tectonic and fluid geochemistry laboratory ceri …

Prof. Salvatore Lombardi

ECCSEL - NatLab Italy team

The importance of natural laboratories for CCS

TECTONIC AND FLUID GEOCHEMISTRY LABORATORYCERI RESEARCH CENTREDEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES

ECCSEL Training Course on research infrastructures for CO2 storage:

specific focus on monitoring and natural laboratories

Natural laboratories forlong term understanding

• CO2 Storage can play a unique role for reducing

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion

• Pilot and demonstration projects show that the

technology works

• However, their life is still short and we are

interested to learn more about the long term

evolution of storage sites

• Gas migration from the reservoir can take

thousands to millions of years

ECCSEL training course, Eart Scinces Department, Sapienza Rome University, 29/03/2017

Understanding long term evolution of storage sites:

• The experience of the oil&gas sector

• Natural laboratories: geological sites that

mimic processes that could eventually occur

at CO2 storage sites


Natural laboratories importance:

• For testing geophysical and geochemical

monitoring methods

• For identifying possible gas migration

pathways (gas bearing faults)

• To verify geological models


ECCSEL Sapienza team presentation Tectonic and Fluid Geochemistry Lab

1. Field investigation with regard to the impermeability

of clay formations (Contr. n° FI 1W/00063-I; 1989-1991)2. The refinement of soil gas analysis as a geological

investigative technique (Contr. n° FI2W/CT91-0064; 1991-1994)3. Analysis of the geo-environmental conditions as morphological evolution factors of the sand clayseries of the Tiber Valley and Dunarobba forest

preservation (Contr. n° FI 2W/0121; 1992-1994)4. Geochemical method seismic zonation - seismic hazard: a multi-disciplinary approach using fluid geochemistry ( ENV 4-CT96-0291; 1996-1998)5. Project of research into gas generation and migration in radioactive waste repository system( F14W- CT96-0024; 1996-1999)6. Natural analogue of the thermo-hydrochemical and thermo-hydromechanical response of clay barriers (F14W CT 95014; 1996-1999)7. Natural Analogues to the Storage of CO2 in the Geological Environment (NASCENT). NNE5-2000-00095 8. Assessment and Prognosis of Environmental Changes in Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgystan) (APELIK). Project n ICA2-CT-2000-10003 9. The Weyburn CO2 Monitoring Project – “Weyburn”

(sub-contractor) Project n° NNE5-2000- 0009610. Contribution of high density gas seeps in the Black Sea to methane emission in theatmosphere. CRIMEA. CE, EWK2-2001-00322

11. CO2 GeoNet, Network of Excellence of InterlaboratoryConnection for CO2 GeologicalStorage (April 2004-March 2009)12. Intailrisk Assessment of Environmental Risk of Radioactively Contaminated IndustrialTailings (contr. N. INCO-CT-2004-509214) (2004-2007)13. MOVECBM - Monitoring and verification of CO2 storage and ECBM in Poland ContractN 038967 (2006-2008,)14. CO2 Re.Mo.Ve – EU Integrated Project on Research into Monitoring and VerificationTechnology of CO2 Geological Storage – SES6- Contract Number 518350 (2006-20011)15. INTAS Project: Assessment of the feasibility of the CO2 storage in the Russian permafrost. 1000025-9220 (2006-2009)16. “Research into Impact and Safety in CO2 storage (RISCS) - Call FP7-ENERGY-2009-1:;autumn 2009-autumn 2013)17. ECO2 “Sub-seabed CO2 storage: Impact on marine eco-systems”18. CGS Europe “Pan-European coordination action on CO2 Geological Storage”19. EUROFLEET “Towards an Alliance of European Research Fleets”20. SITEChar “Characterisation of European CO2Storage”21. R&Dialog .22 ENOS .23 RESPIRE

EC projects


ECCSEL Sapienza team presentation Tectonic and Fluid Geochemistry Lab

Sapienza’ researchers have been pioneers and leaders in the

study of Italian natural laboratories. On 23 international project

funded by EC, 12 have been focused on gas migration studies

and monitoring in several geological structures (Natural

Laboratories) that have been used for:

� Understanding gas migration

� Testing geochemical and geophysical

monitoring tools

� Verification of geological models

� Studying potential impact at surface


Sapienzateam

Why Italian natural labs?


Tyrrhenian Sea

Adriatic Sea

• Soil gas samples collected throughout central-southern Italy during the last 25 years for various projects related to:

– Tectonic / structural / fault / volcano research

– Geothermal / oil-gas / mineral exploration

– Environment / nuclear waste –CO2 disposal

• Database has >40,000 samples for helium and over 25,000 for CO2 and CH4

• Water chemistry and stable isotope of the major spring in the Central Appennine

• Structural geology surveys have been also performed

Sketch map of

the main Italian

geological

features

Apennines

thrust front

Why Italian natural labs?

