Technical Research & Development in

Bureau of Sewerage, TMG1. History of R&D

2.Technical R & D Promotion Plan

3. Introduction of Recent Technologies

１ History of R&D of sewerage in Tokyo

Why dose Bureau of Sewerage need to carry out R&D ?

• In the beginning of over 100 years history of sewerage in Tokyo, for the purpose of control of epidemics, public official servants designed, constructed and maintained sewer for themselves.

• Many technologies, planning and designs of sewer were introduced from Europe.

kanda Sewer

Kanda sewer was constructed in 1884.

The activated sludge process

• The activated sludge process was discovered in 1913 in the UK by two engineers, Edward Arden and W.T. Lockett, conducting research for the Manchester Corporation Rivers Department at Davyhulme Sewage Works.

Japanese public official introduced the activated

sludge process from UK and improved it to suit

Japanese conditions.

Trickling filter in 1910’s

Activated sludge process

with mechanical aerator in 1930’s

Oldest WWTP in Japan

Mikawshima WWTP in Tokyo

Mikawashima WWTPImportant national cultural asset

59

Park above Mikawashima Treatment Plant

• Bureau of sewerage started about 50 years ago.

• Before then, it was one of division of Bureau of Waterworks.

• R&D section started about 40 years ago.

Technical needs in sewerage in Tokyo is very

unique because of the concentration of human

activity,ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ activity, cultural activity and

building,social infrastructure.

For example, the site for wastewater plant is so

narrow that we developed Double-decker

Sedimentation Tank and Deep Aeration Tank .

Double-decker Sedimentation Tank

and Deep Aeration Tank

• For another example, No-dig method or method without excavation

There were already many lifelines such as water supply pipes, electric cables and gas lines under ground of the narrow road, it was difficult to construct sewer with open cut method in Tokyo.

So we improved no-dig method like pipe jacking method and shield tunneling method.

These technologies were developed in Europe.

• The first successful tunnelling shield was developed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, and patented by him and Lord Thomas Cochrane in January 1818. Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel used it to excavatethe Thames Tunnel, beginning in 1825 (though the tunnel would not be opened until 1843).

Compact shield method

Shield machine

Rotating cutter head Shield concrete segment

• Now private companies have advanced technology in restricted field of sewerage, but they did not understand all sewerage system.

• So private companies do not understand technical needs correctly.

• But they have technical seeds.

On the other hand, we, public official servants, understand sewerage system syntheticallyand residents’ needs and technical needs.

So we need to collaborate with private company and universities in order to promote R&D by adjusting technical needs and seeds.

2.Technical R & D Promotion Plan

1 Principle (Goal) of R&D

①Solution to the imminent problem

②Focusing on the future problems, carving out a new future, and promoting technical development to prepare for the future

③Fostering vitality of the sewerage work and industrial power

• 2 Methods &Means of R&D

Methods

Promotion of

specific

research

Promotion of

joint research

with private

enterprises and

universities, etc.

Drawing up

Technical

Research &

Development

Promotion Plan

Means

Utilization of

“Sewerage

Technical

Research and

Development

Center”

Utilization of the

facilities of the

Tokyo Bureau of

Sewerage for

demonstration

experiment, etc.

Transmission of

information

about the

problems

Reinforcement

of cooperation

with industrial,

academic and

public sectors

Industrial

academic Public

• Ⅱ Technical Research & Development Methods

Research

• 1.Independent research • Research carried out directly by the Bureau or

through consignment to consultants, etc.

• 2.Joint research• Joint research with private enterprises,

universities, etc.

•

Joint Research

Joint research Topic

proposer

Cost

burden of

research

content

Open-type Sewerage

Bureau

Bureau &

private

enterprise

Tokyo Sewerage Bureau comes up with the topic of research, evaluates and

selects the enterprise for research from the applicant private enterprises.

Know-how + field

offer type

Private

enterprise

Private

enterprise

･Private enterprise proposes at research and development stage, bringing

commercialization into view.

･The Bureau provides the know-how, site and facilities in addition to the

experimental materials such as sewage (wastewater), etc.

Simple offer type Private

enterprise

Private

enterprise

･The test and research stage of the private enterprise and the technology

involving simple skill and improvement and ending in less than one year.

･The Bureau provides the know-how, site and facilities in addition to the

experimental materials such as sewage, etc.

Sewerage Technical Research and Development Center

Since the sewerage works are exclusively operated and managed by the local governments, the research institutes belonging to private enterprises and universities have fewer chances of conducting experiments and verification tests using the actual fields.

