technologies and modelling to address the challenges of … · 2016-08-18 · ways – using...

© 2014 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1

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Technologies and Modelling to Address The Challenges of Network Transition (REMOO 2014)Phil Proctor – Programme Manager Energy Storage and Distribution


Energy Technologies Institute

• The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) is a public-private partnership between global industries and UK Government

Delivering...

• Targeted development, demonstration and de-risking of new technologies for affordable and secure energy

• Shared risk


ETI technology programme areas • Offshore Wind

• Marine

• Distributed Energy

• Buildings

• Energy Storage and Distribution

• Smart Systems and Heat

• Carbon Capture and Storage

• Transport

• Bioenergy


Electricity:68000 km T&D

Natural Gas5300 km T&D

Heat 733km

Electricity:835,740 km T&D

Natural Gas289,000 km T&D

Heatkm


Source: Energy Networks Association

Transmission


Source: Energy Networks Association

Distribution


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000Dem

and

(GW

)

Half hours

Electricity and Heat over 1 Year

Low grade heat


Electricity

• Electricity networks could contribute £6-34bn to GDP by 2050 (TINA)

• Network design and operation are especially important for electricity networks, particularly:

– Designing for peak capacity– Management of peak loads

• Reinforcement, particularly of the distribution system, could become a major issue

• Investment in the networks is heavily influenced by the policy and regulatory mechanisms that exist

Electricity networks are expected to deliver a lot more of the UK’s energy in the future


Gas

• What is the role of unconventional gas (e.g. shale gas) and what will be the effect on prices?

• Biogas and AD gas could also supplement natural gas supply – how much of a part will this play in lowering overall CO2 emissions?

• Gas with CCS could be deployed in the power and industry sectors

• How is it best to utilise the existing gas network in Great Britain, as gas usage changes?

Gas and gas networks have a continuing role to play in the delivery of energy


Heat

• DHNs offer flexibility in future fuel supplies• The economics of possible pathways are

worth exploring• The network itself is a long term investment• ESCOs and local authorities are dominant

stakeholders• The UK Government has invested £1m for

feasibility studies for heat networks in Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Leeds and Sheffield

• There are impacts on the electricity system that need to be understood

District Heat Networks (DHNs) can enable the transition to long term delivery of low carbon heat


Hydrogen

• Hydrogen can be produced from several different sources and in several different ways

– Using renewable electricity– From fossil fuels or biomass– With and without CCS

• Transitions to the use of hydrogen in different sectors have varying levels of impact, from an infrastructure point of view

• Future transitions between its use in different sectors may prove cost effective (from an overall system perspective)

Hydrogen is amongst the most flexible and diverse of the energy vectors but uncertainty persists around both some of the technical solutions and the overall economics


Our modelling work and insights from our programme areasare becoming increasingly important to the value the ETI delivers.

ETI system modelling is used by UK Committee on ClimateChange and DECC to support policy recommendations.

Some of the reports and publications ETI dataand insights appeared within in 2013:• EEF – Tech for growth –delivering green and growthpolicies through technology• Policy Connect – Future energyseries of reports• DECC Heat Strategy• Offshore Wind IndustrialStrategy, business andgovernment action report

Strategic insights and system modelling

• Element Energy report on thecosts of CCS for BIS and DECC• CCS in the UK – Governmentresponse to the CCS costreduction task force• BIS report – Global marketopportunities and UK capabilitiesfor future smart cities• DECC renewables roadmap


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

20102020

20302040

2050

TWh

Electricity GenerationRenewables (inc.geothermal)

Nuclear

Hydrogen

Biomassand waste(inc. withCCS)Fossilbased withCCS

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

20102020

20302040

2050

TWh

Electricity Consumption

Other

Transportelectrification

Buildingheating andcooling

Buildinglighting andappliances

Industry


Future energy scenarios

Electricity use to 2050 Electricity generation to 2050

Source: National Grid (2013)


Other CO2 emissions

Power Sector

Industry SectorBuildings Sector

International A & STransport Sector

-50

0

50

100

150

200

20102020

20302040

2050

Net CO2 Emissions by Sector


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2020 2030 2040 2050

TWh

Gas ConsumptionOther

Space heatingand hot waterDomesticcookingPower

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2020 2030 2040 2050

TWh

Hydrogen ConsumptionPower

Transport


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037 2039 2041 2043 2045 2047 2049

Cum

ulat

ive

Net

wor

kR

einf

orce

men

t Cos

t (£b

n)