IField soil gas surveys

Performed in Italy

(in green -1980- 2010

Deep seated gas migration may give at surface macro and micro seeps

– Macro seeps are:

• usually visible gas vents,

• may have significant impact on the environment , even if usually at very small scale only,

• mainly occur in volcanic and geothermal areas, over natural CO2 fields, along major neogenic (active) faults

– Micro seeps are:

• Not visible gas emanations, detectable only by instruments

• Do not have any impact on shallow environment

• May be very useful: for detecting gas migration pathways and as early warning signal of gas migration from deep seated reservoirs

IntroductionIntroductory note on gas emanation


Macro leaks – gas vent

Main gas vent at

CO2 flux about 7 tons/day

Houses are about 50m fromthe fence

An example of macro leaks on shore at Ciampino town (Alban Hills - Roman Volcanic Province) Italy Houses are only 50 m away from the fence of a gas vent with a flux of more than 7 tons of CO2 per day

….Literally close to our doors


CO2 CO2 flux

CH4 4He

Micro seepsAround the CO2 injection well at Kaniow (Poland)

The detection of a complete set of gases is needed for understanding CO2 baseline

Micro seep: as indicator of gas migration

around an injection well at Kaniow (Poland)

Micro seeps: as indicator of gas migration around an injection well


Geothermal fields and volcanoes as natural labs(going from the western margin toward the eastern margin of Italy)


Almost all the Italian volcanic and geothermal areas

have been studied by means of geochemical surveys,

mainly soil gas survey, from the extinct volcanoes of

Tuscany and Latium to the active ones such as Mt. Etna,

Vesuvio, Volcano, etc.. Two of these areas are part of

the natural labs recognised by ECCSEL:

� Latera caldera

� Panarea

Geophysical and geochemical surveys performed at Latera caldera


RESEARCHES PERFORMED BY

SAPIENZA TEAM

Soil gas and CO2 flux

Water chemistry

Gas injection tests through faults

Structural survey

Verification of a gas migration through

faults models using field data

Ground Penetrating Radar

Microgravity

Magnetometer

Shallow seismic profilea

Electromagnetic survey

Geo-electrical survey (resistivity survey)

Spectral induced polarization

Self Potential Mapping

Time Domain EM

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

Surface water conductivity survey

RESEARCHES PERFORMED BY OGS

Deep seismic profileRemote sensing (OGS – BGS –Sapienza)

RESEARCHES PERFORMED BY: BRGM – BGS – TNO - SAPIENZA

Study of CO2 impacts on biosphereGeo-electrical survey

Deep seated gas migration in the Tyrrhenian Margin (Fiumicino natural Lab, Rome)

CO2 baseline at

Fiumicino area (Rome)

Both shallow and deep CO2 component are present in this baseline


Deep seated gas migration in the Tyrrhenian Margin (Fiumicino natural Lab, Rome)

Subheading

• First level

– Second level• Third level

– Fourth level

3D representation of the main geological, structural and

geochemical feature at Fiumicino area (Rome)


Active faults as Natural Labs

• Natural Lab in central Apennines along

active (neogenic) faults:

– S. Vittorino plain

– Fucino plain

– Col Pasquale (Umbria earthquake)


Impact on shallow environments

About 100

meters

About 15

meters

Sinkhole overview

In specific geological situation acidic water due to the uprising of CO2 may produce sinkhole (very high water flow, presence of sediments with carbonate cement, CO2 emanation lasting for a very long period)

ECCSEL training course

Eart Scinces Department, Sapienza

Rome University, 29/03/2017

HELIUM-4 IN SOIL AIR AT S: Vittorino

0 1 km0.25

Gas Vent

X

XXXXXX

XXX

XXXXX

XX

XX

XXX

X

X

XXXX

XXXXXXX

XXXXXXXX

XX

X

X Sinkhole

FaultMicciani faultInferred fault

ECCSEL training course, Eart Scinces Department, Sapienza Rome University,

29/03/2017

ECCSEL training course

Eart Scinces Department,

Sapienza Rome University, 29/03/2017

ECCSEL training course, Eart

Scinces Department, Sapienza


Gas Vent

X SinkholeFault Micciani fault Inferred fault

XXX XX

XX

XXX

XXXX

X

XX

XX

XX X

XX

X X

X

X

X

XXX

X

sinkholes

recent sinkhole

sept 03

CO20.05 up to 70%

CH40.2 up to 19396ppm

CH4 = 900 ppm

CO2 = 10%

CO2 distribution in soil gas


4m

Sinkhole

of new formation

(New

sinkhole

photosoil gas survey)

San Vittorino plain - pCO2 map

X

XXX

X

XX

X

XXXXXX

XXXX

XXX

XX

X

X

XXX

X

XXXX

XXX

XX

XXXXXX

X

X

X

Anomalous area

Gas vents

Sinkholes

0.6-1.2

0.3-0.6

0-0.3

pH < 6.5

pCO2 (atm)

ECCSEL training course,

Eart Scinces Department, Sapienza


Umbria 1997 earthquake

• In the following slides results from discontinuous

monitoring using soil gas surveys at Col Pasquale

immidiately after the 1997 Umbria earthquake will

be presented


CO2 (%, v/v)

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1999

1998

1997b

1997a

Helium (ppb)

-500

500

1500

2500

3500

4500

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

1997

1998

1999

Radon (Bq/l)

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1997a

1997b

1998

1999

Expected Normal Value

Expected Normal ValueExpected Normal Value

Normal Probability Plots:Normal Probability Plots: this type of graph is used to choose

threshold values between anomalous

and background geochemical data

based on partitionating a cumulative

probability plot of data sets (ranging in

complexity from a single to many

populations).

