dyrm`ti ik Hgirhj rjgm`j fm~tm }yi ayi rjfhohdj i`



thigj~ di Ly~th`hm`j H+ i` ik mýj 9>9. Kj~ i~tydhj~j~ fm` finfjnjgmrmnhjì~ nj` ik nyktj m H~h~ m ah`mki~ di km èjnm rjgm`m x ik nyktj mkm Qhrei` Gmrçm. Di~yè~ di }yi km rikhehþ` nrh~thm`m em`þ jykmrhdmd xnjgi`|þ m dh~ir~mr~i i` Iyrjm x kyiej i` _jgm+ kj~ nrh~thm`j~nj`qhrthirj` ik ~m`tymrhj di H~h~ i` Iehtj i` y`m Heki~hm i` fj`jr m Gmrçmm~ç njgj di gmìrm dikhoirmdm tjgmrj` hgíeiì~ dik gy`dj mem`j xkm~ ythkh|mrj`.

Ghtjkjeigm Tèrgh`j mnyýmdj jr Cmrk Cirè x̀h x }yi ~i riahiri m y`m y`hdmd oí~hnm }yiqir~m ~jori y` gmtirhmk i` dj`di i~tí` hgkhnmdj~ kj~ dhj~i~ x kj~ ~iri~dhqh`j~+ njgomti~ di fèrji~ x di~ni`~j~ m kj~ hàhir`j~+ ikigi`tj~nj`ti`hdj~ i` rikmtj~ nj`jnhdj~ x }yi+ ~h` igomrej+ `j ivnkyxi`

nrimnhjì~ gí~ di~mrrjkkmdm~.



@icxm Qhmli di di~ni`~j m kj~ h̀ ahir`j~ dik Fmdi~. Qhmli h`tirhjr. Ik rhgir qhmli mkgí~ mkkí kj rikmtm Fjgirj. I` ik khorj vh di km Jdh~im+ /ik omrnj kkiemom mknjàç` dik Jnèm`j rjay`dj/. Ykh~i~ &Jdh~ij(+ ~mnrhahnm y`m~ ri~i~ mrm }yi/kj~ gyirtj~+ nmoi|m~ ~h` orçj/+ mmri|nm`. /Dik Èrioj i`tj`ni~ ~iriy`hirj` ~yrehi`dj km~ mkgm~ rhqmdm~ di qhdm/+ ~idhi`tm~ di ~mèri. Km@icxm fjgèrhnm i~ y`m mmrhnhþ`+ ik fèrji kkiem mk njàç`+ nygki ik rhtj xkj~ dhay`tj~ qm` m èk. @j omlm ik qhqj+ ~yoi` kj~ gyirtj~+ ik hàhir`j i~ iki~mnhj dik dhíkjej i`tri eiìrmnhjì~. /@j riti`dm~+ Ykh~i~ rinkmrj „kidhni M}yhki~„ oy~nmrgi nj`~yikj~ di km gyirti+ }yi xj gí~ }yirrçm ~ir~hirqj i` ik nmgj di nymk}yhir kmormdjr ~h` nmydmk x di njrtm di~i`~m}yi rih`mr ~jori tjdj~ kj~ gyirtj~ }yi mkkí aiìnhirj`/. I~ è~tm y`mnj`ninhþ` di km gyirti+ x di km qhdm+ gí~ firjhnm }yi gçthnm+ gí~rmegíthnm }yi rikhehj~m. I`tri i~tj~ gyirtj~ fmx m`theyj~ mghej~ ~yxj~+x tmgohè` di~nyori }yi ~y gmdri fm gyirtj jr}yi ~i km i`nyi`trm mkkç+fmnçm mýj~ }yi `j km qiçm x nriçm }yi mü` i~tmom qhqm. Mfç `j fmx `h ohi` `hgmk+ ik rih`j di Fmdi~ i~ ~h` gjrmkhdmd+ mfç xm `j fmx tfxgj~ }yi i`

erhiej }yhiri dinhr qifigi`nhm+ mm~hj`mghi`tj+ ajej~hdmd+ ~id di qhdm.Km thgjnrmnhm i~ ik ejohir`j di kj~ eyirrirj~+ kj~ ghkhtmri~. Ik tfxgj~ i~ kj}yi `j~ fmni ~ir eyirrirj~+ mm~hj`mdj~+ `j~ igylm m km mnnhþ`+ `j~njgiki m mntymr+ m gm`hai~tmr+ m iv'tirhjrh|mr3 irj i` ik gy`dj di Fmdi~`j fmx tfxgj~. I` erhiej /di~ij/ ~i dhni /ihtfxghm/+ kj nymk thiìrikmnhþ` nj` /tfxgj~/. Tmgjnj fmx friì~ &ariì~( x /friì~/ ~iyidi i`ti`dir njgj m`~hidmd+ ìrqhj+ mnthqhdmd /ari`èthnm/. Km ari`jkjeçmi~ m}yik iàj}yi xj dhrçm }yi gçthnj+ }yi m~hrmom m oy~nmr/kjnmkh|mnhjì~/ dik mkgm i` kj~ ìrqhj~ x i` ik niriorj+ /i~mnhmkh|mr/ km~h}yi hdi`thahní`djkm nj` km fx~h~.Fjgirj `j~ nyi`tm }yi kj }yi fmohtmik rih`j di Fmdi~ i~ ~h}yi+ irj `j tfxgj~+ ik tfxgj~ `j i`trm mfç. I~tji~ kj }yi nyi~tm km i`trmdm mk rih`j di Fmdi~< ~i dilm ik tfxgj~ x ~þkjyidi i`trmr ik mkgm. ^þkj yidi i`trmr ik mkgm+ jr}yi ik mkgm di~di ~yjrhei` irtiìni m km rjay`dhdmd.Rjr kj tm`tj ~i i`trm m Fmdi~ nym`djfmx y`m èrdhdm di kj }yi kkmgmgj~ m~hþ` jr km qhdm+ ayrhm jr qhqhr+yrei`nhm qhtmk+ njdhnhm di qhdm+ nj`nyh~ni`nhm. Nym`dj mmrini Fmdi~di~mmrini km yrei`nhm qhtmk &tfxgj~(+ di~mmrini ik di~ij &ihtfxghm( x



km ~id di qhdm+ di~mmrini km i~mnhmkhdmd+ km njrjrihdmd x m~mgj~ diy` gy`dj trhdhgi`~hj`mk &njrþrij( m y` gy`dj di~nmr`mdj+ hìvti`~j< ikdi km~ hgíeiì~. º]yè i~ kj }yi i`nyi`trm Jdh~ij mkkç: I`nyi`trm /çdjkj~/+/ihdjkj`/ &hgíeiì~(+ ihdj~+ m'hdi~+ i`nyi`trm /hgíeiì~/ ~h` nyirj+ ~h`~mèri+ ~h` m~hþ`+ m}yikkj }yi tmgohè` ~i kkmgmrí /~jgorm~/. I~ njgj ~h~i ayirm m`ti tjdj ~jgorm+ km~ ~jgorm~ i` ik mç~ di km j~nyrhdmd. Fjgirjfmokm dik Fmdi~ njgj y` /gy`dj h`ditirgh`mdj x ~jgorçj+ jnymdj jrkm~ ~jgorm~/./Fmnir mkgm/ ~irçm ly~tmgi`ti di~ri`dir~i dik nyirj xi~tj `y`nm ~i fmni qjky`tmrhmgi`ti+ jr}yi km qjky`tmd ly~tmgi`ti i~y`m mahrgmnhþ` di friì~ x di tfxgj~3 /]yhirj-/3 x tfxgj~ i~

ly~tmgi`ti kj }yi `j fmx i` ik Fmdi~. Rjr i~j kj~ gyirtj~+ ~ieü` nyi`tmFjgirj ~i mnirnm` ríhdmgi`ti nym`dj fyiki` km ~mèri. Jdh~ij fmni~mnrhahnhj~ di m`hgmki~ i` ik _ih`j di kj~ Gyirtj~ x m`ti km ~mèri ~imnirnm` km~ ~jgorm~+ jr}yi km~ ~jgorm~ `j thiì` ~mèri x `j thiì`qhdm. Njgj `j thiì` `h ~mèri+ `h friì~+ `h nyirj+ jr ikkj gh~gj `jfmokm`+ `j ~j` gm`hahi~tm~ `h ~h}yhirm i` ~j`hdj+ x mrm jdir jçrkm~ fmx

}yi dilmrki~ }yi oiom` km ~mèri. Rjr i~j Jdh~ij jì ~y i~mdm jrdikm`ti+ mrm }yi `hèy`m mkgm oiom km ~mèri fm~tm }yi `j qièm i`rhgir kyemr Thri~hm~+ }yi i~ di }yhi` i~irm nj`~ilj x eyçm. Qmki km i`mmdqirthr Jdh~ij di~nhi`di mk Fmdi~ m oy~nmr ~mohdyrçm x eyçm+ `jdi~nhi`di m em`mr `mdm+ `h m nj`}yh~tmr `mdm+ `h m kkiqmr~i `mdm+ `h mdjgh`mr `mdm+ ~h`j m oy~nmr qh~hþ` h`tirhjr+ kj }yi i` hèkè~ ~i dhni/h`~heft/.