Network Reinforcement Costs to Support Plug-in Vehicles


Storage solutions for balancing generation and demand

0.00E+00

1.00E+02

2.00E+02

3.00E+02

4.00E+02

5.00E+02

6.00E+02

2010 (Historic) 2020 2030 2040 2050

Storage Solutions (GWh availability) Pumped Storage ofElectricity

Compressed AirStorage of Electricity

Battery Storage ofElectricity

Geological Storage ofHydrogen

Building Space HeatStorage

Building Hot WaterStorage

District Heat Storage

Geological Storage ofSeasonalH2

Distribution ScaleElectricity Storage


A range of technology solutions

GW1

MW100

MW10

100 kW

Microsecond Second Minute Day Week Month

10 kW

kW1

Dischargeduration

Electricity-onlyapplications Thermal-onlyapplications Electricityandthermalapplications

Demand

shifting

andpeak

reduction

ArbitrageSeasonalstorage

Voltage

support

Hour

Spinningand

non-spinning

reserve

Load

following

1 MW

Waste

Variable

supply

resource

integration

Combinedheatpower

Source. IEA Technology Roadmap Energy Storage 2014

kW1 kW10 kW100 MW1 MW10 100MW GW1

Reserve & ResponseServices

Transmission & DistributionGrid Support

Bulk PowerManagement

KEYTypes of Storage

Hydrogen-related

Mechanical

Electrochemical

Electrical

ThermalHigh-Power SupercapacitorsSuper Conducting

Magnetic Energy Storage

Flywheels

Nickel Metal Hydride Battery

Nickel Cadium Battery

Lead Acid Battery

Li-ion Battery

High-EnergySupercapacitors

Advanced Lead-Acid Battery

Sodium-Sulphur Battery

Flow Batteries

Cryogenic Energy Storage

Compressed AirEnergy Storage

Hydrogen & Fuel CellsPumped HydroPower Storage

Source. Pathways for Energy Storage in the UK, Cemte for Low Carbon Futures 2012


System Modelling Toolkit• Project to support the future design, operation and

roll-out of cost effective CCS systems in the UK

• A modelling tool-kit capable of simulating the operation of all aspects of the CCS chain

• Support initial conceptual design and eventual detailed design and operation of CCS systems

Project Partners© Image courtesy of PSE enterprises 2014


Waste Gasification • Competition to design the most efficient,

economical and commercially viable gasification demonstrator plant

• Advanced Plasma Power, Broadcrown and Royal Dahlman selected for the competition. Each design capable of providing a step change in efficiency compared to existing gasification projects in the UK

• Each of the plant designs will need to operate at a net electrical efficiency of at least 25% at 5-20MW scale

Project Partners


chemicals and m

aterials

Methane (bioSNG)

Mixed alcohols synthesis

Furnace/Boiler

Fuel cell

Ethanol (fermentation)

Fischer Tropsch

Engine/Turbine

direct combustion

chemical synthesis

Gasification

Methanol synthesis

Carbon monoxide

Hydrogen

Ammonia

DiMethylEther (DME)

Diesel / jet fuel

n-paraffins

Fertilisers

Acetyls

MTO / MOGDFormaldehyde

Fuels

Cleaned syngas

Heat

Power

Courtesy of NNFCC

Gasification to produce clean syngas provides flexibility; mitigating against future energy system uncertainties


Electricity and Heat over 1 Year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

Dem

and

(GW

)

Half hours

Low grade heat


Market timing – overall UK energy system


Market timing – Smart systems and heat

prepare

20502040203020202010

UK space heat production

oil

gas

ASHP

DHN

No targets-80% CO2

TWh


• Software tool to design cost-effective local energy systems for the UK

• Designed in partnership with local authorities

• Demonstrating the capability to create future-proof and economic local heating solutions for the UK

Project Partners

EnergyPath


Various challenges resulting in market inertia

• Incumbent gas system offers many advantages

• Consumers generally not engaged in energy systems and few driven by climate change

• Several new and largely unfamiliar heat solutions – dominant design not driven by cost

• Investment in local area energy assets will be significant but uncertain market demand and policy direction

• Local area planners lack design tools and capability to explore options and impact Elements for successful market growth


Energy Infrastructure Calculator• Provides capability to understand the costs

of new, repurposed and abandoned electricity, gas, heat or hydrogen networks up to 2050

• The potential for new technologies to reduce network costs can be evaluated

£0

£1,000,000,000

£2,000,000,000

£3,000,000,000

£4,000,000,000

£5,000,000,000

£6,000,000,000

£7,000,000,000

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070

Cum

ulat

ive

Cost

Year

Cumulative cashflow

Elect Capex Gas Capex H2 Capex Heat Capex Capex Add-Ons

Elect Opex Gas Opex H2 Opex Heat Opex

25%

61%

14%Labour

Material

Plant

38.79%61.21%

0.00% 0.00%New Build

Refurbishment

Repurposing

Abandonment

Project Partners


Impact AnalysisDevelop Example Networks Evaluate new technologies and network solutions e.g.

