Technical systems must be supervised or operated by humans in all aspects of human-machine-environment systems, e.g., in the household, automobiles, consumerelectronics, or in traffic. These examples show – and everyone has probably hadexperience with these – that the design of systems provided to humans is not alwaysoptimal i e user-friendly In order to offer hazard-free handling and error-free human-optimal, i.e., user-friendly. In order to offer hazard-free handling and error-free human-machine interaction, it is vital that the characteristics and capabilities of future users aretaken into account. In addition, the ergonomic design of products has substantial meaningfor the acceptance of appliances. A mobile phone, for example, that is more complicatedto operate than competitors’ products (because fundamental ergonomic principles werenot incorporated) is no longer capable of competing in today’s market. Early inclusion ofergonomic aspects during product development thus also leads to a better marketposition and a reduction in costs due to later product changesposition and a reduction in costs due to later product changes.

Design of products, however, continues to be not seldomly left up to designers anddraftspeople who do not have specific knowledge on ergonomics. This can clearly beseen in the design of current consumer electronics products, computer software andmobile telecommunications: the user is completely overwhelmed by the excess offunctionality and highly complex system structures (e g nested menus hiddenfunctionality and highly complex system structures (e.g., nested menus, hiddenfunctions).

What is Product Ergonomics?What is Usability Engineering?

Product ergonomics involves adapting products to their users’ characteristics so that theproducts can be used more easily.

Anthropometry in product ergonomics primarily involves consideration of measures andmeasurement ratios in the design of future product and work places. Based on bodydimensions, cars, for example, have their seating geometry, layout of operating elements(steering wheel, gear shift, pedals), operating force as well as the visibility of theirinstruments laid out.

The principles introduced in the information technology design can usually also betransferred to the design of softwaretransferred to the design of software.

The layout of the car console (here: Daimler’s Innovative Concept Study) places high demandson anthropometric design. Included is the visibility/outside view and readability of indicatorsand instruments, obscurities (e.g. due to steering wheel or operating elements) as well as therange (reachability and operation of operating elements) or the actuating force (operation ofpedals switches and steering elements) Furthermore dis(comfort) due to confining posturepedals, switches and steering elements). Furthermore, dis(comfort) due to confining posturemust especially be considered, particularly for driving long distances.

The most prominent innovations illustrated in the image above is an imaginative new drivingcontrol system which allowed the driver to control all vehicle movements by means ofsidesticks positioned in the door trim panels and in the centre console of the coupé study.Moving the sidesticks to the left or right steered the vehicle, pushing the levers forwardsaccelerated it, pulling it back applied the brakes. The interior of the F 200 Imagination wascompletely devoid of conventional control and connecting components, such as a steeringwheel, steering column or pedals – each and every command from the driver was transmittedelectronically, a system which the experts referred to as "drive-by-wire". The F 200 Imaginationstudy also presented the Mercedes design team with an ideal opportunity for showing how theomission of a steering wheel and pedals opens up whole new possibilities for the interiorstyling and controls of the passenger cars that we will be driving in years to come. The drivingcontrol system in the F 200 Imagination was coupled to an active suspension system whichy g p p yadapted the vehicle's suspension and damping characteristics to the current handlingconditions. The result was improved driving safety and ride comfort, something which made theF 200 a mobile laboratory for the Active Body Control system which premiered in Mercedes-Benz series-production models in 1999.

The eye-catching steel panels bordering the glass roof of the F 200 Imagination also housedelectronic cameras which removed the need for interior and exterior mirrors. Instead, monitorsfitt d i id th t d ' k it k t th d i f ll i f d f h t i b hi d thfitted inside the study's cockpit kept the driver fully informed of what was going on behind thecar.

Source: http://www.daimler.com

The second example is of an airplane cockpit for a study of a passenger plane with twomotors based on the AIRBUS cockpit concept. Through the airplane’s outer structure theoutside view and the position of the pilot is given in the cockpit. Aside from the numerousSAE, JAR and FAA standards, particularly long operational durations and the widespectrum of global users are typical for cockpitsspectrum of global users are typical for cockpits.