Rmrm~ç}yhnj~jmrm`jrgmki~

M y`m h`hnhmk h`trm`}yhkhdmd ~yolithqm ~heyhirj` km gm`hai~tmnhþ` rikhgh`mrjr tjdm ~y nm~m di tjdm y`m ~irhi di ai`þgi`j~ mrm~ç}yhnj~ jmrm`jrgmki~ ri~i`nhmdj~ jr tjdm ~y amghkhm+ di kj~ }yi xm ti`çm mgkhjnj`jnhghi`tj x ivirhi`nhm+ fmohdm nyi`tm di }yi ~y ti~h~ djntjrmk/Mnirnm di km ~hnjkjeçm x mtjkjeçm di kj~ kkmgmdj~ ai`þgi`j~ jnyktj~/+rimkh|mdm nj` ik rjai~jr Iyei` Okiykir i` km amnyktmd di gidhnh`m di kmY`hqir~hdmd di \ürhnf i` =82?+ qir~mom ~jori kj }yi i` m}yik gjgi`tj ~iriairçm di`jgh`mr i~hrhth~gj x ai`þgi`j~ m~jnhmdj~. Tmgohè` dioirinjrdmr~i }yi km rjhm gmdri di Lyè+ Ighkhi Rrih~uirc &=646'=8?>(j~içm y`m ir~j`mkhdmd gmrnmdmgi`ti dh~jnhmthqm }yi hàkyxþi`jrgigi`ti i` ik rm~ej h`tyhthqj di Lyè+ tm` kkmgmthqj mrm tjdj~}yhiì~ ki nj`jnhirj`+ j }yi ik gmtirhmk }yi njàjrgmrm ~y ti~h~ kjivtrmlirm di km~ ~i~hjì~ di i~hrhth~gj iaintymdm~ i` ~y nm~m di~di=681. Fjx ~i ~moi }yi km mnhi`ti `jgormdm i` ~y ti~h~ djntjrmk+ /km~iýjrhtm ^. U./+ irm ~y rhgm Fikiìì Rrih~uirc.Km~ gm`hai~tmnhjì~ayirj` km~ ~heyhi`ti~<^y fhlm gmxjr qiçm jr km `jnfi y`m aheyrm okm`nm

mtrmqi~m`dj km fmohtmnhþ`.M ~y jtrm fhlm km kiqm`tmrj` km gm`tm di km nmgmi` dj~ jnm~hjì~ jr km `jnfi. ^y fhlj di `yiqi mýj~ tyqj y` ~yiýj dinmríntir tirrjrçahnj mk }yi kkmgþ /ik dhoylj dik i~nmdjr/< i` èk mmriniriri~i`tmdj njgj aheyrm ni`trmk y` i~nmdjr }yi mnmomom di njeir yì| dik rçj. Ari`ti m èk ~i nhirì+ jr y` kmdj+ km aheyrm dik dhmokjrinkmgm`dj ik rjoj di dhnfj i|+ x jr jtrj+ y` íèik diai`dhi`dj kmh`jni`nhm dik i~nmdjr.^y~ dj~ fhlm~ x Lyè gh~gj irnhohirj` ik ~j`hdj dikm nmgm`hkkm di km yirtm+ irj mk morhrkm mkkç `j fmoçm `mdhi.Km nj`nky~hþ`m km }yi kkiemrí Lyè i~ }yi km nm~m i~tmom rikitm di i~çrhty~+ x m`ti kmriey`tm /Rjr ik mgjr di Dhj~+ º}yè i~ i~tj:/+ i~nynfmrçm mk y`ç~j`j km~heyhi`ti ri~yi~tm+ h`nkyhdm m j~tirhjrh i` ik i`nmoi|mghi`tj dik îrgj Hdi kj~ îtig îrgjì~ md Gjrtyj~< _ieri~mgj~ di Liry~mkè`+ dj`di `jfmkkmgj~ kj }yi oy~níomgj~. &_inyirdj~+ ~yiýj~+ i`~mghi`tj~+ íe~.??5 x 446(.Qir^hiti ~irgjì~ m kj~ gyirtj~.

Rir~j`m I` km ~hnjkjeçm m`mkçthnm i~ ik mr}yithj }yi rinh~m km hdi t̀hdmd ~jnhmk dik~ylitj.

Rkirjgm Rmkmorm erhiem mrm ki`htyd.



R~hnjkjeçmm`mkçthnm

Rrínthnm tirmèythnm }yi h`hnhj N.E. Lyè x }yi ~i mrthnykm mkrididjr di km`jnhþ` di y` h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj+ nyxm gmtrh| ay`dmgi`tmk i~ ikmr}yithj. Ik h`nj`~nhi`ti ir~j`mk i~tí khemdj m ~y nj`ninhþ` diknjgkilj.

R~hnjtirmhmm`mkçthnm

Km ~hnjtirmhm di Lyè njgri`di qmrhj~ i~tmdhj~+ nmdm y`j di kj~ nymki~nj`~thtyxi tjdj y` rjnidhghi`tj i` ~ç gh~gj< &=( tirmhm dinj`nhi`nhmnhþ`3 &?( trmtmghi`tj dik ~inritj mtþei`j3 &>( gètjdj ~h`tèthnjfirgi`èythnj j tirmhm lyèyhm`m3 &4( mnthqmnhþ` di km h`dhqhdymnhþ`+ x &9(riidynmnhþ`. Km ~hnjtirmhm m`mkçthnm rinyrri m kj~ ~yiýj~ dik mnhi`timy`}yi nj` y`m h`tirritmnhþ` gynfj gí~ rjay`dm+ rhnm x qmrhmdm }yi kmariydhm`m.



R~hnjtirmhmH`tiermthqm

Km R~hnjtirmhm H`tiermthqm i~ y`m ~hnjtirmhm y`hahnm`ti di km ir~j`m i`kj~ `hqiki~ di ay`nhj`mghi`tj mainthqj~+ nj`dyntymki~+ ~h~tèghnj~+ah~hjkþehnj~ x di km dhgi`~hþ` i~hrhtymk di km qhdm nj` y`m nj`nhi`nhm dikj~ m~intj~ ~jnhmki~ x trm`~ir~j`mki~ di kj~ ~h~tigm~ }yi rjdim` mk~ylitj.Ik jolithqj i~ amnhkhtmr ik rjni~j fmnhm y`m ki`htyd tmk }yi kmnmkhdmd dik ~ir x ik ay`nhj`mr dik ~ylitj i` kj~ i~mnhj~ h`trm~ç}yhnj+h`tirir~j`mk x ik ~jnhj'jkçthnj ~i ilir|m nj` km diohdm mytj`jgçm xnj`~hdirmnhþ` fmnhm kj~ rjhj~ kçghti~ ir~j`mki~ x km~ ri~trhnnhjì~ivtir`m~ di nmdm h`dhqhdyj.Ik tèrgh`j /h`tiermthqj/ ~i riahiri mk rjni~j dih`tiermr ik ~ylitj+ y` rjni~j om~mdj i` km ivirhi`nhm yi~ i~tm i~ km qhmdik nj`jnhghi`tj. _itjgmr m~intj~ di kj~ }yi ri`hiem &~jgorm(+ di kj~}yi `j i~ nj`~nhi`ti+ fmnhè`djkj~ mrti di y`m y`hdmd njfi~hj`mdm+mom`dj`mr m~intj~ iej~h`tþ`hnj~ &nmríntir+ ir~j`m( }yi ~j` diai`~m~+ridynhi`dj ik y~j di ginm`h~gj~ di diai`~m }yi h`fhoi` kmi~j`tmìhdmd x khghtm` km akivhohkhdmd i` km ri~jkynhþ` di rjokigm~+ i` ikgm`ti`hghi`tj di km ~mkyd+ x i` ik rikmnhj`mr~i nj` km ei`ti+ mrm

