telecommunication the exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video)...
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Telecommunication
The exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video) over networks
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Trends in Telecommunications
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Telecom Network ComponentsTerminals – any input/output device that uses telecommunications networks to transmit or receive dataTelecommunications Processors – devices that perform control and support functionsTelecommunications Channels – media over which data are transmitted and receivedComputers – all sizes and typesTelecommunications Control Software – programs that control telecommunications activities
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Telecom Network Components
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Telecommunications Processors
Modems – convert digital signals from a computer into analog frequencies that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines
Multiplexers – allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals
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Bandwidth• Information carrying capacity• Measured in cycles per second/Hz.• Indicates the difference between lowest and highest frequencies.• Higher the bandwidth, greater the volume of data that can be transmitted per unit time.
Narrow-band – very low BW; e.g. telegraph links.Voice Band- telephone line with a frequency range of 300-3400 Hz.Broadband – high-speed; high capacity. e.g. microwave, cable, fibre optics
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Data Transfer Rate
• Amount of data that can be transmitted through the channel.
•Expressed in number of bits per second or bit rate (Bps).
• Baud rate - signal change from positive to negative or vice versa.
- may not be always same as bit rate.
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Types of Signals: Analog and Digital
Analog signal • Continuous waveform • Passes through communications medium• Used for voice communications
Digital signal• Discrete waveform• Transmits data coded into two discrete states as 1-bits and 0-bits• Used for data communications
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Telecommunications MediaTwisted-Pair Wire – copper wire twisted into pairs. e.g. telephone system (300bps-10Mbps)
Coaxial Cable – sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. e.g. Cable TV.
- faster data rate (56 Kbps-200 Mbps), larger BW.
Fiber Optics – one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket
- Data transmitted using light beams.- Very high BW; high data transmission rate (500
Kbps- 25Tbps)
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Telecommunications Media
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Wireless Technologies
Terrestrial Microwave – data transmitted with the help of microwaves. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequency in the range of 300,00 MHz to 3000MHz.
Radio Waves – also electromagnetic waves with low frequency range of 3KHz to 30MHz.
Communications Satellites - high-earth orbit communications satellites placed in stationary geosynchronous orbits
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Wireless Technologies
Cellular and PCS Systems – a geographic area divided into cells with one low-power transmitter device per cell used to relay calls from one cell to another
Wireless LANs –high- or low-frequency radio technology installed in an office or building
Wireless Web – wireless, Web-enabled information appliances accessing the Internet, intranets and extranets
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Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
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Communication SubnetSwitching devices- used for switching data signals from source to destination point.Telephone exchange- signals on incoming lines are transmitted to appropriate outgoing lines.
Transmission lines- that carry data signals from one host to another .
- also known as circuits or trunks.- speed as well as efficiency depend on the
speed at which the transmission lines can transmit the data.
- e.g. optical fibres, twisted pair, cable etc.
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Switching Alternatives
Circuit Switching – a switch opens a circuit to establish a link between a sender and receiver; it remains open until the communication session is completed.
Packet Switching – messages are divided into fixed or variable length packets, and packets are sent across networks.
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Computer Networks
• Comprises of communication media, devices, software to connect two or more computer system.• enable the companies to share H/W, computer applications, and databases across the organization.• geographically dispersed employees and workgroups can share documents
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Client and ServerNetworking
Client- Machine that initiates the session with another computer and request for information.Server- computer that stores information and delivers the requested information
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Network Topologies
Bus – all the networked devices share the same communications channel and connected to backbone by transceiver.
Ring – Ties local computer processors together in a ring.
Star – Ties end user computers to a central computer.
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Network Topologies
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Types of Telecom NetworksPoint-to-point Communication
- point to point communication between two computers for data transmission.
- e.g. computer networks in banks
Broadcast Communication- All the machines on the network share a single
communication channel.- message broadcasted for all receivers.
Peer-to-Peer – file-sharing software connects each PC to a central server or to another online user’s PC
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Types of Telecom NetworksPeer-to-Peer Networks
• Type of client/server distributed processing that allows two or more computers to share their resources.
• In a standard client/server networks, information stored in centralized file server; Information stored across peer to peer networks is decentralized.
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Peer to Peer Networks
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Types of Telecom Networks
Local Area Network (LAN)
• Network that connect devices sharing a common communication link and share resources within a limited geographical area.• Serves a local area like floor of a building, college or university campus.• Typical transmission speed is 100Mbps.• Within the organization, provides fast and efficient access to common bank of information.
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Local Area Networks
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Local Area Networks
Wireless LANs
Wi-Fi (802.11b) standard: Up to 11 Mbps, low cost, high-speed mobile Internet access, links work groups
Bluetooth standard: Up to 720 Kbps, small personal area networks
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Types of Telecom NetworksWide Area Network (WAN) –covers a large geographical area such as a state or a country.- May include large corporate networks, military networks, banking networks, airline reservation networks etc.- Typical transmission rates are 2Mbps, 34Mbps, 45Mbps, 625Mbps etc.- Often implemented in the form of VPN.
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Types of Telecom NetworksVirtual Private Network (VPN)
• Secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network
• Relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other security features.
• Effective for extranets and important for international businesses.
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Types of Telecom Networks
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographical area larger than that covered by LAN but smaller than a WAN.
• Covers an area between 5-50 Km diameter. (an area the size of a city).
• Generally owned by either group of users or a single network provider
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Types of Telecom Networks
Value Added Network (VAN)
• A private network that can be hired by organization.
• Enable the users to more closely tailor communication capabilities to their specific business needs.
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Network Architectures & Protocols
Protocol – standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network
Network Architecture – the use of standard protocols, standard communications hardware and software interfaces; standard interface between end users and computer systems
- the goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment
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OSI & TCP/IP Models
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) - model is a seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for network architectures
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – is a five layer telecommunications protocol used by the Internet
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OSI & TCP/IP Models
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InternetA network made up of millions of smaller private networks, each operate independent of, or in harmony with, all the other millions of networks• Surf• E-mail• Buy and sell• Download•Publish
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Business Value of Telecommunications
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E- Commerce and E-Business Technologies
Teleconferencing: Ability to confer with a group of people simultaneously
Data conferencing: Two or more users can edit and modify data files simultaneously
Videoconferencing: Participants are able to see each other over video screens
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Electronic Commerce and Electronic Business Technologies
Distance learning: Education or training delivered over a distance to individuals in one or more locations
E-learning: Instruction delivered online using the Internet or private networks
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Summary
• Organizations are becoming networked enterprises using the Internet, intranets, and other telecommunications networks to support business operations and collaboration.
• Telecom technology is moving toward open, inter-networked digital networks for voice, data, video and multimedia
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Summary
• Open systems with unrestricted connectivity using Internet technologies are the primary telecommunications technology drivers in e-business systems.
• Companies are deriving strategic business value from the Internet, intranets etc. which enables them to disseminate information globally
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SummaryBusinesses are installing and extending intranets throughout their organizations to:
– Improve communications and collaboration among individuals and teams within the enterprise
–Publish and share valuable business information easily, inexpensively, and effectively via enterprise information portals
– Develop and deploy critical applications to support business operations and decision making
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Summary
The major generic components of any telecommunications network are:
– Terminals– Telecommunications processors– Communications channels– Computers– Telecommunications software