From a anthropometric perspective, taking visibility into consideration, i.e. outside view atstart and landing and during taxiing on the runway, and visibility of instruments, is just asimportant as the reachability of operating instruments through various safety beltfunctions with a 5-point belt. With the Fly-by-Wire artificial steering forces contribute toeasier steering. Paying attention to posture comfort is especially important for long flights(transatlantic).

A similar concept is found in several AIRBUS airplanes and makes the re-training of pilotsfrom one type to another more simple. This is necessary in almost all airlines during thecourse of a career/promotion. Actually, the user interface of an A319/320/321 can bedistinguished from that one of a A330/A340/A380 only by the design. But regardless thesame user interface elements, it is important to say that flight characteristics and flightdynamics can be significantly different.

In practice, mostly a mixture in design exists:

Purely prospective/planning ergonomics is impossible e.g. in automobile creation sincestandards and pre-designs must be taken into consideration as a basis. A benefit of apre-design is, through the identification with the brand, an easy transition from one type toth t thi i i i th t i i ti d i th li bilitthe next: this minimises the training time and increases the reliability.

A continuous modification of existing driver workplaces results, which leads to a mixtureof various ergonomic approaches.

The later changes and counterbalancing measures are recognised and put into action,the higher are the resulting costs and necessary recalls. A strict adherence to deadlineswith simultaneous high quality is increasingly more difficult, especially in relation to theincreasing relevance of the “just in time” delivery and the consequences of delays

There is a close relationship between general ergonomic design criteria andanthropometric design. Therefore, the maximum forces acting on humans are to be takeninto account in terms of harmlessness. Obviously, a failure to notice can easily leaddirectly to health damages (e.g. slipped discs during lifting). The feasibility must beensured through a meaningful layout of operating elements (reachability operation) andensured through a meaningful layout of operating elements (reachability, operation) andinstruments (visibility). A product such as an automobile cannot be steered if importantelements like the steering wheel or the pedals are not reachable for the majority of users.In regard to higher criteria such as tolerability and avoidance of interference, damagingbody postures and overstraining are to be avoided; it is also important to ensure a highlevel of comfort through the design. Personality development answers general questionsregarding “well-being”. However, aspects of colour design for the instruments as well asdesign aspects are more related to aesthetic levelsdesign aspects are more related to aesthetic levels.

Three requirements of ergonomic design of products can be derived from slide 10-10.

The historic foundations of anthropometry are, aside from the representation of humans inart, especially found in architecture. As humans were often seen as an image of God,“godly” and perfect proportions were thought to be made possible by incorporating humanproportions into building design. Thus, many medieval structures, particularly sacralbuildings are based on human proportionsbuildings, are based on human proportions.

Body measurements were also used in daily life as a form of measurement. The reasonfor this is the lack of a universal relative measurement system, such as the “Urmeter”.Instead, available body measurements would be used: the inch is the length of the firstthumb joint, a cubit the length from the elbow to the tip of the finger, and paths could bemeasured with the even “Feldrute” in which 16 people would line up in a row, one behindthe other.

With the Renaissance anthropometry was used in medicine, especially in anatomy, inorder to scientifically identify the skeletal structure and the inner composition of thehuman body.

Da Vinci in particular occupied himself with solid results about the build of the humanbody. His goal was a representation in beautiful artwork, but also the practical use of theacquired anthropometric insights in the design of tools. As appliances or tools were until

l d l d th h “ l ti ” i d d i d b dnow only developed through “evolution”, i.e. good designs were pursued, bad ones werediscarded, a goal oriented, almost scientifically engineered design was now possible.