rinjìntmr nj` ik gy`dj nj` y` nj`tmntj ki`j. Njkjnmr mk ~ylitj i` iknmgh`j di km h`dhqhdymnhþ`.Km R~hnjtirmhm H`tiermthqm thiì i` nyi`tmgynfj~ y`tj~ di qh~tm dik ay`nhj`mghi`tj fygm`j. Ik iàj}yi~hnjdh`íghnj &~hnjm`íkh~h~ x ~y~ qmrhidmdi~(+ ik iàj}yi ni`trmdj i` iknkhi`ti+ ik nj`dyntymk+ ik nje`hthqj+ km tirmhm amghkhmr+ km tirmhm Ei~tmkt+ ikm`íkh~h~ trm`~mnnhj`mk.. ^j` iàj}yi~ }yi i~tí` tjdj~ nj`tigkmdj~ di`trjdi y`m ir~inthqm di ~h~tigm~ dh`íghnj~. Nmdm y`j rjjrnhj`m y`mivkhnmnhþ` mrnhmk x nmdm y`j ~i qi giljrmdj nym`dj ~i h`tierm di ajrgm~ikinthqm nj` jtrj~ m~intj~ dik iàj}yi dik tirmiytm. Km~ h`tirqi`nhjì~di ~hnjtirmhm }yi ~i y~m` i` R~hnjtirmhm H`tiermthqm i~tí` om~mdm~ i`h`qi~themnhjì~ dik di~mrrjkkj x i` tijrçm~ }yi di~nrhoi` km~ diai`~m~mytj'rjtintjrm~ ythkh|mdm~ nym`dj fmx h`tirrynhjì~ i` ik di~mrrjkkj`jrgmk. Kj~ nj`nitj~ tiþrhnj~ ~j` ythkh|mdj~ di`trj di y`m ir~inthqmdik di~mrrjkkj iqjkythqj ~ieü` km nymk nmdm itmm di km qhdm ri~i`tmtmrim~ gmdyrmthqm~ nrynhmki~+ nrh~h~+ x jjrty`hdmdi~ mrm `yiqj~mri`dh|mli~. Kj~ rjni~j~ tirmèythnj~ ~j` rjni~j~ mrtç~thnj~+ `j ~j`rjni~j~ tèn`hnj~. î ìni~htm nj`jnir rjay`dmgi`ti km~ tèn`hnm~ mrm



jdir fmnir mrti yi~ i~ti ~yrei di km mdmtmnhþ` i~inçahnm di m~intj~di km~ tèn`hnm~ m km ìni~hdmd di kj~ gjgi`tj~ nj`nritj~ dik rjni~j.Mdigí~+ ik rjni~j mrtç~thnj i~ njnrimdj `j ~jkj jr ik tirmiytm xmnhi`ti+ kj~ nymki~ ajrgm` mrti di km njgkilhdmd di km nj`nhi`nhm+ yi~gí~ mkkí di ~y~ njgjì`ti~ ir~j`mki~ di km ~h}yi+ i` ik rjni~jnrimthqj mrthnhm` km~ aheyrm~ di km ~h}yi jolithqm+ trm`~ir~j`mk+ dikh`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj. Kj~ tirmiytm~ ìni~htm` njgrjgitir~i ikkj~gh~gj~+ i` ~y nrinhghi`tj ir~j`mk+ i` km oü~}yidm dik nj`jnhghi`tj iìk írim di km ~hnjtirmhm x ~y~ nmgj~ mahì~+ x i` y`m qh~hþ` fjkç~thnm'fjkjeríahnm dik rjni~j.



R~h}yi I` ik i`~mghi`tj erhiej ik mkgm+ ~xcfi+ ~he`hahnm ivmntmgi`ti ~jkj. Iì~ti ~i`thdj+ km jdigj~ nj`niohr njgj hgyk~j qhtmk+ njgj jti`nhmqhqhi`ti }yi thiì y`m kjnmkh|mnhþ` aç~hnm. M~ç+ ~i njàheyrm njgj ikmr}yithj di km qhdm. Fhkkgm` `j~ dhni mk ri~intj< /Ik ghtj h`qjkynrm mkmkgm+ jr}yi ~y~ dh`íghnm~ i~tí` ir~j`hahnmdm~3 ~y~ gitíajrm~ ~jori kmqhdm ~j` aç~hnm~ x igjnhj`mki~ &‡( Km njày~hþ` x ik djkjr dik mkgmrinh~m` di mkmorm~ }yi riakili` i~m~ nj`dhnhjì~ m trmqè~ di kmhgmeh`mnhþ`/. Kj~ erhiej~ ri~i`tmom` m R~h}yi njgj y`m aheyrmm`trjjgjram x mkmdm+ y` djoki j ihdjkj` &hgmei`( dik dhay`tj }yifmohtymkgi`ti hom m mrmr mk Fmdi~. Tmgohè` fm ~hdj riri~i`tmdm njgjy`m gmrhj~m. Rmrm }yi km ~h}yi yidm nrinir x di~mrrjkkmr~i njgj tmk i~ìni~mrhj ~mkhr di kj~ njgkilj~ amghkhmri~ „y` rhgir m~j i~dhairi`nhmrkj~'. Km mqi`tyrm di km gmdyrmnhþ` njghi`|m nym`dj y`j mnitm}yi ik ~yarhghi`tj i~ nj`~y~tm`nhmk m km qhdm+ x gí~ nym`dj mmrini ikmgjr. Ik `hýj itir`j nmgohm ~y dh~nyr~j dik itir`j }yirir ~i`thr~irjtiehdj+ ermthahnmdj x i` my~i`nhm di nymk}yhir ~he`j di mdinir jr y`m

mirtyrm m kj~ dhairi`ti~ mqmtmri~ di km qhdm }yi R~h}yi ighi|m m ivh~thrnjgj tmk m mrthr di qhqhr km nm~trmnhþ`< km }yi hgkhnm ~mkhr dik mrmç~jnhiej+ dik kyemr }yi njkgm di tjdm~ ~y~ ìni~hdmdi~ irj mk }yi kmnj`~nhi`nhm `j kkiem+ yi~ kj~ mei`ti~ }yi h`tirqhiì` i` ~y qhdm ~inmrmntirh|m` jr ~y h`qh~hohkhdmd.



R~h}yi R~h}yi &i` kmtç` R~xnfi(+ dhqh̀ hdmd erhiem x rjtmej h̀~tm di y` ghtj kmth̀ j+i~ km ir~j`hahnmnhþ` dik mkgm. R~xnfè+ /mkgm/+ i~ y` nj`nitj rjnidi`tidi km nj~gjqh~hþ` di km m`theym Erinhm+ }yi di~he`mom km ayir|m qhtmk di y`h`dhqhdyj+ y`hdm m ~y nyirj i` qhdm x di~khemdm di è~ti trm~ ~y gyirti. Iktèrgh`j ~i gm`thiì i` qmrhm~ i~nyikm~ di ~hnjkjeçm+ irdhi`dj ièiìrmk ~y qmkjr gitmaç~hnj< ~i nj`qhirti m~ç i` km di~he`mnhþ` di tjdj~ kj~rjni~j~ x ai`þgi`j~ }yi fmni` km gi`ti fygm`m njgj y`m y`hdmd.îeü` km fh~tjrhm+ h`gjrtmkh|mdm jr Mykixj i` ~y Gitmgjraj~h~ &Ik M~`jdi Jrj(+ R~h}yi irm km gi`jr x gí~ firgj~m di tri~ firgm`m~+ fhlm~ di y`rix di M`mtjkhm. Marjdhtm+ nikj~m di ~y oikki|m+ i`qhþ m ~y fhlj Irj~ &Nyhdj(mrm }yi ki km`|mrm y`m akinfm di jrj jvhdmdj+ }yi km fmrçm i`mgjrmr~i dikfjgori gí~ fjrrhoki x ryh` }yi i`nj`trm~i. ^h` igomrej+ Irj~ ~i i`mgjrþdi ikkm x km`|þ km akinfm mk gmr3 nym`dj R~h}yi ~i dyrghþ+ ~i km kkiqþqjkm`dj fm~tm ~y mkmnhj.Rmrm iqhtmr km hrm di ~y gmdri+ y`m qi| }yi thiìm R~h}yi i` ~y mkmnhj+ Irj~ ~i ri~i`tm ~higri di `jnfi+ i` kmj~nyrhdmd+ x rjfçoi m R~h}yi nymk}yhir h`dmemnhþ` ~jori ~y hdi`thdmd.

