technologies for thermal power suitable for african...

Technologies for Thermal Power

Suitable for African CountriesSuitable for African Countries

Contents• Africa – A diverse Continent

• NTPC’s Expertise & Experience

• Thermal Generation Technologies

– Coal based technologies

• Super critical • Super critical

• Sub critical

– Gas/ Liquid Fuel based technologies

– Solar Thermal Technologies

– Other Clean Coal technologies

• Conclusion

Africa – A diverse Continent

The climate of Africa ranges from

tropical to sub arctic on its highest

peaks. Its northern half is primarily

desert or arid, while its central and

southern areas contain both savanna

plains and very dense jungle

(rainforest) regions. In between, there (rainforest) regions. In between, there

is a convergence where vegetation

patterns such as sahel, and steppe

dominate. Africa is the hottest

continent on earth; drylands and

deserts comprise 60% of the entire

land surface. 56°C The record for the

highest temperature recorded was set

in Libya in 1922.

Diverse Climate, geographical locations and availability of resources needs diverse energy

solutions

Energy Map of Africa

Electrification in Africa

• Total Installed capacity in

Africa is about 106 GW

• East Africa, West Africa and

Central Africa has per capita

consumption of only

65kWh/year, 155kWhr/year

and 151 kWhr/ year and 151 kWhr/ year

respectively.

• North Africa and South

Africa have higher

consumption Rate of

1767kWhr/year and 953

kWhr/year

• Africa has divers geographical conditions and has rich and

diverse primary energy resources

• North Africa has rich oil and gas reserves, Sahara region has

high concentration of solar radiations, Southern Africa has

rich coal reserves

Need for Electricity Infrastructure

rich coal reserves

• Africa Needs Energy and meeting the energy challenge is of

fundamental importance to Africa’s economic growth and their

efforts to raise level of human development.

• Open cycle gas turbines, Combined cycle gas turbines, Solar

energy, Coal based thermal power plants are suitable

technologies for different parts of the continent

Technologies Suitable for Different Regions of Africa

• Gas & Oil rich region : Combined Cycle & Open Cycle

Gas Plants

• Arid region (Sahara, Sub-Sahara) : Open Cycle Gas

Turbine Plants, Solar Thermal, Solar Photovoltaic, Coal Turbine Plants, Solar Thermal, Solar Photovoltaic, Coal

based Thermal Plants with Air cooled condensers

• Coastal region : Supercritial/ Subcritical Coal based

Thermal Plants with once through condensers

• Eastern & Central region : Ultra Supercritical with

imported coal

• Southern region : Coal based






• Sub critical




• Conclusion

NTPC Presence in

India

RIHAND

(2,000 MW)

RIHAND

(2,000 MW)

SINGRAULI

(2,000 MW)

SINGRAULI

(2,000 MW)

FARIDABAD

(430 MW)

FARIDABAD

(430 MW)

DADRI

(817 MW)

DADRI

(817 MW)

NCTPP

(840 MW)

NCTPP

(840 MW)

ANTA

(413 MW)

ANTA

(413 MW)

AURAIYA

(652 MW)

AURAIYA

(652 MW)

UNCHAHAR

(840 MW)

UNCHAHAR

(840 MW)

TANDA

(440 MW)

TANDA

(440 MW)

KAHALGAON

(840 MW)

KAHALGAON

(840 MW)

FARAKKA

(1,600 MW)

FARAKKA

(1,600 MW)VINDHYACHAL

(2,260 MW)

VINDHYACHAL

(2,260 MW)GANDHAR

(648 MW)

GANDHAR

(648 MW)

KOLDAM

(800 MW)

KOLDAM

(800 MW)

TAPOVAN VISHNUGAD

(520 MW)

TAPOVAN VISHNUGAD

(520 MW)

RAMMAM III

(90 MW)

RAMMAM III

(90 MW)

LOHARINAG PALA

(600 MW)

LOHARINAG PALA

(600 MW)

LATA TAPOVAN

(162 MW)

LATA TAPOVAN

(162 MW)

RUPSIABAGAR KHASIABARA

(260MW)

RUPSIABAGAR KHASIABARA

(260MW)

BARHBARH

BTPS

(705 MW)

BTPS

(705 MW)

Region Coal Gas Total

Northern 8015 2312 10327

Western 7520 1293 8813

Southern 4100 350 4450

Eastern 7900 - 7900

JVs 1924 1940 3864

Total 29459 5895 35354

KORBA

(2,100 MW)