There are numerous anthropometric measures. These days the principle that counts is:what can be measured will be measured. In sight of product ergonomics, there is still alarge portion of the total measure that is interesting. These are listed here. An overview oflarge data collections can be found in the standards. Besides body sizes, generalconditions for data collection can be found here These must be adhered to inconditions for data collection can be found here. These must be adhered to inimplementation since errors may otherwise occur. For example, most body sizes arecollected from unclothed persons in standard positions (perpendicular seating): this casecan rarely be found in practical usage however. Therefore, safety margins are necessaryduring product design. Additionally, differentiation/characterisation of measured samplesmust be taken into account since there are great differences in body sizes as well as bodyproportions between the sexes, age groups and regional groups. Different body sizes areoften combined for general characterisation of physique and corpulence Thus heavy setoften combined for general characterisation of physique and corpulence. Thus, heavy-setshort people can openly be distinguished from lean people, which can then also be takeninto consideration during product design.

The limitation of using only one value for the description of body size (e.g. the average) isnot reasonable since more than one user will be using a product later on. Instead,percentages are used in anthropometry which cover a range. A percentage indicates howmuch of the population fall below the measurement. The 5th percentile thereby refers to ashort person since only 5% of the entire population are shorter The 95th percentile is ashort person since only 5% of the entire population are shorter. The 95th percentile is atall person, since 95% of the population is shorter and only 5% is taller. Lengthmeasurements such as body height are normally distributed so that a simple relationbetween percentile and mean/standard deviation exists. The mean relates to the 50thpercentile (50% are shorter than that measurement) and the 5th, i.e. 95% less than themean, or in addition to 1.96 times the standard deviation. In practice, the 5th and 95thpercentile are used.

As can be seen from the diagram, there are further differences between the user groupsthat must also be considered: differences in sex are especially important here. Thus, abody height of an average female (50th percentile) corresponds to a rather short male(5th percentile). Similarly, sex-specific differences also exist for other body sizes andproportions. A mixing of data for females and males would not make sense since thedifferences would no longer be sufficiently taken into consideration. Instead, differentanalyses for product ergonomics are necessary.y p g y

For safety-relevant measurements the 1. or 99. percentile is usually used.

The values given in the table are based on statistically validated measurements ofpersons from the Federal Republic Germany (DIN 33402).

In the industry, work materials and workplaces, whose measurements are to correspondto the body dimensions of the person, cannot always be designed for each individual

d t i Th f it i t t bli h b i f thuser due to economic reasons. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a basis for theadaptation of work materials and the workplace to the body form of as many users arepossible by using statistical data. Thereby, depending on task and usage type, it ispossible to attain different workplace sizes, adjustments or a design applicable to allusers.

Aside from differentiation between the sexes, differences between age groups, regionsand clothing must also be included. This is especially true for when products aredesigned for global markets.

Region/Cultural dependencies of measurements: A 95. percentile Vietnamese, and thus anotably tall man from this region, is approximately equal to a 10. percentile centralEuropean. The range from the .5 to the .95 percentile man from the “South East Asian”region amounts to 153-172 cm.

Also see: Sanders & McCormick, 1993, pp. 420ff

Through the course of time a general increase in body size, especially in industrialnations, can be noted. This occurrence called the increase of body dimensions takesplace primarily due to improvements in living conditions (hygiene, nutrition, workconditions).

A t l ti f th d t ti f ld t bl t th ti ti f f tAn extrapolation for the adaptation of older tables or to the estimation of future onesremains problematic since the increase in sizes do not occur continuously, and no reliableprediction about a possible end of the increases is available.

However, as an example, increase of body dimensions was calculated up until the year2050 for the Airbus A380 so that passengers will still have comfortable seating then.(Bauch 2001 www haw hamburg de/pers/Scholz/dglr/bericht0101/Bauch pdf)(Bauch, 2001, www.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/dglr/bericht0101/Bauch.pdf)

Height and corpulence

Body sizes are not independent of one another, rather, they strongly correlate with eachother. Body sizes within a group (e.g. high and long measurements as well as reaches)possess a high correlation to one another, while the correlation between body sizes ofdiff t i ti ll i t t t l i i ht!different groups is practically non-existent: not every large person is overweight!