Nmdm `jnfi+ i` km j~nyrhdmd+ ~i mgmom`. Y`m `jnfi+ R~h}yi ki nj`tþ m ~ymgmdj }yi infmom di gi`j~ m ~y~ firgm`m~ x }yirçm qirkm~. Irj~ mnitþ+irj tmgohè` ki mdqhrthþ }yi ~y~ firgm`m~ }yirrçm` mnmomr nj` ~y dhnfm. Mkm gm ým`m ~heyhi`ti+ R~h}yi i~tyqj nj` ~y~ firgm`m~+ }yi kiriey`tmrj`+ i`qhdhj~m~+ }yhè` irm ~y gmrmqhkkj~j gmrhdj. R~h}yi+ h`nmm|di ivkhnmrki~ nþgj irm ~y gmrhdj+ yi~tj }yi `j ki fmoçm qh~tj+ thtyoiþ xki~ nj`tþ }yi irm y` ljqi` }yi i~tmom di nm|m+ irj mnmoþ njài~m`dj kmqirdmd< }yi rimkgi`ti `j ~moçm }yhè` irm. M~ç+ km~ firgm`m~ di R~h}yi kmnj`qi`nhirj` mrm }yi i` ghtmd di km `jnfi i`ni`dhirm y`m kígmrm xjo~irqmrm m ~y mgmdj+ m~ieyrí`djki }yi ~þkj y` gj`~tryj }yirrçm jnyktmr~y qirdmdirm mmrhi`nhm. R~h}yi ki~ fmni nm~j x i`nhi`di y`m kígmrmmrm qir m ~y gmrhdj. Y`m ejtm di mnihti fhrqhi`dj &di km }yi Mykixj

fmni y` tþhnj gidhiqmk< ~thkkm jkih mrdi`th~( nmi ~jori km nmrm di Irj~djrghdj+ }yi di~hirtm x mom`dj`m+ dininhj`mdj+ m ~y mgm`ti.Nym`djR~h}yi ~i dm nyi`tm di kj }yi fm finfj+ ryiem m Marjdhtm }yi ki diqyikqmik mgjr di Irj~+ irj km dhj~m+ ri`njrj~m+ ki jrdi`m rimkh|mr nymtrj tmrim~+nm~h hgj~hoki~ mrm y` gjrtmk+ m`ti~ di rinyirmr m ~y mgm`ti dhqh`j.



Njgj nymrtj trmomlj+ Marjdhtm mahrgþ }yi ik i~trè~ di nyhdmr m ~y fhlj+dirhghdj x iàirgj njgj ri~yktmdj di km hàhdikhdmd di R~h}yi+ fmoçmrjqjnmdj }yi irdhi~i mrti di ~y oikki|m. R~h}yi ti`çm }yi hr mk Fmdi~ xidhr m Rir~èajì+ km rih`m dik hàrmgy`dj+ y` jnj di ~y oikki|m }yiR~h}yi eymrdmrçm i` y`m nmlm ìerm }yi Marjdhtm ki dhj. R~h}yi ayi m y`mtjrri+ dinhdhi`dj }yi ik nmgh`j gí~ njrtj mk hàrmgy`dj ~irçm km gyirti.Y`m qj| km dityqj i` ik ükthgj gjgi`tj x ki h`dhnþ y`m rytm }yi kiirghthrçm i`trmr x rieri~mr mü` nj` qhdm+ mdigí~ di dinhrki nþgj m~mr mkirrj Niroirj+ Nmrj`ti x kj~ jtrj~ ikherj~ di dhnfm rytm. R~h}yi mmnheyþm Niroirj nj` y` m~tik di niomdm x meþ m Nmrj`ti y` þojkj mrm }yi kikkiqm~i mk Fmdi~. I` ik nmgh`j+ qhj gm`j~ }yi ~mkçm` dik meym. Y`m qj| kidhlj }yi ki~ thrm~i y` m~tik di niomdm+ irj ikkm rify~þ. Y`m qi| mkkç+Rir~èajì dhlj }yi i~tmrçm i`nm`tmdm di fmnirki ik amqjr m Marjdhtm. Y`mqi| gí~ meþ m Nmrj`ti x ki dhj ik jtrj m~tik m Niroirj mrm qjkqir.R~h}yimom`dj`þ ik hàrmgy`dj x dinhdhþ morhr km nmlm x tjgmr y` jnj di kmoikki|m mrm ~ç gh~gm+ i`~m`dj }yi ~h fmnhm i~tj Irj~ ki mgmrçm nj` tjdm

~ieyrhdmd. Di`trj i~tmom y` /~yi ýj i~thehj/ }yi km ~jrri`dhþ. Irj~+ }yikm fmoçm irdj`mdj+ qjkþ fm~tm ~y nyirj x khghþ ik ~yi ýj di ~y~ jlj~+~ykhnm`dj i`tj`ni~ m \iy~ x Marjdhtm ~y irgh~j mrm nm~mr~i nj` R~h}yi.è~tj~ mnnidhirj` x \iy~ fh|j h`gjrtmk m R~h}yi. Marjdhtm omhkþ i` km ojdmdi Irj~ x R~h}yi+ x ik fhlj }yi è~tj~ tyqhirj` ~i kkmgþ Rkmnir j &i` kmghtjkjeçm rjgm`m( Qjkytm~.



^hiti~irgjì~ mkj~ gyirtj~

I` kmtç` îtig îrgjì~ md Gjrtyj~. Nj`~thtyxi y` jü~nykj nrimdj jrNmrk Ey~tmq Lyè i` =8=1 mrm y`m idhnhþ` rhqmdm. Lyè kj riemkmom i`jnm~hjì~ m ~y~ mghej~ x mkkiemdj~+ x `j jdçm ~ir md}yhrhdj i` km khorirçm.Rmrm jdir kkiemr m i`ti`dir km ìni~hdmd di i~nrhohr ik ri~i`ti tivtj i~rinh~j nj`jnir kj~ m`tinidi`ti~ i` kj~ nymki~ ~i ~htüm km ohjermaçm di ~ymytjr+ mrthi`dj di~di =8=>+ mýj i` ik }yi ~i rjdynhrí ~y rytyrm nj`^hegy`d Ariyd+ fm~tm =8=1+ ainfm di ikmojrmnhþ` dik jü~nykj. Tri~ mýj~i` kj~ }yi ~i eiìrmrí y`m itmm di di~nyorhghi`tj x trm`~ajrgmnhþìr~j`mk x i` kj~ }yi njrrirí mrilj km iqjkynhþ` di tjdm ~y jorm. Lyèh`qhtm m mnitmr kj mnj`tinhdj tmk njgj ayi ivirhgi`tmdj+ ikydhi`dj tjdjh`ti`tj di ridynnhj`h~gj x tirehqir~mnhþ` mgmrmdj jr y` riti`dhdjjg`hmomrnm`ti nj`jnhghi`tj nhi`tçahnj j ~y m`h}yhkmnhþ` m trmqè~ di kmm`jgmkçm. _inyirm`dj km ~ç`ti~h~ di ~y nj`nitymkh|mnhþ`+ x irghthi`djjr tm`tj nj`th`ymr jo~irqm`dj kj ai`jgi`jkþehnj njgj ri~yktmdj di y`minymnhþ` i` dj`di ~higri h`tirqhiì` ik gy`dy~ hgmeh`mkh~ x kjnjthdhm`mgi`ti aínthnj+ `j~ i~ j~hoki i`ti`dir }yi km gmtirhm i~ ik

m~intj nj`nritj di kj h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj+ }yi ik gy`dj i` eiìrmki~tmrçm di i~ti gjdj i~tryntyrmdj x njàheyrmdj m mrthr di kj~nj`~thtyxi`ti~ gí~ h`gidhmtj~ di km ~h}yi njkinthqm+ kj~ mr}yithj~+ x}yi nymk}yhir ai`þgi`j di ~h`nrj`hnhdmd i~ ri~yktmdj di km h`h`tirryghdmnjgy`hnmnhþ` i~tmokinhdm i`tri mgoj~ ~h~tigm~. I` ik £mç~ di kj~gyirtj~³ ik mkgm ivirhgi`tm y`m ~inritm qhqhahnmnhþ` x dm ajrgm m km~fyikkm~ m`ni~trmki~+ m kj~ tigm~ njkinthqj~ dik h`nj`~nhi`ti. Heymk }yi y`mgèdhyg+ dm m kj~ gyirtj~ j~hohkhdmd di gm`hai~tmr~i. Rjr ikkj+ gyxrj`tj di~yè~ di km di~mmrhnhþ` dik mkgm mmrinhirj` i` gç kj~£gyirtj~³+ x ~yrehirj` kj~ £îtig îrgjì~ md Gjrtyj~³. &_inyirdj~+~yiýj~+ i`~mghi`tj~+ me. ??6(.Ah`mkh|m Lyè rinj`jnhi`dj }yi kj~îtig îrgjì~ nj`~thtyxirj` y`m i~inhi di rþkjej+ y` nhirtj nrj}yh~

x ri~ygi` di kj }yi ti`çm }yi trm`~ghthr mk gy`dj mnirnm dikh`nj`~nhi`ti. Trm~ y`m ermdymk trm`~ajrgmnhþ`+ i` =8=1 Lyè ~i`thrçm kmìni~hdmd hgirhj~m di i~nrhohr+ ~h`thè`dj~i /hgyk~mdj di~di di`trj majrgykmr x ivri~mr kj }yi jdrçm fmoir dhnfj Ahkigþ`/. Di i~tm ayir|mhìkydhoki+ mmri`tigi`ti njgm`dmdm di~di kj gí~ rjay`dj di kj