The comparison of soil-gasconcentrations during the threeyears highlights a concentrationvalue increase.


One year after the mainshock, Rn values reachconcentration peaks >150 Bq/l and anomaliesare elongated followingpreferential directions.

September 1999

0 0.2 km0.1

Data from the first twocampaigns reveal relativelylow Rn values (>100 Bq/l)homogenously distributed

September 1998

The radon concentration anomalies (anomalous values > 300 Bq/l) outline a NW-SE preferential migration direction.

October 1997September 1997

linear anomaly

Radon soil-gas results – Colpasquale areaRadon soil-gas results – Colpasquale area

Focal mechanisms indicate normalfaulting on NW-SE striking faultplanes with tension axes oriented inthe range 40°-60° (from Ekstromet al., 1997).

The study of spatial behaviour of Rnvalues by means of variographyhighlights a major anisotropy axes NW-SE oriented.

Fucino Plain Natural Lab

In the Fucino Valley an earthquake of >6M occurred in 1905. The highest values of Rn, CO2, 4He in soil gas correspond to the reactivated faults.


Fucino Plain Natural Lab

Strada 22

VHRS -S.Benedetto dei MarsiSan Benedetto

dei Marsi village

A

A'San Benedetto

dei Marsifault scarps

Soil gasprofile



Natural labs in foredeep basinsAdriatic margin - compressive tectonic

• Natural Labs in the Adriatic margin in area characterized by compressive tectonic and clayey cover with thickness ranging from 1000 to 2000m

– Vasto plain (gas field)

– Lucera plain (faulted clayey sequence)

(Foredeep–Foreland domain, low geothermal

gradient, low seismicity)

CO2 leaking sites (Foredeep–Foreland domain, low geothermal gradient, low seismicity)

• Vasto Basin (A)

• Lucera Plain (B)

Bertello et al., 2008

simplified geological map of Italy

showing the location of the major CO2

point sources

(A)

(B)


ECCSEL training

course, Eart Scinces

Department,

• Map of the location of the hydrocarbon reservoirs, as well as some of the productive and or exploration wells.

• The map also shows the thickness of the sedimentary cover, as isopach contour lines, calculated using the information obtained from the exploration boreholes.

THE VASTO BASIN (Abruzzo, central Italy)




VASTO (1987/88)

contour map of He

concentration

(Regional sempling)




THE VASTO BASIN (Abruzzo, central Italy)

VASTO (2004/05)

contour map of Heconcentration

(Regional sampling)

Lucera

Carta gravimetrica

Lago di LesinaLago di Varano

PROMONTORIODEL

GARGANO

S. SEVERO

FOGGIA

TORREMAGGIORE

S. MARCOIN LAMIS

0 10 20 30km

LUCERA

Gravimetric minimum

Cross - Section

Contour interval: 5 mGal

Soil-gas transect

Inferred fault

LEGEND

Gravimetric maximum

20

A B


2.15 g/cm

marly clays and sands

0

q=

conglomerates andalluvial deposits

-3000

a.s.l. 0

metr

es-1000

-2500

-2000

-1500

-500

A

clays andsands

2.00 g/cm1.80 g/cm q=3 3 q=

F4 SW 48 km

Horizontal scale: 1/200.000

clayey marlsand sands

2.25 g/cm3 q= 3 2.60 g/cm

limestones

q= 3

fault

BNE

0 4.8 9.6 14.4 19.2 24 28.8 33.6 38.4 43.2 48 kmSW NE

A B

1

2

3

4

5

a.s.l. 0

-1000

-1500

-2000

-2500

-3000

me

tre

s

MODEL GRAVITY PROFILE

(Di Filippo et al., 1997)

Soil gas radon profileacross the Candelarofault system

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

10

30

50

70

90

110

130

150

Rn (

Bq/L)

Lucera village

BG

anomaly

threshold

F F

BGAnomalyMovingaverage

up to 17 %

0

2

4

6

8

CO

2 (

%,

v/v)

F F

Lucera village

Soil gas CO2 profileacross the Candelarofault system

Foredeep Basin (FD) – Lucera Plain (southern Italy)


Final remarks

• Italy is a region of widespread natural CO2 degassing from well documented surface seeps.

• The different geological scenarios that characterize the Italian territory provide important information about the gas behavior.

• In particular, different Natural Labs can be used for understanding long term gas behaviour:

– The study of CO2 macro-seeps in test sites along the Tyrrhenian margin and Apennine chain have proven a valuable tool for health risk assessment, monitoring techniques, and understanding and predicting CO2 leakage pathways and fluxes.

– The study of CO2 micro-seeps in the analogues of the fore deep basins provides information on trapping mechanism and caprock integrity.



”

Thanks for the attention

[email protected]

tectonic and fluid geochemistry laboratory ceri …

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