The statistical tool of factor analysis can be used based on the correlations in order tocombine similar sizes. In anthropometry something similar occurs through the use ofindex values.

There are three types of body sizes: the body height, the corpulence and the proportion(sitting giant/sitting dwarf).

An optimal product design takes into consideration not only small or large people (height),but also the corpulence and proportions. Instead of two values (big, small) there areactually 8:

Big, slender, short-legged

Big, corpulent, short-legged

Big, slender, long-legged

Big corpulent, long-legged

And the same for small persons.

Differences between sex and age group must also be considered.

Muscle force is a physical strength that works through the activity of the muscles withinthe body. There is a difference between static and dynamic muscle force. Static muscleforce is the physical strength that occurs without a change in the length of the muscleduring its activity. Dynamic muscle force, however, occurs during the change in length ofthe muscle in its activitythe muscle in its activity.

Inertia force is a physical strength that works as a force of inertia, e.g. dynamically asaccelerating force, force of deceleration, or centrifugal force at mobile workplaces, orstatically as own weight.

Applied force is a physical strength that works outward from the body. It results frominertia force, muscle force, or both. Inertia force and muscle force can reduce or increasetheir strength depending on amount and direction.their strength depending on amount and direction.

From the force-releasing body parts the applied force is split into e.g. arm, hand, leg orfinger force; from the force direction the applied force is split into e.g. vertical or horizontalforce.

The applied force is differentiated according to the force of attraction and the force ofpressure from the sense of direction of force.

The specifications of DIN 33411-4 apply to an upright unconstrained body posture with non shiftedparallel foot position on a foot spacing of 30 cm. The given values of the maximum static actionforces were determined on fixed positioned handles with a short-term maximum contraction forceof the worker. A cylindrical grip was used with a diameter of 30 mm, which has been operatedwithout tools. These are average values of the maximum possible static action forces that apply tocertain collectives (e.g., men aged 20 to 25 years) and not representative for the total population.The representation is in the form of isodynes. The transferability of the data must be checked fordiffering operating situations (e.g. in terms of posture or the required force direction). Maximumstatic action forces from other operating situations for example are presented in DIN 33411-3 andDIN 33411-5.

Example: From a side angle ß = 30°, an elevation angle = 0° and a relative range a = 50% amaximum driving force of F=150 N results for the vertical upward arm forces performed by a maleperson.

Human action forces play a role for all mechanical performances. They occur during themaintenance of body positions, during the execution of free or steered body movementsor its extremities, during the use of work tools, in the operation of operating elements, orduring the manipulation of loads. Physical strengths are developed as muscular strengthswithin the body work as mass force (force of inertia) from the outside onto the body or arewithin the body, work as mass force (force of inertia) from the outside onto the body or aretransferred by the body as action forces to the outside.

Physical forces can be used for the design of work media for various goals. For example,data collection from the viewpoint of comfortable usage could take place for how todesign the operating elements’ operational resistances that must be served in anautomobile. For the continuous manual regulation of dynamic processes, however, thequestion remains regarding which level of operating resistance operating elements musthave in order to deliver an adequate proprioceptive (realisation of stimuli arising from ownorganism) response about the movement procedure.

DIN 33411, Teil 1: Körperkräfte des Menschen – Begriffe, Zusammenhänge,Bestimmungsgrößen (Physical strengths of man – concepts, interrelations, definingg g ( y g p gparameters)

Maximum isometric forces (isodynes): DIN 33411, Teil 4, S. 1:

Also see: Sanders & McCormick, 1993, pp. 248-254

Dynamic (Functional) Dimension: Active area of the hand-arm-system

Aside from measures for the performance of functions (work areas, areas of jointmovement), safety measures (safety, minimum and maximum distances) and spacerequirement measures (space requirements, compensational movement) can also bediff ti t d b tdifferentiated between.

Aside from static anthropometry it is getting more and more important to account fordynamics since in reality, postures are never static but always fluctuate around average.Especially work is always bound to deliberate movements.

