Technologies for Economic DevelopmentPolo Ground 49/3, PO BOX 14621, Maseru -100

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TED

Sanitation

Technology Options in Lesotho

Elisabeth-Maria Huba, Senior Advisor Mantopi Lebofa, Director

Lesotho Water Week 2011

Maseru, Lesotho

07-04-11

Content

TED

1. TED

2. Urban Sanitation Strategies 2. Urban Sanitation Strategies

3. Sanitation options

4. Approaches

5. Conclusions

1. TED

• Lesotho based NGO, founded in 2004

• Activities covering among others the following areas:– Urban and Rural Sanitation technologies:

• Biogas & Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems

• Urine Diverting Dry Toilets &

TED

Amalooloo

– Education on WASH:

• in schools, football clubs,

– A wide range of other technologies to protect health, environment and climate

• biomass conservation through efficient stove technologies

• nutrient recycling for fertilizer application

– Technical trainingmost of the sectors were identified in the Lesotho Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper; all relate to MDG

2. Urban Sanitation Strategies

• Population: about 200,000 on 140 km2

• Annual growth rate: 3.5%• Piped water supply coverage: 66% • Sanitation coverage:

TED

• Sanitation coverage: – 9.2% flush toilets; – 45% ventilated improved Pits– 43.1 % unsealed Pit latrine– 2.9% no sanitation facilities

• Data: www.mdgmonitor.org

Annual production

• Individual person: – 500 litres urine; 50 kg feces

• Globally:– 3,500,000,000,000 litres urine;

TED

– 3,500,000,000,000 litres urine; – 350,000,000,000 kg feces

• Lesotho - total: – 1,000,000,000 litres urine; 100,000,000 kg feces

• Maseru:– 100,000,000 litres urine; 10,000,000 kg feces

N, P, K and other plant

nutrients are removed

during sewage treatment

Urban sanitation

Deficit of Human Excreta

Management

Global Shortage of

Phosphorus

E-Coli bacteria,

Salmonella spp.

Shigella spp.

Vibrio cholerae

High Cost and Waste in

Sewage Disposal

Urban sanitation

Cities Besieged by

Garbage

Diarrheal disease,

parasitic infestation, …...

Using drinking water for

sewage transport!

High energy input !

Common situation seen in peri-urban areas often also with unlined VIP Latrines

Protecting our drinking water

8

Key Parameter for Urban

Sanitation StrategyTED

“All the Basotho are entitled to have

access to a sustainable supply of

potable water and to the provision of potable water and to the provision of

basic sanitation services at an

affordable cost”.

Lesotho Water and Sanitation Policy Ministry of Natural Resources, 2007

Key Parameter for Urban

Sanitation Strategy

1. Disease Prevention

2. Environmental protection

a) Resource saving and reuse

b) Pollution Prevention

c) Climate protection & climate change mitigation

TED

mitigation

3. Nutrient Recycling (Food Security & Safety)

4. Acceptable by customers

5. Affordable by customers and municipality

6. Comfort & Simplicity

7. Convenient in O&M

Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems

Simplified Community

Sewerage

Shared Septic Tank

3. Sanitation options

Community Ablution Block

sedimentation pond

Sedimentationseptic tank

Anaerobic digestion

anaerobic filter anaerobic baffled reactor

fixed dome biogas digester

Aerobic and facultative

decomposition

Post treatmentaerobic-facultative ponds and aerobic polishing ponds

Other systems such as UASB, sequencing batch reactors, rotating discs, activated sludge reactors, etc. do not belong to DEWATS

planted gravel filter

Additional

organic feeding

material (waste)

Biogas taken to the house

Irrigation of garden and

lawn by gravity

On-site urban

Biogas-Sanitation ComponentsTED

Sketch of biogas tank. Wastewater as well as kitchen and garden waste enter the digester and are broken

down to biogas and fertile water.

The advantages: Nearly no more emptying . Reuse of all effluent as fertilizer and irrigation water in the

garden. Reduce expenses for daily cooking energy. Smoke free kitchen. Climate protection.

