technical cooperation with the philippines department of

National REDD+ System Philippines Project

Deutsche Forstservice GmbH

Component 4 implemented

on behalf of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Technical Cooperation with the Philippines

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

National REDD+ System Philippines

Component 4:

Forest Land Use Planning and REDD+ Implementation in Selected Areas

PN 12.9022.0-001.00 / VN 81162755

Field Manual for the Forest Resources Assessments

in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental

December 2014

Ralph LENNERTZ, Ransom FIEL, Cyrus Peter MEGRASO


Deutsche Forstservice GmbH

Component 4 implemented

on behalf of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. i

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ ii

TABLES ................................................................................................................................ iii

FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. iii

ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................... iv

SYMBOLS .............................................................................................................................. v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 1

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .......................................................................... 2

1.1 National REDD+ System Philippines Project .......................................................... 2

1.2 Methodological Framework ..................................................................................... 2

1.3 Project Sites ........................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 4

2. INVENTORY DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Inventory Method .................................................................................................... 6

2.2 Number and Distribution of Sampling Units ............................................................ 6

2.3 Configuration of Sampling Units ............................................................................. 7

2.4 Observations and Measurements at and around the Sample Points ....................... 8

2.5 Observations and Measurements at and around the Satellite Centers.................... 8

2.6 Implementation ....................................................................................................... 9

2.6.1 Inventory teams .......................................................................................... 9

2.6.2 Inventory equipment .................................................................................. 10

2.6.3 Inventory camps ........................................................................................ 10

2.6.4 Data recording, processing and analysis ................................................... 11

2.7 Quality Assurance / Quality Control ...................................................................... 11

2.7.1 Quality Assurance (QA) ............................................................................ 11

2.7.2 Quality Control (QC) .................................................................................. 11

3. RETRIEVAL AND PERMANENT MARKING OF SAMPLE POINTS AND SATELLITE CENTERS.................................................................................................. 13

3.1 Approach of Sample Points using GPS Receivers ................................................ 13

3.2 Location of Sample Points and Satellite Centers using Compass and Distance Tape ...................................................................................................... 14

3.3 Permanent marking of Sample Points and Satellite Centers ................................. 16

3.4 Inaccessible Sample Points and Satellite Centers ................................................ 16

4. OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS ................................................................... 18

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4.1 Administrative Location ........................................................................................ 18

4.2 Target Coordinates ............................................................................................... 18

4.3 Actual Coordinates ............................................................................................... 18

4.4 Elevation .............................................................................................................. 18

4.5 Slope .................................................................................................................... 18

4.6 Slope Orientation .................................................................................................. 19

4.7 Terrain .................................................................................................................. 20

4.8 Land Classification ............................................................................................... 20

4.9 Land Cover ........................................................................................................... 20

4.10 Forest Type .......................................................................................................... 21

4.11 Tree Crown Cover ................................................................................................ 21

4.12 Plant Diversity ...................................................................................................... 22

4.13 Ground Coverage Classes by Vegetation Layers ................................................. 22

4.14 Ground Coverage and Average Depth of Litter ..................................................... 22

4.15 Mid-Diameter and Length of Lying Dead Wood Sections ...................................... 23

4.16 Observations / measurements on Live Trees and Standing Dead Wood .............. 24

4.16.1 Species ..................................................................................................... 24

4.16.2 Azimuth ..................................................................................................... 24

4.16.3 Horizontal distance.................................................................................... 24

4.16.4 Reference diameter ................................................................................... 26

4.16.5 Merchantable height .................................................................................. 28

5. SEQUENCING OF OBSERVATIONS, MEASUREMENTS AND DATA RECORDING ................................................................................................................ 32

5.1 Sequencing of Observations, Measurements and Data Recording at the Sample Points ...................................................................................................... 32

5.2 Sequencing of Observations, Measurements and Data Recording on the Satellites ............................................................................................................... 32

6. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 34

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: List of Sampling Units to be Inventoried in Eastern Samar

Appendix 2: List of Sampling Units to be Inventoried in Davao Oriental

Appendix 3: Inventory Data Forms

Appendix 4: Species List (sorted by common name)

Appendix 5: Species List (sorted by scientific name)

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TABLES

Table 1: Overview of plot sizes and data requirements for live trees and dead wood ........................................................................................................... 9

FIGURES

Figure 1: Configuration of the sampling unit (cluster) ................................................. 7

Figure 2: GARMIN GPSmap 64 and 78 series GPS receivers ................................. 13

Figure 3: SUUNTO KB-14/360 handheld precision compass ................................... 15

Figure 4: Horizontal distance measurement with offset ............................................ 16

Figure 5: Re-location of inaccessible Satellites ........................................................ 17

Figure 6: SUUNTO PM-5/360 handheld precision clinometer / dendrometer ............ 19

Figure 7: Measurements on lying dead wood sections ............................................. 23

Figure 8: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder ........................................................ 25

Figure 9: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder (tilt sensor alignment) ..................... 25

Figure 10: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder (horizontal distance measurements) ......................................................................................... 26

Figure 11: Reference diameter measurements .......................................................... 27