For movement planning, a comprehensive methodology to capture and document datalik i th t i t il bl f t Wh f th t it i hlike in anthropometry is not available for yet. Whereas for anthropometry, it is humanbody dimensions and corpulence within groups of people, there is not such a thing formovements.

There is even a stronger diversification and variability of movements. Even the sameperson does never move exactly the same way twice. So beside of the inter-individualdiversification, there is also an intra-individual one. Hence, for movement planning, theergonomic planner has to rely on estimations of spacial requirements or single movementergonomic planner has to rely on estimations of spacial requirements or single movementtracks.

A specific movement is partitioned into several phases. The actual movement first has adesign phase in which a movement pre-programming takes place. The movement itselfdivides into two other phases: the ballistic and the visually controlled phases. The firstphase serves for quick guidance to the goal, while a fine-tuning occurs in the secondphasephase.

The temporal division of these two phases amounts approximately 2/3 to 1/3.

Approaches of varying complexity are available for the characterisation of movement:

Temporal and spatial characteristic data are easy to use, yet simplify a movement toomuch and are therefore only suitable for narrowly outlined special areas (e.g. methods-time-measurement or work-factor-processes in the scope of production planning).

Motion paths, or trajectories, express spatial relationships. The problem is thesummarization and meaningful preparation and presentation of the multitude of possiblemotion paths.

Biokinematic models are based on different approaches (e.g. biomechanic or inversekinematics) and allow an exact replication of individual movements for digital humanmodels or in simulations. However, the variability of the movements is also a problemhere Still due to their high level of clarity and face validity of presentations they havehere. Still, due to their high level of clarity and face validity of presentations, they havemanaged to be supported by all human models.

Fields of vision (upper left: different areas of the field of view – pay attention to colourdependencies!) and thereby the recognisability and readability of instruments (dependenton vision – Visus 1 (normal): 1 arc minute resolution) are at least equally as important asanthropometry.

Th d i f hi l b i ith fi titi i t (D i E P i t i l )The design of vehicles begins with a fictitious eye-point (Design-Eye-Point, airplane) orfrom an eye ellipse (auto) in which the eye of the future user exists.

Airplane (bottom left):

Design Eye Position (eye-point):

... Is a set point relative to the airplane structure upon which the eyes of the pilot are tobe in the normal seating position (SAE ARP 4202); fixing of the pilot’s position in thecockpit; seating adjustment area is to be fixed so that all pilots can attain positions inthe DEP

Line of Sight

The line of sight provides the line of vision during landing; sloped downward (angle ofincidence during landing)

In practice, the verification of the sight requirements can also be done through lines ofsight in CAD or in technical drawings. It is easier to do so with human models (bottomright) which present the fields of view as cones, or that directly calculate the view of theuser.

Somatography (Greek): sketching of bodies

In video somatography the video image of a test person is superimposed full-scale on adrawing or a model of the workplace.

The test person can coordinate his/her movements through a control monitor (Luczak, 1998,p 599f; Original in Martin 1981)p. 599f; Original in Martin, 1981)

Body templates exist for various body heights in front and side views as well as top view. Theindication of joint centre points allows an easy presentation of different body positions for theverification of the design measurements of workplaces.

body templates: DIN 33408 Teil 1, also see: Pahl et al., 1996, p. 306; Pahl & Beitz, 1997, p.368; Luzak & Volpert, 1997, p. 382

t h S d & M C i k 1993 419 420somatography: Sanders & McCormick, 1993, pp. 419-420

physical models: Sanders & McCormick, 1993, pp. 422-423

(bottom left): Bosch Template – 4 simple templates for: 5. Perc. Female, 50. Perc. Female/5.Perc. Male, 95. Perc, Female/50. Perc. Male, 95. Perc. Male. The rules of technical drawingsare in effect, therefore three-dimensional results in technical drawings are also possible.

Significant simplification of the joints (point joints), but with indication of maximum angles.