Methane producing micro-

organisms produce biogas,

reduction of pathogens

Effluent flowing into the

expansion canal (biogas storage)

Root Treatment System for

effluent post-purification

Storage for irrigation – effluent

could be pumped or irrigate

gravitationally in drains

1 Meter up

Strip Foundation & water sealed slab casting

Next step to place gas outlet pipe

From garbage to a beautiful garden

Changing waste into fertilizer protecting underground water

17

Changing waste into fertilizer protecting underground water

Amalooloo:

19

A Urine Diversion Dry Toilet with hand washing facility, toilet brush, and further toilet comfort basics

4. ApproachesWorldwide cooperation partners and networks =>> updated knowledge on sanitation technologies

1. BORDA - Bremen Overseas Research & Development Association

2. USTB-CSES - University of Science & Technology Beijing – Centre for Sustainable Environmental Sanitation

3. GIZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit – Centre for International Migration & Development

4. GTO - German Toilet Organisation

5. IWA - International Water Association

6. WSSCC – Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council

7. SAKNSS – Southern African Knowledge Node on Sustainable Sanitation (EcoSanRes & SEI)

8. IBBK & FNBB/GERBIO – International Biogas & Bioenergy Competence Center

9. WASH United

10. WaterLex – International NGO working for the Human Right to Water and Sanitation

11. Action contre la Faim Mongolia – NGO working in Social Marketing for Ecological Sanitation

12. WASAZA Water and Sanitation Association Zambia – professional association

Service Packages

TED

1. Agro-Industry

2. School Sanitation

3. Community Based Sanitation (CBS)

4. DEWATS for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises

5. Health Impact Assessment & Hygiene Education

6. Capacity Building6. Capacity Building

7.Municipal Sludge Treatment

8.Sanitation Mapping & City Wide Planning

9.Sanitation for Prisons

10.Sanitation for Real Estates

11.Emergency Sanitation

12.Sanitation for Hospitals, Hotels & Eco-Tourism Ressorts, Military Camps

What happens when the pit gets full?

Urban Sludge Management

� Empting of on-site facilities is responsibility of the

individual owner

� Demand based desludging service is responsibilities

of the municipality,

WaterAid Gulper in Tanzania

23

of the municipality,

� Many municipalities involve private service provider

� Sludge disposal in municipality owned

sewerage treatment works or sludge treatment

plants Vacuum tank Indonesia

Sludge disposal Tanzania

Sludge stabilization and separation tankDischarging

point

Municipal Sludge Treatment Plant (MSTP)

Biogas tank Sludge drying bed

m in

m a x

From R&D to large scale

implementation

TOPICS:

• Sanitation & Renewable Energies• Sustainable Environmental Sanitation • Agriculture & Livestock

Options

In Cooperation with USTB - CSES

Testing Improve Demo Improve DesignR & D

Large scale implementation

• … based on three pillars:– 1. Stimulating DEMAND– 2. Private sector involvement in SUPPLY

Social marketing for sanitation

– 2. Private sector involvement in SUPPLY– 3. SOCIAL pressure

• Social marketing works to help people change their behaviors positively

24/04/2011 26

• Hand washing with Soap• ..• ..

..

Any genuine behaviour change has to be voluntary

• ..• ..• ..• ..• Desire for a healthy life

27

5 P’s of Sanitation Marketing

1.product

2.price2.price

3.place

4.promotion

5.People24/04/2011 28

Sustainability issues

TED

• 125 Biogas-DEWATS constructed by TED to date since 2003 - paid fully by owners

• an average of 15 systems in a year• On average two requests a week• Costs for commonly constructed digester sizes:

• 6m3 at ≈ M20 000 (≈ €2,200)• 9m3 at ≈ M25 000 (≈ €2,800)

• Challenges:• QUALITY • Ownership• Coping with demand

5. Conclusion

TED

Yes, there are

1. acceptable and

2. affordable and

3. ecologically safe 3. ecologically safe

Sanitation Technologies, already successfully

installed in urban settlements in Lesotho

sanitizing

wastewater

on the

compound

making it fit for irrigation making it fit for irrigation

�� saving valuable drinking watersaving valuable drinking water

�� encouraging home gardening

�� Improving living conditions

Turning organic waste (solid

and liquid) into biogas for

cooking is an important

measure for CLIMATE

PROTECTION, change

mitigation and resilience

Water is life …..

Sanitation is dignity

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