h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj+ ~yrehrçm` kj~ îtig îrgjì~ md Gjrtyj~ nj` ~ykièymli nmrmntirç~thnj.Lyè rikmtm km j~hoki rikmnhþ` }yi ydhirm fmoirti`hdj kj~ ai`þgi`j~ mrm~hnjkþehnj~ mnj`tinhdj~ nj` ik i~tmdjigjnhj`mk i` ik }yi ~i fmkkmom+ x di~di ik }yi jdrçm` fmoir~i rjdynhdji~tj~. QI_ Rmrm~ç}yhnj~ j mrm`jrgmki~. î trmtmom di y`m £nj`~tikmnhþ`h`nj`~nhi`ti³+ i~ dinhr+ di km mnthqmnhþ` di y` njgkilj ~hnjkþehnj diohdjeiìrmkgi`ti m y`m rimnnhþ` di `mtyrmki|m igjnhj`mk &nj`~nhi`ti jh`nj`~nhi`ti(+ xm ~im ari`ti m y`m ir~j`m j y`m ~htymnhþ`+ ~hi`dj dhnfmnj`~tikmnhþ` di nmríntir `ygh`j~j.Ik `ygi` di y` mr}yithj riri~i`tmm}yik mei`ti j iaintj dh`íghnj+ `j ri~yktm`ti di y` mntj qjkhthqj+ }yinmtyrm x nj`trjkm mk h`dhqhdyj.Rjnj m`ti~ dik ritjr`j di kj~ gyirtj~~ynidhþ jtrj finfj hgjrtm`ti di~nrhtj jr Lyè njgj km èrdhdm dik mkgm.Gí~ di dj~ dènmdm~ di~yè~+ i` =8>8+ ivj`drí m`ti Irm`j~ ~y jorm£^jori ik ri`mnir³+ i` km }yi di~nrhohrí }yi km di~mmrhnhþ` dik mkgm i`y`m am`tm~çm irm y` finfj arinyi`ti i`tri kj~ yiokj~ rhghthqj~. înjrri~j`dirçm m y`m mktirmnhþ` di km ir~j`mkhdmd i` ajrgm di

dh~gh`ynhþ`. Ik mkgm ~i yidi gmrnfmr di gjdj ~üohtj dm`dj kyemr m y`trm~tjr`j di km ~mkyd dik h`dhqhdyj. ^y ivkhnmnhþ` rmdhnmrçm i` }yi kmgi`ti rhghthqm dh~j`drçm di y` ay`nhj`mghi`tj riairi`tigi`tiyk~hj`mk+ igjnhj`mk i h`nj`~nhi`ti x jr tm`tj ti`di`ti m km dh~jnhmnhþ`+m`ti~ }yi m km h`tiermnhþ` gi`tmk. Dhnfj di jtrj gjdj+ ri}yirhrçm y`gmxjr i~ayir|j mrm ay`nhj`mr di~di km nj`~nhi`nhm x km qjkhnhþ`+ mk~htymr~i di y` gjdj gí~ rþvhgj m kj~ nj`ti`hdj~ dik h`nj`~nhi`ti. ^hìgomrej+ y`tymkh|þ }yi ikkj `j ~he`hahnmom }yi ik fjgori nhqhkh|mdji~tyqhirm ivi`tj di dhnfm èrdhdm. Rhirri Lmìt xm my`tmkmrçm i` =828njgj di`jgh`mnhþ` mktir`mthqm m km gh~gm ~h`tjgmtjkjeçm km dimomh~~igi`t dy `hqimy gi`tmk. Fmkkmrçmgj~ i` i~ti nm~j y` riomlmghi`tjdi km ti`~hþ` di km nj`~nhi`nhm ~i`thdj ~yolithqmgi`ti njgj i~mdi|+

di~em`m x trh~ti|m+ ~hi`dj ik jrhei` di ikkj km my~i`nhm di iìreçm~dh~j`hoki~.Rmrm Lyè+ ik mkgm qhiì riri~i`tmdm i` ik fjgori jr ikmr}yithj dik í`hgm+ í`hgm ~he`hahnm i` kmtç` mkgm.Rjr jtrj kmdj+ ik í`hgmi~ ik m~intj aigi`h`j ri~i`ti i` kj h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj di kj~fjgori~ &mk m~intj gm~nykh`j ri~i`ti i` km ~h}yi njkinthqm di km~



gyliri~ ~i di`jgh`þ í`hgy~(. ^h m ikkj mýmdhgj~ }yi ik í`hgm riri~i`tmik mr}yithj di km qhdm+ ~hi`dj ~y rh`nhhj Irj~+ riakilm`dj km `mtyrmki|m dikj rikmnhj`mk+ ~i didynhrí di ikkj }yi mrm ik fjgori+ km èrdhdm dik mkgm~he`hah}yi km èrdhdm di kj qhtmk x kj qh`nykmthqj. Di mkeü` gjdj+ ikmr}yithj dik í`hgm fm ti`hdj }yi di~m~hr~i dik `hqik di kj nj`~nhi`tiigri`dhi`dj ik nmgh`j di kj h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj. Di~di km tijrh|mnhþ`

lyèyhm`m `j ~i trmtmrçm di y`m èrdhdm rimk+ ~h`j di y`m di~qh`nykmnhþ`mr}yithmk }yi nj`kkiqm y`m di~njgi`~mnhþ` i` ajrgm di nj`~tikmnhþ`h`nj`~nhi`ti. Ik mr}yithj dik í`hgm ~i fm rithrmdj mk h`nj`~nhi`ti+ mk £mç~di kj~ gyirtj~³. I` tèrgh`j~ iìreèthnj~+ kj nj`~nhi`ti ~i qmnçm mkriqhqhahnmr~i kj h`nj`~nhi`ti. ^h ik í`hgm nrim km rikmnhþ` i` kj h`nj`~nhi`ti+x è~ti riri~i`tm mk mç~ di kj~ gyirtj~+ £i` nhirtj ~i`thdj i~ tmgohè`y`m rikmnhþ` nj` km njkinthqhdmd di kj~ gyirtj~³.îrçm km ikmojrmnhþ` dikgm`y~nrhtj x tjdm~ km~ ivirhi`nhm~ qhqhdm~ i` tjr`j mk £mç~ di kj~gyirtj~³ kj }yi kkiqmrçm m Lyè mk nj`qi`nhghi`tj di }yi km nrii`nhmjykmr i` }yi kj~ gyirtj~ ~j` kj~ }yi thiì` ik gmxjr ~moir ri~yktmom

h`nhirtm. Xm ~im di~di ik nrh~thm`h~gj x ~y mky~hþ` m }yi £i` km ekjrhmghrmrigj~ km qirdmd m km nmrm³+ j di~di ik kmtj`h~gj ahkj~þahnj erhiej dikm khoirmnhþ` dik mkgm di km nírnik dik nyirj y`m qi| ah`mkh|mdj ik irhjdjdi ivh~ti`nhm+ tjdj mrinçm h`dhnmr }yi £~h` igomrej+ j~hokigi`ti km~mkgm~ di kj~ gyirtj~ `j ~moi` ~h`j kj }yi ~moçm` i` ik gjgi`tj di ~ygyirti x `mdm gí~. Di mfç ~y~ i~ayir|j~ jr iìtrmr i` km qhdm mrmmrthnhmr i` ik ~moir di kj~ fjgori~³. Kj~ îtig ~irgjì~ md gjrtyj~riri~i`tmrçm` jr tm`tj+ i`tri jtrj~ m~intj~ di dhqir~m ç`djki+ kmri~yi~tm dmdm jr ik i`~mdjr ~yh|j m km digm`dm di ~moir }yi kj~gyirtj~ h`tirikmom` nj` ~y ri~i`nhm. Di mfç km arm~i h`hnhmk _ieri~mgj~di Liry~mkè`+ dj`di `j fmkkmgj~ kj }yi oy~níomgj~. Tmgohè` nj`~thtyhrçmmrmkikmgi`ti y`m njgi`~mnhþ` gytym i`tri ik gy`dj nj`~nhi`ti x kj

h`nj`~nhi`ti njkinthqj.Rjr jtrm mrti+ i~tmokini Lyè km j~hohkhdmd di }yigynfj~ ~iri~ fygm`j~ ir~hem` mknm`|mr i` km gyirti ik `hqik dinj`~nhi`nhm }yi `j fmkkmrj` i` qhdm. Rjr kj }yi tjdm~ m}yikkm~ ir~j`m~}yi i` ik h`~tm`ti di ~y gyirti }yidmrj` jr diomlj di ~y~ j~hohkhdmdi~+h`nkyxi`dj m}yikkj }yi ayi njgri`dhdj jr jtrj~ fjgori~ di ~y èjnm+



ik i~çrhty dik thigj+ rj~ieyhrçm` tmk di~mrrjkkj i` ik £mç~ di kj~gyirtj~³.