(bottom right): Kiel Doll – 6 complex templates for 5., 50., 95. Perc. Female and Male. KDavailable in side view for different measurements (standardised according to DIN 33408) .Top view also available, though in practice barely used due to low practicality. Typical are linkjoints for the shoulder, hip, and knee that make possible exact reaching range. Limitedapplicability range since results only count for shoulder height, i.e. not movements to the side(which is common in reality).

Today, digital human models have prevailed due to the spread of CAD. If full-scaled CADoutputs are produced in the beginning stages into which templates are entered, then inthe digital human models body dimensions are directly taken into account in CAD.

The human models contain databases with anthropometric measurements (bodydi i fi ld f i i j i t l f ) t i l ti d dditi ldimensions, field of vision, joint angles, forces), a movement simulation and additionalanalysis tools which make the analysis of reachability and vision, but also theconsiderations of comfort, possible.

Depending on the model, two basic procedures can be derived:

1 – Model in CAD:

Here, the digital human model is integrated into the CAD environment (e.g. Anthropos inCATIA). The geometry of the product does not first have to be exported and transformed,rather, it is already complete and in the correct layer format. Changes can be madedirectly in the primary version of the design. The advantage is that no losses occur duringthe transfer of the design into other CAD environments, and changes are integrated. Adisadvantage is that a slower calculation of the CAD model occurs which was onlyimplemented here as a model of the CAD environment.

2 – Design analysis in the human model environment2 Design analysis in the human model environment

The design is exported (partially) from the original CAD environment and then importedinto its own human model environment (with significantly less options than in CAD). Theanalyses are then conducted here. The advantage is a faster calculation (since the entireCAD environment is already running in the background). A disadvantage, however, areproblems in the transfer of the design from CAD into the human model.

Here is an example for the general procedure of anthropometric product design

Generation of the first human model:

Basic options (left):

(1) Generation of the first representative human model via a database query (common inhuman model). Important during this procedure is the relationship to the user group, i.e.differentiation according to sex, nation, age, increase of body dimensions, increase inheight, corpulence and proportion

OR

(2) Generation of own human model based on anthropometric dimensions. The model ishereby extrapolated and calculated through the input of a variety of different referencedimensions.

The model along with the (simplified) product design are then presented in anenvironment.

In the second step the task and the restrictions are defined:

1. The posture is determined according to inputs of the seating reference point/hip point and the incline of the seat/backrests. In addition, contact surfaces and the positions of the operating elements are d t i d d th t d i t th h d ldetermined and then entered into the human model.

2. Next, the body parts and the posture (e.g. contact or gripping grasp) are determined.

3. Finally, the animation (calculation of the posture) takes place via the human model along with the first visual plausibility test.

“Simple” analyses such as fields of vision and spaces within reach/reachable areas arethen carried out by the model. Fields of vision are shown as cones for “outsiders” as wellas for the particular model.

Through a change in the model a plastic impression of the future view is attained.

Spaces within reach can be directly presented for the planning ergonomics, and can thusbe take into consideration by operating elements.

For ergonomics of testing the reachability of operating elements can be directly tested byentering tasks (see previous slide). In this case the proper posture is also accounted for.

Important: CAD environments allow for a preferred level of accuracy in such examinationsp p y(1/10. mm are not a problem). However, the anthropometric data as well as the posturedata are not as accurate. In practice, especially for spaces within reach or collisions withthe product, safety margins of at least 1 cm should be used.

The analysis of posture comfort is more complex. Height as well as body dimensions(these are of a general nature and independent from the product), joint angles (these aredepending on the product) and forces on the joints (details) are included in this analysis.

By regression respectively comfort models it is possible to get a value of (dis-)comfort outof the input values.

IMPORTANT: Do not simply follow these instructions without being critical. Instead, checkfor which boundary conditions discomfort calculations were validated. Thus, vehicle

id ti ( t bil f t i ) t b t k b ll (considerations (e.g. automobile manufacturing) cannot be taken over by all areas (e.g.maintenance) without problems - particularly problematic are the differences in posture(sitting/standing). A transfer here is impossible.