Laboratory

Experimental

field

Experimental

plant

The Sewerage Technical

R&D Center was

established in Sunamachi

Water Reclamation

Center in July 2008 as a

new development base to

carry out integrated

technical development for

wastewater treatment

and sludge treatment

with praivate companies

and universities.

Sewerage in the Ward Area

Technical Research & Development Assessment,

In introducing the newly developed technology or new methods

and machines, the Technology Assessment System is

appropriately used, with the assessment of the result after

using the new technology and ex-post evaluation carried out by

exterior council members.

1 The Engineering Management Committee

2 The Engineering Study Committee

3 New Engineering Committee.

Open type,

know-how + field

offer type

・ simple offer

type

About effectiveness

and fairness when

determining the new

technique (method),

new materials and

new machines

Examining organization

Technical assessment:

Evaluation for

commercialization

Review of the theme for

research and development

･Technical assessment

･Evaluation for commercialization and adoption

Technical assessment:

Evaluation for adoption

Ex-post evaluation of

developed technology

※

※

※Referred to New Engineering Committee if found necessary

Improvements

needed

Improvement

measures

endend

Review of the theme for research

and development

New Engineering Committee Examining organization (Exterior

members)

）

Joint research

Engineering Study

Committee (Division

or Department)Engineering M

anagement Committee

Flow of assessment of newly developed technology, etc.

Technical Research & Development Themes

Mutual relationship among technical development themes

High efficiency of business

(work)

Comfort

improvements

・Maintenance

and management

technology

②Wastewater treatment

and sludge treatment

facilities

① Pipeline infrastructure

Construction

technology

Effective use of resources

countermeasures against global

warming:

Global warming and

climatic changes

【Measures for adaptation to the effect and risk of climatic

changes】

（sludge, solar light, etc.）

・Utilization of renewable energy sources

・Energy saving

・Measures for reducing greenhouse gas

【[Easing measures for global warming and climatic changes]

・Countermeasure against

immersion

（agricultural support through

phosphor recovery, etc.）

・Recycling of sludge

・Reutilization of treated water

Water, food and energy

problems

・Countermeasure against trace

materials and pathogenic organism

・Rebuilding of the aged facility

・Countermeasure against earthquake

disaster

・Countermeasure

against immersion

Safety

improvements・Advanced treatment

・Combined sewer improvements

・Countermeasures against ambient

environment

Contribution to global

environment conservation he lines and arrows in the fig. connect the items with closer relation.

Re-utilization of treated water

(Drought management)

3 Introduction of Recent

Technologies according to R&D Theme

Effective use of resources

The treated wastewater is reused for various usage such as toilet flushing water, water for street watering to prevent heat island phenomenon, restoration water for stream and river, washing and cooling water in wastewater treatment facilities and so on.

• Record of water volume for FY2007 (m3/day)

• Toilet flushing water, etc.(reclaimed water)

• 9,134

• Stream restoration(reclaimed water)

• 99,646

• Water for cleaning roads, etc. (reclaimed water)

• 2,295

• Water for in-house use in the Bureau (treated water)

• 389,366

• Total volume of re-used water

• 500,441

• （ 9.3 %）

technology producing Reclaimed water

• ozon-resistant membrane

• Ceramic membrane filtration

Ozon-resistant membraneFilm Filter: PVDF(Poly Vinylidine DiFluoride)

(Treatment capacity: 4,300 m3/day)

Polyvinylidene Difluoride = PVDF

IUPAC: poly-1,1-difluoroethene

Fluorine resin with ozone-resistant

37

Circulating water

Filtered

water

Raw

water

Ｈ Ｆ

Ｃ Ｃ

Ｈ Ｆ ｎ

-(CH2-CF2)n-

Ozone-resistant film filter through joint

research

38

Ozonation

Biofilm filtration

Treated wastewater

Ozone-resistant film

Raw water(Secondary treatment water)

Biofilm filtration

Ozonation

Microfiltration(100 nm)

Reclaimed water

(Shibaura Water Reclamation Center ）

System applying ozone-resistant film filtration

The organic matters and ammonia

color and smell but also kills bacteria

the remaining turbidity and bacteria.

Ceramic film filtration

原水 膜ろ過水

膜ろ過水

膜ろ過水

支持層

分離層

Membrane filtered water

Membrane filtered water

Membrane filtered water

Source water

Separation layer

Support layer

Merits of the technology

Extension of membrane life and decrease in

ozone dosage are possible as ceramic is

originally more tolerant to ozone than high

molecule membrane.

For this reason, ceramic membrane which had

been actually applied in water purification

process for water supply was decided to be

applied for wastewater treatment.