KORBA

(2,100 MW)

KAWAS

(645 MW)

KAWAS

(645 MW)

TALCHER KANIHA

(3,000 MW)

TALCHER KANIHA

(3,000 MW)

RAMAGUNDAM

(2,600 MW)

RAMAGUNDAM

(2,600 MW) SIMHADRI

(1,000 MW)

SIMHADRI

(1,000 MW)

KAYAMKULAM

(350 MW)

KAYAMKULAM

(350 MW)

TALCHER Thermal

(460 MW)

TALCHER Thermal

(460 MW)

GAS POWER STATIONS

THERMAL POWER STATION

HYDRO POWER PROJECTS

ONGOING PROJECTS

SIPATSIPAT

As on date in MW

NTPC’s Expertise

• Engineering of Power Plants with various fuel options

including renewables

• Project Management

• Operation & Maintenance• Operation & Maintenance

• Wide Experience in Advanced Power Plant Technologies

NTPC’s Experiencein Advance Technologies

• Coal Based

– Subcritical Technology

– Adv. Subcritical Technology

– Supercritical Technology

– HCSD Ash Disposal– HCSD Ash Disposal

– Ash Utilisation

• Gas Based Combine Cycle Power Generation

• Coal Mining

• Hydro Power






• Sub critical




• Conclusion

Super Critical Technology

What is supercritical Technology

Supercritical Power Plant operates at pressure higher than critical pressure (225.56

Kg/cm2) as compared to conventional power plant (at operating pressure of 180

Kg/cm2)

Advantages of supercritical Technology

• Improvement in plant efficiency (For supercritical plants under construction, 1%

point higher than that for 500 MW sub-critical units)

• Reduction in CO2 emission (0.1million T/year for one 660 MW Unit)

• Low emission of pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, Nitrogen oxides.

Supercritical Technology in NTPC

• NTPC has rich experience with Supercritical Technology for Unit size ranging from

660 MW to 800 MW.

• Sipat-I (3 x 660 MW) – Operational ; Various projects are under advanced stage of

Construction & Engineering

Steam Condition Development in India

• We have experience of high reheat (565 °C temperature)

design (170/537/565)

• This gives improved efficiency compared to normal sub-

critical units.

• We have zero discharge design Power plants with 30

Advanced Subcritical Technology

• We have zero discharge design Power plants with 30

cusec/1000 MW power plants

• dry condenser design are available for power plants in arid

regions






• Sub critical




• Conclusion

Benefits of a Gas Turbine Plant

• Higher Combined Cycle Efficiency (around 60%) v/s

40% of Coal plants

• Lesser Capital Cost

• Shorter Gestation Period

• Quick Startup and loading

• Less water requirement .

• Less emissions

Types of Gas Turbine

Heavy Duty Industrial

• Large Machines of higher Capacity (up to 375 MW)

• Less efficient in open Cycle (32-40%)

Aero derivative

• Comparatively of Smaller Capacity.

• Adapted from Aircraft Gas Turbines(32-40%)

• Well Suited for Combined Cycle plants

Turbines

• Posses Higher Open Cycle Efficiency (around 44%)

• Capable of Quick Start Up& loading.

• Well suited for Peak load plants

Combined Cycle v/s Open Cycle

40

50

60

70

Eff

icie

ncy (

%)

Open Cycle

Aero derivative

• Although less efficient, open cycle

gas turbine plants are suitable for

regions with acute water scarcity.

• Best suited as peaking load plants

due to high load ramp up rate, low

cost of installation and expensive

0

10

20

30

40

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Capacity (MW)

Eff

icie

ncy (

%)

Open Cycle

Combined Cyclefuel

• Aero derivative Gas turbines have

good efficiency

• Combined cycle plants with air

cooled condenser can also be

thought for arid regions

• Conventional Combined cycle plants

can be installed where water

availability is not a problem

Fuels Generally employed in GT*

• Natural Gas /RLNG

• LPG

• Gasification fuel

• Process gases

• Light Fuel Oil

• Heavy Fuel Oil

• Crudes & Residual Oils

*Compatibility of fuel with particular GT model to be established with OEM

NTPC Experiencein Gas Power Plants

• Anta (3 GT + 1 ST) : 419.41 MW

• Auraiya (4 GT + 2 ST) : 663.36 MW

• Kawas (4 GT + 2 ST) : 656.20 MW

• Dadri (4 GT + 2 ST) : 829.39 MW

• Jhanor-Gandhar (3 GT + 1 ST) : 657.39 MW

• Kayamkulam (2 GT + 1 ST) : 359.58 MW

• Faridabad (2 GT + 1 ST) : 431.59 MW






• Sub critical




• Conclusion

Solar Power

Solar

Power Solar Thermal[Generally used for Bulk

Power Generation]Solar Photovoltaic

[Generally used for Distributed

Power Generation]