Figure 12: Diameter estimates for inaccessible measurement points ......................... 28

Figure 13: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder (height measurements) ................... 31

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ACRONYMS

AD Ancestral Domain

AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use

AGB Above-Ground Biomass

BGB Below-Ground Biomass

BMUB Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety)

CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title

CBFM Community-Based Forest Management

CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan

CMA Co-Management Agreement

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DFS Deutsche Forstservice GmbH

DOM Dead Organic Matter

FLUP Forest Land Use Planning

FMB Forest Management Bureau

FREL Forest Reference Emissions Level

FRL Forest Reference Level

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH

GPS Global Positioning System

ICC Indigenous Cultural Communities

IP Indigenous People

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LGU Local Government Unit

MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification

NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority

NCIP National Commission on Indigenous People

NGP National Greening Program

PNRPS The Philippine National REDD-Plus Strategy

POI Point of Interest

PSC Project Steering Committee

QA Quality Assurance

QC Quality Control

REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, and conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks

SINP Samar Island Natural Park

SOM Soil Organic Matter

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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SYMBOLS

= equal

> greater

≥ greater or equal

< smaller

≤ smaller or equal

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The present manual constitutes the technical reference for the field teams carrying out the Forest Resources Assessments to be conducted from 2014 until 2015 in the sites of the National REDD+ System Philippines Project in the Visayas and Mindanao selected for Forest Land Use Planning (FLUP) and the implementation of REDD+ eligible activities (Borongan City and Maydolong in Eastern Samar, Caraga, Manay and Tarragona in Davao Oriental), in support of the elaboration and pilot testing of Forest Reference (Emissions) Levels FR(E)Ls and a Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system. The underlying methodology has been developed and described by LENNERTZ R. and SCHADE J. (2014) in a separate document. It is a refinement of the forest carbon baseline study carried out from 2011 until 2012 in Leyte in the framework of the Climate relevant Modernization of Forest Policy and Piloting of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Project, taking into account evolving international standards and good practices with regards to forest carbon stock assessment for the estimation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and removals in compliance with the latest (2006) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for national GHG inventories in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector following the "Stock Difference Method". The Forest Resources Assessments pursue the objectives of providing estimates of carbon stocks with quantified precisions for key carbon pools:

Above-Ground Biomass (AGB) at Tier 2 level (in due time Tier 3 after the first re-measurement);

Below-Ground tree Biomass (BGB) at Tier 1 level;

Dead Organic Matter (DOM) at Tier 2 level (in due time Tier 3 after the first re-measurement);

Soil Organic Matter (SOM) at Tier 1 level;

of key forest strata according to the 2010 forest cover map prepared by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), based on the establishment, observation and measurement of 200 Sampling Units per Project site (600 Sampling Units in total). After a short introduction to the Project, as well as a brief summary of the methodological background, the scope and the objectives of the Forest Resources Assessments, the manual successively provides details about:

the inventory design, notably regarding (i) the inventory method, (ii) the number, distribution and configuration of Sampling Units, (iii) the parameters to be assessed / measured, (iv) the manpower, equipment and logistics for the implementation, (v) data recording, processing and analysis, and (vi) Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) (Chapter 2);

the retrieval and permanent marking of Sample Points and Satellite Centers (Chapter 3);

the observations and measurements to be carried out (Chapter 4);

the sequencing of observations, measurements and data recording (Chapter 5).

Not all particular situations that may be encountered during the implementation of the inventories can be anticipated beforehand. If situations arise for which the instructions are not clear or complete, the solution(s) temporarily adopted by the inventory teams shall be documented and brought to the attention of the authors. The latter shall study the issue and amend / augment the inventory instructions so as to lift ambiguities and ensure proper and standardized implementation of the inventory procedures.

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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 National REDD+ System Philippines Project

The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Housing and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) funded National REDD+ System Philippines Project contributes to the overall goal that Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), relevant government agencies, local government units and local communities / indigenous people in the Philippines use a national framework, based on internationally recognized ecological and social safeguards, to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and to achieve co-benefits (biodiversity conservation and livelihoods improvement). The Project supports the implementation of the Philippine National REDD-Plus Strategy (PNRPS) by assisting the process towards REDD+ Readiness. The Project works in 3 sites in various regions of the Philippines for REDD+ demonstration activities: Region 5 Luzon / Bicol Region, Region 8 Eastern Samar, and Region 11 Davao Oriental. Project Component 4 shall achieve the following indicators:

Forest Land Use Plans (FLUPs) and co-management agreements with clear land tenure arrangements for local communities and Indigenous People (IP) groups and biodiversity conservation agreements with local actors are in place for at least three pilot areas covering a total forest area of at least 150.000 ha.

REDD+ eligible activities (avoided deforestation and degradation, reforestation, assisted natural regeneration, sustainable forest management) in at least three pilot areas for emissions reduction and CO2 removals have been implemented.

Moreover, substantial contributions shall be furnished to:

Forest Reference (Emissions) Levels (FR[E]Ls) for the three sites;

Concept for a REDD+ Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system;

Forest policy and regulatory frameworks related to Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM), tenure arrangements, Co-Management Agreements (CMAs), IP/ICC concerns, and biodiversity conservation;

Knowledge management and Project monitoring and reporting.