^çgojkj Dik kmtç` ~xgojkyg+ ik ~çgojkj i~ km ajrgm di ivtirhjrh|mr y` i`~mghi t̀jj hdim+ h`nky~j mo~trmntm+ m~ç njgj ik ~he`j j gidhj di ivri~hþ` mk }yi ~imtrhoyxi y` ~he`hahnmdj nj`qi`nhj`mk x i` nyxm eèì~h~ ~i i`nyi`trm km~igilm`|m+ rimk j hgmeh`mdm+ nj` kj ~he`hahnmdj. Mahrgmom Mrh~tþtiki~ }yi`j ~i hi`~m ~h` hgíeiì~+ x ~hgoþkhnm i~ km nhi`nhm+ nj`~thtyxi`dj mgom~

km~ gí~ iqhdi`ti~ gm`hai~tmnhjì~ di km h`tikhei`nhm.Kj~ ~çgojkj~ lyiem`y` mik i~i`nhmk i` km ~hnjtirmhm. Y`m nj`dhnhþ` mrm y` qirdmdirjrjni~j di nmgohj i~ km fmohkhdmd }yi tièm ik mnhi`ti+ di morhr~i fmnhmy`m dhgi`~hþ` ~hgoþkhnm+ }yi mnthqm ik jti`nhmk di trm`~ajrgmnhþ`nj`ti`hdj i` km ~h}yi< ik jdir di nyrmr ik mkgm. I~tm nj`qhnnhþ` gi kkiqmm rjhnhmr ik trmomlj nj` kj~ ~çgojkj~ i` ik rjni~j di km ~hnjtirmhm.Kj~~çgojkj~ nj`thiì` y` jti`nhmk i~inçahnj di nmgohj x trm`~ajrgmnhþ`.^j` hgíeiì~ }yi ythkh|m` y` kièymli ikigi`tmk x rjqjnm` rimnnhþìgjnhj`mk. Rmrini }yi kj~ ~çgojkj~ i~tí` dhrhehdj~ ~higri fmnhm y` îrmrnmhnj }yi mü` qhqi i` `j~jtrj~. @j~ mnthqm` y` kmdj gí~ `mtyrmk+ gí~rhghthqj+ gí~ ei`yh`j i h`qhtm` m i~tmr mohirtj~ mk ~he`hahnmdj jnyktj. Ik

gh~tirhj~j nmríntir ~yokhgi dik ~çgojkj+ `j~ kkiqm m mnitmr }yi fmx jtrjthj di i~çrhty trmomlm`dj nj` `yi~trm nj`~nhi`nhm. Km trm`~ajrgmnhþ`rjhnhmdm jr kj~ ~çgojkj~ i~ ik ri~yktmdj di y`m ivirhi`nhmay`dmgi`tmk dik xj njgj mrti di y`m rimkhdmd ~ç}yhnm gí~ erm`di. Ikxj njgri`di }yi `j i~tí mh~kmdj i` ik ri~i`ti `h i` y` kyemr mrohtrmrhjdik nj~gj~ „~i ~hi`ti njìntmdj nj` ik thigj x km fh~tjrhm+ nj` ik gy`djx nj` km rm|m fygm`m. I~tj ki irghti y`m nj`~tm`ti riqh~hþ` di ~y rjhmhgmei` x mdmtmrkm m km~ nhrny`~tm`nhm~ nmgohm`ti~ di km qhdm. I~tirjni~j di trm`~ajrgmnhþ` dioi tiìr kyemr nj`~tm`tigi`ti mrm }yi y`h`dhqhdyj ~im ~ç}yhnmgi`ti ~m`j. Kj~ ~çgojkj~ thiì` tmgohè` iaintj~trm`~ajrgmdjri~ jr}yi yì` m kj~ jyi~tj~ x i~tí` dhrhehdj~ fmnhm y`mgmxjr tjtmkhdmd. Kj~ ~çgojkj~ ~j` y` yi`ti fmnhm nj~m~ `yiqm~+ nj` km~

nymki~ `j i~tmgj~ mü` amghkhmrh|mdj~. Mxydm` m km ~h}yi m i`nj`trmr y`mgiljr rikmnhþ` nj` km rimkhdmd dik ~ika. @yiqm~ njìvhjì~ ~j` i~tmokinhdm~i`tri jyi~tj~ mmri`tigi`ti hrrinj`nhkhmoki~ &ky|'~jgorm3 ohi`'gmk(+ i`y`m nj`ly`nthj jj~htjryg kj~ jyi~tj~ ~j` riom~mdj~ x trm~ni`dhdj~+mrm rinj`~hdirmr km hdijkjeçm }yi fm eyhmdj ~y qhdm x di~mrrjkkmr ik



rjni~j di h`dhqhdymnhþ`.



^ç'gh~gj Rmrm km ~hnjkjeçm m`mkçthnm ivh~ti y` mr}yithj }yi riri~i`tm km tjtmkhdmd+mk }yi ~i kkmgm ^ç gh~gj. I~ ik ni`trj rieykmdjr jr ivniki`nhm di km~h}yi+ ni`trj }yi ~i dhairi`nhm dik xj jr ~y nmríntir hgir~j`mk &~hghkmrmk erm` fjgori h`tir`j dik }yi fmokm` mkey`m~ trmdhnhjì~ h`dçei`m~ j ikeyçm h`tir`j }yi ~i ~iýmkm i` jrhi`ti(. ^y `mtyrmki|m ~irçm `ygh`j~m x ~i

qhqi`nhmrçm njgj ayir|m }yi djtm di ~i`thdj m km qhdm. Rjdrçm mmrinir i`~yiýj~ x qh~hjì~ nj` km ajrgm di aheyrm~ eijgètrhnm~ }yi riri~i`tm` kmtjtmkhdmd njgj ik nhrnykj+ ir~j`mli~ nmremdj~ di ~mohdyrçm njgj ik qhilj~mohj j km ~mnirdjth~m x njgj `j+ njgj ik gh~gç~hgj Dhj~. Ik mr}yithj dik^ç'gh~gj i~ ik i`nmremdj di jrem`h|mr km qhdm i` nmdm y`m di km~ am~i~ diknhnkj qhtmk x di iaintymr ik giljr mly~ti }yi km~ nhrny`~tm`nhm~ nj`nritm~irghtm`. Ik ^ç'gh~gj i~ ik nj`~tryntjr x ikigi`tj dhrintrh| i` km ay`nhþ`tikijkþehnm di km ~h}yi+ jr nym`tj j~ii km nmrmntirç~thnm h``mtm dioy~nmr ~y rjhm rimkh|mnhþ` i` km qhdm. Lyè kkmgþ h`dhqhdymnhþ` m i~tirjni~j }yi ~i rjkjèm dyrm`ti tjdm km qhdm. Km h`dhqhdymnhþ` i~ km rm|þ`di ~ir dik ^ç'gh~gj3 ~y rjþ~htj h`trç`~inj i~ mknm`|mr km mytjrrimkh|mnhþ`

gí~ njgkitm i` km ~h}yi x i` ik gy`dj.Ik ^ç'gh~gj i~ y`m y`hþ` di kj~jyi~tj~+ y`m mrmdjlm+ yi~ di~di nymk}yhir y`tj di qh~tm riri~i`tmti~h~ x m`tçti~h~ x+ m km qi|+ ~ç`ti~h~ &Lyè+ =844(. I~ti mr}yithj hgkhnm ikjti`nhmk di qjkqir~i h`tierj x ~i`thr~i h`tiermdj. Rjdigj~ rikmnhj`mr ikay`nhj`mghi`tj dik ^ç gh~gj njgj y` ~h`tith|mdjr x gidhmdjr di jyi~tj~}yi mnthqm ~çgojkj~ di `mtyrmki|m mytjrrieykmdjrm x nyrmthqm.

^h̀ nrj ç̀m Tèrgh̀ j mnyýmdj jr Lyè x `j ohi` jrem`h|mdj i` ~y~ i~nrhtj~. I~ dhaçnhkdi diah`hr. Y`m m~jnhmnhþ` `j nmy~mk i`tri ai`þgi`j~ ü`hnj~ jnj`nmti`mdj~ }yi ~i gm`hahi~tm` ~h`nrþ`hnmgi`ti i` km /rimkhdmd jolithqm/di km gmtirhm &x jr kj tm`tj ~i yidi` rinjeir x di~nrhohr jr qmrhj~jo~irqmdjri~ ivtir`j~( x i` ik ~h}yh~gj di y`j j gí~ ~ylitj~. Ikai`þgi`j ~h`nrþ`hnj `j ~i yidi njgri`dir nj` kj~ mrígitrj~ di km

aç~hnm ìutj`hm`m `h rikmthqh~tm+ mrini ri~j`dir m kixi~ di km aç~hnmnyí`thnm x ~y jnyrri`nhm i~ y`m gm`hai~tmnhþ` di km rjhidmd di kmtrm`~eri~hqhdmd dik h`nj`~nhi`ti ~hnjhdi+ ri~j`di m y`m mytjrrieykmnhþ`di km NJ@NHI@NHM FYGM@M. Ik ai`þgi`j igirei`ti jrtm y`m~he`hahnmthqhdmd mrm ik ~ylitj j ~ylitj~ mrm kj~ }yi ik ai`þgi`j ~i



gm`hahi~tm+ x ~h i~ti j i~tj~ kj ikmojrm` ~y nj`nhi`nhm ivirhgi`tm y`mtrm`~ajrgmnhþ`+ nj` gí~ di~mrrjkkj. Rirj km jjrty`hdmd yididi~mrjqinfmr~i+ x ik ai`þgi`j ~h`nrþ`hnj yidi maintmr di y` gjdjìemthqj i h`nky~j /nmtm~trþahnj/ m km nj`nhi`nhm h`dhqhdymk x m km rimkhdmdjolithqm.

