1. LINGUISTIC THEORY II Te a m M e m be r s : Jo h a n a S n c h e zH e rn n dez .Oz i e l E s te ba nJu re z Ga rc a G a bri e la Ca s t roFe rn a nda Gema

2. THECOPENHAGENSCHOOL 3. INTRODUCTIONThe Copenha gen School, officially the "Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen(Cercle Linguistique de Copenha gue )", was a group of schola rs dedicated to thestudy of structural linguistics foundedby Louis Hjelmslev and Viggo Brndal In the mid twentieth centur y the Copenhagen school was one of the mostimporta nt centers of linguistic structuralism together with the Geneva School and the Prague School. 4. Louis Hjelmslev (18991965), Danish linguist and semiotician, author of anoriginal theory of verbal and other signsystems called glossematics, which attempts to radicalize Ferdinand de Saussures claimthat language is form rather than substance. According to glossematics, any scientificstudy of language must analyze language asa hierarchy of interrelated formal functions.The analysis of any concrete linguisticelement is carried out as a calculus ofcombinations of such functions. Due to theirgeneral character, the theoreticalfoundations and methodological principlesof glossematics have had a greater impactin semiotics than in linguistics. Thistheoretical approach is identified with theCopenhagen School of linguistics. LouisHjelmslev 5. In his general grammar, Hjelmslev tries to articulate the basicprinciples for a description of language as form. The grammaritself is a system of forms from which the specific forms of anynatural language can be generated. These forms are obtainedinductively from an analysis of the syntactical chain. Although hisbook on case foregrounds morphology and semantics, Hjelmslevstill attempts to isolate a few formal features from which allpossible manifestations of case can be constructed throughcalculated combinations. The center of a given casesystem, called an intensive case, is established inductively, but itacquires its status as a true linguistic element only through thesystem to which it belongs. Such systems of interrelated elementsfunction according to two general language -specific structuralprinciples: The differences between the elements are more fundamentalthan the elements themselves; and The elements enter into the system through participation thatis, certain cases, called extensive cases, can absorb or takeover the role of the intensive cases, or they might occupy aneutral position, being alternatively extensive and intensive. 6. These two early works areexamples of a structural but preglossematic linguistics:they try to develop a description of language as an immanent system offorms, though it is based onelements that are identified through inductionthat is,on a nonformal basis. 7. Hj el ms l ev s i mportanc e i n s emi oti c s i s a res ul t of hi s ri gorous attempt to turn Saus sures heterogenous and s omewhatflexible structural i s m i nto a theory ofmax i mal ex pl i c i tness and c onc eptual homogenei ty on al l l ev el s . Moreov er, hi swi ll i ngness to rec ons i der, al bei t s omewhatrel uc tantl y, the formal l i mi ts of hi s theorys ets the s tandard for any s eri ous s emi oti c res earc h. 8. Their main Inspiration was the PragueLinguisticCircle, whichhad beenfounded in 1926.The LinguisticCircle of CopenhagenIt was, in the first place,a forum for discussion of theoretical and methodological problemInitially, their interests in linguistics.lay mainly in developingan alternative conceptof the phoneme, but itlater developed into aMembership of the group grewrapidly and a significant list ofcomplete theory whichpublications resulted, including anwas coinedirregular series of larger works underglossematics, and was thenotably influenced by name Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague.structuralism. 9. The princip al ideas of the school are: A language consists of content and expression A language consists of a successio n and a system Content and expression are intercon nected bycommutation. There are certain relation s in the succession and thesystem. There are no one -to -on e correspon den ts betweencontent and expression , but the signs may be dividedinto smaller co mpo nen ts. 10. The Copenhagen School of Linguisticsevolved around Louis Hjelmslev and his developing theory of LOUISlanguage, glossematics. Together with HJELMSLEYViggo Brdal he founded the Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague a group of linguists based on the model of thePrague Linguistic Circle. 11. Within the circle the ideas of Brndal and Hjelmslev were not alwayscompatible and Hjelmslevs moreformalist approach attracted a group of followers, principal among them Hans Jrgen Uldall and Eli FischerJrgensen, who would strive to apply Hjelmslevs abstract ideas of thenature of language to analyses of actual linguistic data. 12. In the mid twentieth century the Copenhagen school was one of the most important centers of linguistic structuralism together with the Geneva School and the Prague School.In 1989 a group of members of the CopenhagenLinguistic circle inspired by the advances incognitive linguistics and the functionalist theories ofSimon C. Dik founded the School of Danish. 13. Functional Grammar aiming tocombine the ideas of Hjelmslevand Brndal, and otherimportant Danish linguists such as Paul Diderichsen and OttoJespersen with modern functional linguistics. Among the prominent members of this new generation of the Copenhagen School of Linguisticswere Peter Harder, Elisabeth Engberg Petersen, FransGregersen and MichaelFortescue, and he basic work ofthe school is "Danish FunctionalGrammar." 14. Establishes a Danishframework for Functionalunderstanding Grammar communication as a (1989)formal system. Development of terminology to describefoundedparts of linguistic Genevasystems and their Linguistic School and interrelatedness The Copenhagen School StructuralismPrague The Circle ofSchool- Language consist ofCopenhagencontent and expression.- Language consiste of afounders succession and system.-Content and expression are interconected byLouis ViggoFormal propertiescommunication. HjelmslevBrndal of a system should There are certainbe kept apart from relations in theits substance succession as the Hans Jorgen Glossemantics Uldall and Eli system. (the doubleFisher andduality of theJorgensenv linguistic sign)Saussureand oldertraditions