Solar

Solar Thermal Technology OptionsLow Eff

~ 1%

Solar

Power Solar Thermal[Generally used for Bulk

Power Generation]Solar Photovoltaic

[Generally used for Distributed

Power Generation]

Solar

Solar Thermal Technology OptionsLow Eff

~ 1%Parabolic

Trough

Parabolic

DishHeliostat

Solar

Chimney

& Pond

Stand Alone /

Independent

Deployment

Hybridization /

Integration with

the existing Power

Cycle

Deployment Options

Parabolic

Trough

Parabolic

DishHeliostat

Solar

Chimney

& Pond

Stand Alone /

Independent

Deployment

Hybridization /

Integration with

the existing Power

Cycle

Deployment Options15 MW Solar Thermal

Power Project at Anta is in

Advanced stage of

Tendering.

NTPC is in the process of

executing various projects

up to 100 MW capacity.






• Sub critical




• Conclusion

Pollution Control Technologies

• High efficiency ESP capable of limiting particulate emission up to 50

mg/NM3

• Retrofitting ESPs for flue gas conditioning for pollution control

• Use of low NOx burners is being planned

• FGD for SOx reduction

– Presently Installed at Tata Power

– Planned at Bongaigaon

Ash Handling and UtilizationHigh level of Ash Utilization

• Dry ash handling plant at Dadri

• HCSD Disposal operational at Jhajjar and planned at many other

stations

• Large scale Ash Utilization in following areas

– Manufacture of portland pozzolona cement (ppc), sintered – Manufacture of portland pozzolona cement (ppc), sintered

aggregate, blocks etc.

– Manufacture of flyash bricks

– Sub-base formation for roads and embankments

– Reclamation of low lying area by filling ash

– Back filling in the open cast mines

– Application in agriculture

Conclusion

India has a variety of Efficient Thermal

Power and Green Technologies available for

partnership.

Critical Point

Pr = 225.56 kg/cm2

T = 374.15 Deg.C

538 Deg C

Supercritical

Supercritical Parameters

Entropy

Subcritical

6

8 4.3

3.6

5.2

8.0

6.5

3.2

Supercritical TechnologyApproximate Increase in Efficiency

0

2

4

6

300 246 169

538/538

538/566

566/566

566/593

600/610

Pressure (Bar)

1.7

2.5

3.3

1.8

2.8

3.6

0.5

1.1

2.7

Base case : 500 MW subcritical unit

Operating Principle

• Open Cycle • Combined Cycle

Combined Cycle v/s Open Cycle

40

50

60

70

Efficiency (%)

Open Cycle

Aero derivative

0

10

20

30

40

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Capacity (MW)

Efficiency (%)

Open Cycle

Combined Cycle

FBC/CFBC Technology

• Fluidized Bed Combustion technology is a matured and

proven clean coal technology for power generation operative

up tp 300 MW size

• It is suitable for burning low grade high ash fuels

• AFBC technology offers advantage over conventional PC • AFBC technology offers advantage over conventional PC

technology in terms of lower SOx and NOx emissions but not

in terms of efficiency

• CFBC, with efficiency levels compatible with that of

conventional PC technologies is possible

• 2 x 145 TPH of CFBC based cogeneration plant was set up by

INDAL at Hirakud in 1992.

• Other CFBC units have also been set up and being successfully

operated by Tata chemicals, Indian Rayon, Birla Copper, Kanoria

Chemicals, etc. with fuels such as coal and/or lignite.

CFBC Technology : Indian Experience

• First major 250 MW (2 x 125 MW) CFBC based power plant has

been set up by GIPCL near Surat, Gujarat with lignite as a main fuel

in 1999.

• Similar lignite based CFBC Power Plant of 2 x 125 MW capacity is

under commissioning / operation at Akrimota, Gujarat.

• First 100% Petcoke based 25 MW CFBC boiler was commissioned

in 1999 at Rain Calcining , Vizag, Andhra Pradesh.

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