^h`nrj h̀nhdmd Y`m nymkhdmd dik H`nj ~̀nhi`ti R~hnjhdi. Kj~ mr}yithj~ `j ~i i`nyi`trmìvnky~hqmgi`ti i` km i~airm ~ç}yhnm+ ~h`j }yi tmgohè` yidi` jnyrrhr i`nhrny`~tm`nhm~ }yi `j ~j` ~ç}yhnm~ &i}yhqmki`nhm di y` rjni~j aç~hnmivtirhjr nj` y`j ~ç}yhnj(. Lyè+ i` ‛^h`nrj`hnhdmd< Y` rh`nhhj dinjìvhþ` mnmy~mk‗. Km ~h`nrj`hnhdmd ~yjì km jnyrri`nhm di dj~ iqi`tj~}yi `j i~tí` m~jnhmdj~ `h nmy~mkgi`ti `h tikijkþehnmgi`ti+ irj }yi ~h`

igomrej thiì` y`m rikmnhþ` ~he`hahnmthqm.^jgorm Tèrgh`j di Lyè }yi ~i riahiri kj~ rm~ej~ x mnthtydi~ }yi ik xj `j mnitm

njgj rjhj~ x fmohtymkgi`ti rjxintm i` jtrj jolitj< jtrj~ ~ylitj~+ ikrjhj nyirj... îrçm ik ‛kmdj j~nyrj‗ dik Xj x dik ~ç gh~gj x `yi~trmmrti ìemthqm j dhmoþkhnm tmgohè` ~i i`nyi`trm i` i~ti i~mnhj. Km~jgorm i~ mgjrmk3 `h oyi`m `h gmkm.



Tir~hti~ I` km ghtjkjeçm erhiem Tir~hti~+ ayi y` eyirrirj m}yij di km eyirrm di Trjxm. I` km Hkçmdm `j ~i dm ik `jgori di ~y mdri xm }yi `j ~i trmtm di y`fèrji mrh~tjnríthnj. I` y` jigm èhnj j~tirhjr+ km Ithþhdm+ i~ kkmgmdjfhlj di Merhj.Fjgirj ki di~nrhohþ nj` ditmkki i` km Hkçmdm &khorj HH(+ my`}yi~þkj lyiem y` mik gi`jr i` km fh~tjrhm+ njgj ik gí~ aij di kj~ erhiej~.

Rmth|mgoj+ njlj x nj` fjgorj~ nyrqmdj~ fmnhm di`trj+ ~y nmoi|m i~tmomnyohirtm nj` ginfjì~ di ikj x rigmtmdm i` y`tm. I` nym`tj mknmríntir+ ik jitm kj ritrmtm njgj y` ir~j`mli qykemr+ rhdçnykj ihgirthì`ti. I` ik m~mli mkydhdj dik Khorj HH &qir~j~ ?=2 x ~heyhi`ti~(

Tir~hti~ kkmgm njdhnhj~j m Memgi`þ` x rjjì m kj~ m}yij~ rithrmr~i dikm eyirrm+ qjkqhi`dj m ~y mtrhm. H`dhe`mdj+ Jdh~ij ki ejkim nj` ik nitrjdik rhgirj+ kj nymk rjqjnm km oyrkm dik ri~tj dik ilèrnhtj.Tir~hti~ `jqyikqi m mmrinir i` kHkçmdm+ irj+ di mnyirdj nj` ik irdhdj jigmIthþhdm+ ivtrmlj kj~ jlj~ dik nmdíqir di Ri`ti~hkim+ km rih`m di km~Mgm|j`m~+ m }yhi` fmoçm gmtmdj M}yhki~+ x tmgohè` ~i oyrkþ di km i`m}yi è~ti ~i`tçm jr ikkm+ jr kj }yi M}yhki~ tirgh`þ gmtí`djkj.Ayi

riri~i`tmdj i` ik Ki~}yi di kj~ N`hdhj~ &yohnmdj i` Dikaj~( jr Rjkhe`jtj lyem`dj m kj~ dmtj~ nj` Rmkmgidi~._joirt Ermqi~+ i` km H`trjdynnhþ` m Tfi mèir ja Mnfhkki~+ ~y qir~hþ` ir~j`mk di km Hkçmdm+ nj`~hdirm }yiFjgirj ri~i`tm di gmìrm rhdçnykm m Tir~hti~ njgj y` gjdj di tjgmrdh~tm`nhm+ dmdj }yi njgmrti ~y~ nrçthnm~ m kj~ liai~ m}yij~. Nj` i~tirinyr~j kjerm }yi kj~ rirjnfi~ di Tir~hti~+ x m~ç gh~gj km orytmkhdmd diJdh~ij+ }yidi` nj`~he`mdj~ i` ik jigm.



Thj~R~hnjkþehnj~

I` /Kj~ Thj~ R~hnjkþehnj~‗ &=8??(+Lyè fmokm di km ivh~ti`nhm di jnfjthj~ ~hnjkþehnj~ }yi ri~yktm` di km njgoh`mnhþ` di nymtrj thj~ diay`nhjì~+ dj~ rmnhj`mki~ x dj~ hrrmnhj`mki~+ x di dj~ ajrgm~ dirimnnhþ`.Y`m ay`nhþ` i~ y`m mnthqhdmd ~ç}yhnm }yi ~i gm`thiì nj`~tm`tiomlj ditirgh`mdm~ nhrny`~tm`nhm~+ nj` tjtmk h`dii`di`nhm di kj~

ri~inthqj~ nj`ti`hdj~. _iri~i`tm y` gjdj i~inçahnj di nmtmnhþ` dikgy`dj x di jrem`h|mnhþ` x ajrgmnhþ` dik gmtirhmk qhqi`nhmk+ nj` qh~tm~ m kmnjgri`~hþ` x mdmtmnhþ` m km rimkhdmd.Ik ~h}yh~gj fygm`j thiì nymtrjay`nhjì~ oí~hnm~< i`~mr+ ~i`thr+ irnhohr i h`tyhr. Km~ rimnnhjì~ fmni`riairi`nhm mk gjdj i` }yi ik h`dhqhdyj ri~j`di m kj~ gþqhki~ h`tir`j~ jivtir`j~. Diahì km j~hnhþ` j mnthtyd ~hnjkþehnm eiìrmk+ j kj }yi ~irçm kjgh~gj+ km dhrinnhþ` }yi ~heyi km iìreçm ~ç}yhnm. ^j` mnthtydi~i~j`tíìm~ j qjky`tmrhm~+ ri~i`ti~ i` nmdm h`dhqhdyj i` dhqir~j~ermdj~+ x nj`~thtyxi` fíohtj~ }yi rieykm` tm`tj ik gjdj di jormr njgj kmivirhi`nhm ~yolithqm. îrçm` dj~<Ivtrmqir~hþ`< Mnthtyd rjhm di }yhiì~fmni` dirhqmr ~y~ gjthqmnhjì~ ay`dmgi`tmkgi`ti dik ivtirhjr+ i~ dinhr+

di amntjri~ jolithqj~ j ivtir`j~. Ik ivtrmqirthdj ~i eyçm jr km~ `jrgm~ivtir`m~ m km fjrm di rimnnhj`mr x mdmtmr~i+ di gjdj }yi hi`~m+ ~hi`tix jorm fmnhm ayirm+ i~ dinhr+ di nmrm m km emkirçm j mk jolitj.H`trjqir~hþ`<Mnthtyd rjhm di }yhiì~ fmni` dirhqmr ~y~ gjthqmnhjì~ay`dmgi`tmkgi`ti dik h`tirhjr+ i~ dinhr di amntjri~ ~yolithqj~ j h`tir`j~.Ik h`trjqirthdj thi`di m rikiemr~i rhgirj x m rimnnhj`mr di~yè~+ digjdj }yi hi`~m+ ~hi`ti x jorm fmnhm di`trj.