原水処理水

処理水集水処理水集水

スリットスリット

処理水流路処理水流路

原水流路原水流路 支持層支持層分離層分離層

原水処理水

処理水集水処理水集水

スリットスリット

処理水流路処理水流路

原水流路原水流路 支持層支持層分離層分離層

原水処理水

処理水集水処理水集水

スリットスリット

処理水流路処理水流路

原水流路原水流路 支持層支持層分離層分離層

Application of ceramic-film filtration in the joint

research. Durability improvement and cost reduction will be

realized by use of Ceramic-film filtration.

Raw water

channel

Membrane filtered water

Separating

layerSupporting layer

Sourcewater

Membrane filtered water

filtered

water

catchment

slit

Comfort Improvement

1.Surface control equipment

Problems of combined sewer systems in wet weather

Wastewater

treatment plant

Problem of effluent loads

Debris such as floatables

Combined sewer

StormwaterSewage

Outlet

Overflow

weirIntercepting

sewer

Diversion chamber

Water Surface control equipment

～ Behavior of debris ～

Present Surface control equipment

Diversion

chamber

Debris

Sewage

intercepting

sewer

Control

plate

Spiral

motionGuide wall

Combined

sewer

Overflow

sewer

Overflow

weir

Technology of Removing Debris by Water Surface Control Equipment

Principle of water surface control equipment

～ Point: Utilize wastewater flow ～

Present Improved

Sewage Intercepting

sewerSewage Intercepting

sewer

• Video

Fluid Dynamics

• Karman vortex

Merits of water surface control equipment

・No need of power due to utilization of wastewater flow

・Easy maintenance due to simple structure

・Economical

We constructed about 300 equipments

Global warming countermeasure

• Development of a Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System using Thin-Film Solar Modules

The object of the technology is to lower greenhouse gas emissions due to reduction of the electric power generated from fossil fuels at the Water Reclamation

Centers.

thin-film solar cell modules mounted on a uniaxial tracking type pedestal

(1kW generation)

Aa Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System

• Research targets were met last year, and it can

be concluded from this small-scale experiment

that solar power generation can be one of the

new technologies introduced to sewerage

systems.

• This year, we install and test an expanded 500kW solar photovoltaic generation system at Water Reclamation Centers, researching any issues with the high voltages that couldn’t be verified with the smaller system.

Sludge carbonization plant

Safety Improvement

1.SPR method

2.Float less method

Deteriorated sewer in small diameter

Deteriorated trunk sewer

The length of sewer constructed each year

20001900

ＷｏｒｌｄWar Ⅱ

Approximately 13% of sewer, or 2,000km

have exceeded a durable life 50 years old.

Sewer Pipe Renewal method

Before after

Workers can work with wastewater running in the sewer.

polyvinyl chloride profile

Liquefaction allowed this sewer to float upward (Niigata earthquake)

“Float less method” to prevent manhole floating upward due to earthquake.

Mechanism of Manhole floating upward

■Loose saturated unconsolidated soils stay by shear

stress of each granules of soil

Mechanism of Manhole floating upward

■Loose saturated

unconsolidated soils

consolidate due to the

earthquake.

■ The water trapped

in the batch of sand

cannot escape.→

Pore water pressures are

increasing

Mechanism of Manhole floating upward

→Effective stress of

soil is decreasing

■The shear strength of the

soil reduces to 0.

Loose soil(sands) go from a

solid state, reach a liquefied

state

Mechanism of Manhole floating upward

■After earthquake , soil（sand） is sinking .

→ Manhole is floating more upward

[Valve reducing excess pore water pressure]

Ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ of Float less Method

excess p

ore w

ater

pressu

re

excess p

ore w

ater

pressu

re

Valve

Ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ of Float less Method

2009/12/3 67

Metal meshPlate pressured by water

Socket

Pressure adjustment nail(3@120°)

valveSand

inside

Side wall of manhole

Ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ of Float less Method

2009/12/3 68

valveSand

inside

Side wall of manhole

, excess

pore water

pressure

The result of experiment

2009/12/3 69

In case of float less method

No measure

Plan of introduction of Float less Method

• We will introduce Float Less Method

to the manhole under main road.

The planned length is 500km,

the planned number of manhole is 2000 by 2009 fiscal year.

Now we are introducing this method to existing manhole rapidly.

Transition of customers from abroad

その他 その他

その他

その他 その他 その他その他

中国中国

中国

中国 中国

中国

中国

大韓民国 大韓民国

大韓民国

大韓民国大韓民国

大韓民国

大韓民国

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19

人数

アメリカタイ

クロアチア

フィリピンマレーシア インド

国数

タイ

100

80

61 ヵ国

103 105

79

87

60

40

20

65

42

Korea

China

Thailand

2006 2007

Thank you for your attention