HVDC

Source: Siemens.com

FCLS


Source: Grubb M (2004), Technology Innovation andClimate Change Policy: an overview of issues and options.

Government

Business and finance community

Policy and programme interventions

Investments

Basic R&D

Idea

Applied R&D Demonstration

Consumers

Technology ‘valley of death’

Product/technology push

Market engagementprogrammes

Strategic deploymentpolicies

Barrierremoval

Market pull

Costperunit

Marketexpansion

Pre-commercial Fully-commercial

Niche marketand supported

commercial

Deployment


The Fault Level Challenge

• As more renewable energy sources are connected to the UK distribution system (Distributed Generation), fault current levels increase

– CHP systems typically have fault contribution of 5-8 x rating– PV typically 1-1.2 x rating– Wind depends on system design

• Networks are reaching fault current rating limits– e.g. 20% of UKPN’s London network has high fault levels (>95% of rating)

UK energy policy

More generation

sources being

connected in distribution networks

Increased fault levels

Existing equipment

ratings becoming exceeded

Substantial infrastructure

investment

Major operational restrictions

Inability to connect new generation


Slovenia Household Energy Consumption by fuel type (2009)Source: Slovenian Environment Agency

Slovenia Household Energy Consumption


Consequences• Conventional (passive) techniques to

manage these fault currents introduce additional cost and negative impact on operational complexity, power quality, power system stability, reliability and security of supply

• A significant number of new DG projects do not proceed as a consequence, and fault current levels are becoming a major barrier to the widespread deployment of low-carbon distributed generation

• Also a major barrier to smart distribution networks with increasedoperational efficiency, flexibility, reliability and resilience

• Active Fault Current Limiters (FCLs) will provide a credible, commercially acceptable means of overcoming these barriers

Conventional (Passive) Fault Current Management Techniques

Switchgear reinforcement

Standard approach requiring high investment in most cases; also assumes switchgear exists at required ratings

Network splitting & reconfigurationLow cost but leads to operational restrictions, and often lower power quality

Passive current limiting reactors & high impedance transformers

Comparatively low cost but introduces voltage drops and much increased steady-state losses

Sequential switching Higher operational complexity, not fail-safe so a higher risk solution

Connecting DG at higher voltages Increased connection infrastructure investment


Newhaven Town Substation (at outset)

• Newhaven Town Substation (33/11kV Primary substation), East Sussex, UK

• Plan for site works to include new flood defences (under a parallel UKPN project) as well as plinth for FCL and complete new switchroom building for future site flexibility


Site Electrical Schematic

T210MVA

T110MVA

T310MVA

G1G2

GT160MVA

GT260MVA

12 11

6106 05

07

Newhaven Grid 33kV

Peacehaven 33kV / Newhaven ERF

Seaford

0910

13515260 Newhaven

Town 11kV

FCL

LEGEND132kV

33kV

11kV

61

14

15

53


FCL Shipment from Australia to UK


FCL Installed


Test Results (extract) • Site worst case prospective fault level (4.36kA single phase fault)

• 30% initial peak limitation as required

• 55% steady state RMS limitation


For more information about the ETI visit www.eti.co.uk

For the latest ETI news and announcements email [email protected]

The ETI can also be followed on Twitter @the_ETI

Registered Office Energy Technologies InstituteHolywell BuildingHolywell ParkLoughboroughLE11 3UZ

For all general enquiries telephone the ETI on 01509 202020.


Energy Storage (Isentropic)

Project Partners

Pumped Heat Electricity Storage

• Distribution Scale• Electrical energy to heat and cold in reversible

process• Inert gas system – no chemical handling• System range 700kW – 6MW• Multiple storage services capability• £400/kW, £45/kWh

technologies and modelling to address the challenges of … · 2016-08-18 · ways – using...

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