Thri~hm~ I` km ghtjkjeçm erhiem+ Thri~hm~ ayi y` mdhqh`j nhiej di km nhydmd di Tiom~x ly`tj nj` Nmknm~+ i~ y`j di kj~ dj~ mdhqh`j~ gí~ nèkiori~ di km ghtjkjeçmerhiem. Fhlj di Iqiri~ }yi m ~y qi| irm fhlj dik i~mrtj Ydij x di km ̀ hàmNmrhnkj+ Thri~hm~ tyqj m ~y qi| dj~ fhlm~< Gm`tj x Dmaì.Thri~hm~ i~ y`mdhqh`j }yi mmrini i` tjdj~ kj~ ih~jdhj~ ghtjkþehnj~ rikmnhj`mdj~ nj`

Tiom~+ di~di km èjnm di Nmdgj fm~tm km ividhnhþ` di kj~ Içej`j~< ayièk }yhi` mnj`~ilþ }yi ~i i`triemrm ik trj`j di km nhydmd mk qi`nidjr di kmI~ahèi x+ gí~ tmrdi+ ~y~ riqikmnhjì~ nj`dynhrí` m Idhj m di~nyorhr ikgh~tirhj }yi rjdimom ~y `mnhghi`tj x ~y~ h`qjky`tmrhj~ nrçgiì~. Thri~hm~tmgohè` mmrini i` ik nm`tj VH di km Jdh~im< Jdh~ij hrí m nj`~yktmrkj mkFmdi~ mrm mqirheymr km~ nhrny`~tm`nhm~ i` }yi ~i di~mrrjkkmrí ~y rieri~jm çtmnm.Thri~hm~ irm nhiej di~di ljqi`. îeü` km~ qir~hjì~+ ~y nieyirm ayinmy~mdm jr km dhj~m Mtiìm }yi kj nm~theþ jr fmoirkm ~jrri`dhdjghi`trm~ ~i om ýmom j jr km dhj~m Firm trm~ gidhmr i` y`m dh~ytm ~joriik kmnir }yi ti`çm nj` \iy~ + my`}yi i` mgoj~ nm~j~ njgjnjgi`~mnhþ` ki ayi nj`nidhdj ik dj` di qir ik aytyrj. I` km ükthgm

qir~hþ`+ Thri~hm~ ~jrri`dhþ m dj~ ~irhi`ti~ mmrií`dj~i x km~ fmorçm~imrmdj+ nj`qhrthè`djkj Firm i` gylir. ^hiti m ýj~ gí~ tmrdi+ qjkqhþ mqir m km~ ~irhi`ti~ i` nhrny`~tm`nhm~ ~hghkmri~ x i`tj`ni~ Firm ki fh|jrinjormr ~y ~ivj. I~tm ivirhi`nhm ü`hnm fh|j }yi \iy~ x Firm rinyrrhirm`m èk njgj írohtrj i` y`m dh~ny~hþ` ~jori }yhè` ivirhgi`tmom gí~ kmnir~ivymk. Nym`dj Thri~hm~ mahrgþ }yi ik fjgori ivirhgi`tm y`m dènhgmmrti dik kmnir }yi km gylir+ Firm+ h`dhe`mdm+ kj nm~theþ dilí`djkj nhiej.\iy~+ ~h` igomrej+ ki jtjreþ ik dj` di km rjainçm x y`m kmrem qhdm.Ik~he`hahnmdj i~i`nhmk di km aheyrm di Thri~hm~ ri~hdi i` ~y mik digidhmdjr< ermnhm~ m ~y~ djti~ rjaèthnm~+ gidhm i`tri kj~ dhj~i~ x kj~fjgori~3 jr ~y nj`dhnhþ` m`drþeh`m+ kj fmni i`tri fjgori~ x gyliri~3 xjr km ivninhj`mk dyrmnhþ` di ~y qhdm+ i`tri kj~ qhqj~ x kj~ gyirtj~.Ik

ir~j`mli rimmrini i` km khtirmtyrm iyrjim i` ~y djoki nmríntir dirjaitm x di m`drþeh`j di~di ik Idhj rix di ^þajnki~ &4?9 m. N.( fm~tm`yi~trj~ dçm~.Nj` h`dii`di`nhm di m`èndjtm~ x mnj`tinhghi`tj~nm~ymki~+ km aheyrm gçthnm di Thri~hm~ njgoh`m qmrhj~ ikigi`tj~ mrnmhnj~<kj~ mdhqh`j~ nhiej~3 km h`tirrynhþ` hgçm di y` rhtj `mtyrmk &ik di y`m dhj~m



om ýí`dj~i j ik dik mmrimghi`tj di km~ ~irhi`ti~(3 km rikmnhþ` i`tri km~~irhi`ti~ x km~ ir~j`m~ &qir ik ghtj nmdynij(3 km mgoheûidmd ~ivymk+ nj`km ivh~ti`nhm di y` fjgori tjtmkgi`ti di dj~ eèìrj~ &~fmgm`(3 kmnjgithnhþ` i`tri dihdmdi~.Ik trm~aj`dj di Thri~hm~ irm hgjrtm`ti+ tm`tjjr ~y~ rjainçm~ njgj jr ~y~ ivirhi`nhm~. Thri~hm~ ayi njgkitmgi`ti

qmrþ` x kyiej njgkitmgi`ti figorm< di i~ti gjdj+ ik riemkj di kmrjainçm irm y` riemkj dmdj tm`tj m ~mnirdjti~ njgj m ~mnirdjth~m~.

Thri~hm~ ~hrqhþ tm`tj m \iy~ njgj m Firm+ x jr ikkj jotyqj ik dj` di kmrjainçm. Km ajrgm i` }yi ti`çm ~y~ djti~ rjaèthnm~ qmrhmom gynfj ~ieü`km~ qir~hjì~< m qini~+ njgj kj~ jrínykj~+ ti`çm qh~hjì~3 jtrm~ qini~+i~irmom x i~nynfmom ik nm`tj di kj~ ílmrj~3 jtrm~+ h`tirritmom km~aheyrm~ }yi i`triqiçm i` ik fygj di km~ jari`dm~ }yigmdm~.I` kmkhtirmtyrm erhiem+ km~ dinkmrmnhjì~ di Thri~hm~ ~j` ~higri nhirtm~+ `y`nmi~tí` i}yhqjnmdm~+ my`}yi eiìrmkgi`ti+ njgj km gmxjrçm di kj~jrínykj~+ Thri~hm~ i~ ivtrigmdmgi`ti ri`yi`ti m jarinir ik nj`ly`tj di kj}yi èk qi i` ~y~ qh~hjì~.Njgj qhdi`ti+ Thri~hm~ ayi /y` tçtykj njgü` mrm

kj~ mdhqh`j~ }yi mtrmqhi~m km fh~tjrhm kiei`dmrhm erhiem/. M qini~ nym`dj ~y`jgori ~i m~jnhm m y`m rjainçm gçthnm+ ~i h`trjdyni ~hgkigi`ti mrmrjqiir y`m ir~j`mkhdmd mk iligkj ei`èrhnj di y` mdhqh`j+ `j jr}yiivh~tm mkey`m njìvhþ` h`firi`ti nj` ik ghtj di Thri~hm~.



Thtmì~ Kj~ thtmì~ ~j` kj~ gmi~trj~ di km~ ayir|m~ x kj~ ai`þgi`j~ ikigi`tmki~irj fm ikkj~ `j ki~ fm ~hdj dmdj jjìr~i jr ~ç gh~gj~ mk gjdj di jormrdi i~tm~ ayir|m~. ^heyi` ~higri ik hgyk~j di km~ gh~gm~ x kj fmni`qh~hoki ~h` ~ir nmmni~ di di~ri`dir~i di ikkm~. ^j` fhlj~ di Eim+ di km}yi `j nj`~heyi` di~qh`nykmr~i &‡( Ki~ nmrmntirh|m km ìni~hdmd x

tmgohè` ik di~iàri`j x ik di~ojnmghi`tj dik ikigi`tj mk }yi ~þkj jtrjikigi`tj i~ nmm| di nj`tiìr di`trj di ~y~ kçghti~ &‡( Ik njgithdj dikj~ thtmì~ i~ ~ir jrtmdjri~ x ~j~tiìdjri~ di nmrem~+ meym`tmr ik i~j xir~h~thr omlj km ri~hþ`+ `j i~ km tmrim dik ~ighdhþ~ `h ik fèrji &‡( I` èk ~ifmni mti`ti km ory~}yidmd+ km h`~i`~hohkhdmd }yi ri~hdi i` tjdj maí` xi~ayir|j thtí`hnj &‡( km hdim di km mytjnj`~irqmnhþ`+ di km mahrgmnhþ` dikjdir+ di~tmnm nj` tjdm ~y rhehdi|.&A. E. Lûèir+ Kj~ ghtj~ erhiej~+Omrnikj`m+ Firdir(.

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