technical discussion about the hazard and risk involved in...
TRANSCRIPT
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Technical discussion about the hazard
and risk involved in driving
Shuai Yuan
PhD Student
Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering
Texas A &M University
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Audience
Technical people in US (2014)
2
Education Age 25 and over
Bachelor’s degree 31.96%
Master's and/or doctorate and/or
professional degree
11.77%
Doctorate and/or professional
degree
3.27%
Doctorate 1.77%
Source: https://www.census.gov
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Objectives
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– Convey the difference between Hazard and Risk
– Convey the idea of Prevention, Mitigation and
Response
– Discuss the concept of Layer of Protection Analysis
(LOPA)
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Hazard vs. Risk
A source of danger1
The potential for having an accident
HazardA possibility that something bad or unpleasant will happen1
A measure of accident in terms of likelihood and magnitude of an accident
Risk
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Car Car
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
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Examples of hazards of driving
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Can hazard be eliminated?
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Yes! But prohibitively expensive and not very
practical
– Can we ban all cars?
– Will we build concrete tunnels
for walkers to cross every street?
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Why do we still drive a car?
Hazard
Transportation
Value
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Benefits
Expand your range of activity
Save time wasting in walking
Provide a cool atmosphere in summer and warm
feeling in winter
Enhance your personal relationship with others
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Why do we still drive a car?
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• Driving without wearing a seat belt
• Excess speed limit
• Driving under the influence of alcohol
• Driving under bad weather condition (e.g. frozen
road, fog, etc.)
• Failure to take properly maintain our vehicles
• Driving on roads with a high accident rate
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Examples of unsafe driving
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Measures to reduce risk
Prevention
– The actions to reduce the possibility of accident
Mitigation
– The actions to reduce the severity of accident consequence
Response
– The actions to reduce the injury and loss of an accident
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Measures to reduce risk
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Ris
k/
%
Risk reduction measures
……..N
Prevention:
Training and driver
license requirementPrevention:
Road and driving
rulePrevention:
Routine car maintenance
Mitigation:
Seat belt
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Measures to reduce risk
Seat belt use in on the rise. Laws, education, and technology have
increased seat belt use from 11% in 1981 to nearly 85% in 2010
13Source: http://www.cdc.gov
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Measures to reduce risk
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Ris
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Risk reduction measures
……..N
Mitigation:
Seat beltMitigation:
Air bagResponse:
Roadside assistance
Ban all cars
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Measures to reduce risk
Prevention
– Require a driver license
– Road/driving rules and regulations
– Police enforcement of the rules and regulations
– Automobile maintenance regularly
– Driving at a lower speed
– Improve vehicle safety systems (e.g. eyesight driver
assist, automated braking, etc.)
– Good road design and maintenance
15Source: http://www.cdc.gov
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Measures to reduce risk
Mitigation
– Vehicle safety systems (e.g. seatbelt, bumper, air bags,
etc.)
– Vehicle crashing test standard:
Euro NCAP or IIHS-HLDI
– Highway guardrail & road
shoulders
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Measures to reduce risk
Response
– Roadside assistance
– Trained emergency responders
– Call 911
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Public Brochure
Making the brochure with the help from TEES
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Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
Definition
– LOPA is a semi-quantitative tool for analyzing and
assessing risk
– LOPA is to used to characterize the consequences and
estimate the frequencies
– Various layers of protection are added to lower the
likelihood of undesired consequence
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Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
How does LOPA work
– The existing layers of protection are tested for their
ability to achieve risk tolerance criteria
– If unacceptable, addition layers of protection are
required
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Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
Emergency Response (Roadside assistance)
Physical protection (air bags, median barriers,
seat belt, etc.)
Automated braking systems
Alarm (overspeed
alarm)
Automobile design &
control system
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Fig 2. LOPA diagram for driving a car
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Questions
Q: Based on the information given in this course,
please provide one example of risk and hazard?
A: Risk: using the knife to cut food in the kitchen
Hazard: the knife in the kitchen
Q: Based on the example that you give, please name
the possible prevention, mitigation and response
measures that can be taken.
A: Prevention: place the knife on where children can
not reach.
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Questions
A: Mitigation: do not make the knife too sharp
Response: prepare band aid at home
Q: Considering the hazard and risk, why are you still
willing to use the items in your example?
Q: Apply LOPA to analysis the barrier layers to
reduce the risk of the example item that you
mentioned.
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Reference
1. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
2. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov
3. https://www.census.gov
4. http://www.cdc.gov
5. Crowl, Daniel A., and Joseph F. Louvar. Chemical process safety:
fundamentals with applications. Pearson Education, 2001.
6. http://www.emersonprocessxperts.com/2013/08/applying-layer-of-
protection-analysis-to-driving-automobiles/
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Thank You !
Questions & comments are
welcome