An uncritical reliance on data leads to errors!

With an individual model no user collective can be reproduced. Hence, the analyses areto be repeated with additional models. Depending on the complexity of the collective thismay encompass more than 10 models. This is the only way that problem areas (seeslide’s head collision of large man of medium corpulence and medium proportion) beidentified and correctedidentified and corrected.

These pictures show that the simulated movements and postures of mannequins cannotsimply be used without limitation for the design of products. Several misinterpretationscan be seen that are shown through the movement apparatus and the theoreticallyallowable degrees of freedom, and which are theoretically acceptable according to themathematical relationships of the human model but which cannot actually be captured bymathematical relationships of the human model, but which cannot actually be captured bya human.

This is especially true for the body angles or torsions and the penetration of adjacentobjects.

RAMSIS is the 3D CAD ergonomics tool. Package and design studies during the designphase of a vehicle can be extensively processed with RAMSIS. RAMSIS is the globalleader of CAD tools for ergonomic design and analysis of vehicle interiors and workplacesand is used by more than 60% of all automobile producers.

Ad t E t i l i i l d ibl i th d ti h ith tAdvantage: Extensive analysis is already possible in the pre-production phase withoutrequiring building of expensive physical models. (also see Luczak & Volpert, 1997, p.383f)

Anthropometric Database 90 real, statistically validated body types

Standard animation: Translation/rotation interactively or numerically, joint animationnumerically or interactively, fast automatic target point animation for freely definablechains of body parts interactive drawing of body part chains analysis of spatialchains of body parts, interactive drawing of body part chains, analysis of spatialcoordinates and joint angles

Restrictive animation: Marginal posture calculations, body type independent taskdescription, interactive goal definition, consideration of interfaces, tangential abilityrequirements, consideration of self-intersection

Health and comfort analysis: Analysis of posture comfort, posture-dependent body partcomfort evaluation fatigue analysis orthopaedic evaluation of spinal curvaturecomfort evaluation, fatigue analysis, orthopaedic evaluation of spinal curvature

Vision analysis: Incorporation of eye, head and neck movements into restrictiveanimation, internal sight, ergonomic evaluation of the field of vision, consideration of focaldistance, simulation of mirror view

Belt analysis: Calculation of belt routing, calculation of seatbelt points

Reachability Analysis: Body type-dependent calculations of reachability levels, (also) forextremities calculation of reachability surfaces for body part chainsextremities, calculation of reachability surfaces for body part chains.

The human body model JACK‘s main background is in computer graphics , for example inanimation of virtual humans in movies. In anglophone countries, it is also used for productdesign (primarily automotive) and as tool for educational training movies.

Main objective of JACK today is beside of product design also the display of humans ini t l i t With i l h d JACK i ki d f t l t ll d dvirtual environments. With special hardware, JACK is kind of remotely controlled and

follows the real human‘s movements. When aditionally displaying the virtual sight ofJACK, the user gets the impression of personally sitting in the vehicle. This makes veryearly and detailled product analysis possible.

The database of body measurements is primarily based on US-American data sets. Theyare represented as percentiles. JACK offers functionality for analysis of sight, range,postures and movements.postures and movements.

Delmia (Digital Enterprise Lean Manufacturing Interactive Application) by DassaultSystems is a software for planning, visualisation, simulation and validation for productionplanning. Delmia is making first attempts to pursue the idea of digital manufacturing andincludes an integrated human model, DELMIA human.

F f d l t h b t d l b d i biliti f hi l i t iFocus of development has been to model body measure variabilities for vehicle interiordesign. Similar to RAMSIS, there an exhaustive methodology which by far exceed simplepercentile measures.

Existing analysis caapabilities comprise vision, reach, postures and movement analysis.Additionally, there are functionalities to execute methods-time-measurement, force andperformance analysis.