It is in support of the elaboration and pilot testing of FR(E)Ls and the MRV system that Forest Resources Assessments shall be carried out in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental.

1.2 Methodological Framework

The 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for national GHG inventories propose two methods of calculating carbon stock changes in a given carbon pool for a given land-use category in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector:

the "Gain - Loss Method", estimating the difference between increases (transfer from another carbon pool or increase of biomass [removal]) and decreases (transfer to another carbon pool or emissions) of the amount of carbon;

the "Stock Difference Method", estimating the change of carbon stocks through measurements at two (or more) points in time (which reflects the emissions and removals).

The "Stock Difference Method" is robust and transparent, particularly to monitor carbon stock changes from forest degradation, which, in the Philippines, is a GHG emission source key

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category (category "3 B 1 a Forest Land Remaining Forest Land") with a presumably higher emission level than deforestation (sub-category "3 B 2 b i Forest Land Converted to Cropland"). The "Stock Difference Method" requires two estimations: (i) forest area (preferably by strata that are correlated to carbon stocks) and (ii) carbon stock per unit area of forest. For both estimations, it is essential to refer to DENR Memorandum Circular 2005-005 of 26 May 2005 with regards to the forest definition: "Land with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and tree crown (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters at maturity in situ. It consists either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high portion of the ground or open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10 percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes, which have yet to reach a crown density of more than 10 percent or tree height of 5 meters are included under forest. These are normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. It includes forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest within protected areas; windbreaks and shelter belts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and width of more than 20 meters; plantation primarily used for forestry purposes, including rubber wood plantations. It also includes bamboo, palm and fern formations (except coconut and oil palm)." The forest area by strata has recently been mapped nationwide by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), through visual classification of medium- to high- resolution multi spectral satellite data, acquired mainly 2010. Carbon stock per unit area of forest for the different strata must be determined using appropriate probabilistic (statistical) field sampling inventory methods. The adopted inventory methodology, developed and described by LENNERTZ R. and SCHADE J. (2014), is a refinement of the forest carbon baseline study carried out from mid-2011 until end 2012 in Leyte in the framework of the BMUB funded, GIZ-assisted Climate relevant Modernization of Forest Policy and Piloting of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Project (SCHADE J. and R. LUDWIG, 2013), building on the experience gained during this inventory, and taking into account evolving international standards and good practices.

1.3 Project Sites

Considering the variability of the prevailing natural, cultural and institutional conditions throughout the Philippines, 3 replications were deemed necessary to validate lessons learned in the field from activities contributing to the up-scaling of the implementation of the PNRPS. Following the geographical division into major island groups, one replication each should be implemented in Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao, respectively. In the 3 sites, Municipalities as territorial units for FLUPs and Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs), have been scrutinized in February 2014 with the concurrence of an international short-term expert (SEIFERT-GRANZIN J., 2014) for their potential, applying criteria regarding (i) forests and threats, (ii) priority watersheds, (iii) biodiversity conservation, (iv) poverty, (v) logistics, (vi) replicability, (vii) preparedness and commitment of the LGUs, and (viii) for one site at least priority areas of the National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP). The recommended sites and proposed activities:

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in Albay (Luzon) the Municipalities of

o Malinao, Tabaco City and Tiwi, to serve as a test case for developing a prototype financing mechanism for conservation of forest carbon stocks, and

o Ligao City and Oas for FLUP and sustainable forest management, as well as developing the link between the National Greening Program (NGP) and a REDD+ registry;

in Eastern Samar (Visayas) the Municipalities of Borongan City and Maydolong, covering the Suribao river watershed offering opportunities for creating synergies between a ridge-to-reef or integrated watershed ecosystems management approach, protected areas management (as part of the Samar Island Natural Park [SINP]) and REDD+; and

in Davao Oriental (Mindanao) the Municipalities of Caraga, Manay and Tarragona, featuring considerable areas of Closed Forests being part of Ancestral Domains (ADs) with Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles (CADTs) either approved or in the process of delineation;

were approved in May 2014 by the Project Steering Committee (PSC). The Forest Resources Assessments shall be limited to Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental.

1.4 Objectives

The Forest Resources Assessments shall provide estimates of carbon stocks (expressed in t C / ha) with quantified precisions

for the key carbon pools (with definitions according to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories)

o Living Biomass (LB), composed of

- Above-Ground Biomass (AGB), defined as follows: "All biomass of living vegetation, both woody and herbaceous, above the soil including stems, stumps, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage. In cases where forest understory is a relatively small component of the above-ground biomass carbon pool, it is acceptable for the methodologies and associated data used in some tiers to exclude it, provided the tiers are used in a consistent manner throughout the inventory time series."

- Below-Ground tree Biomass (BGB), defined as follows: "All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than (suggested) 2 mm diameter are often excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter."; and

o Dead Organic Matter (DOM), composed of

- Dead Wood (DW), defined as follows: "Includes all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps, larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter (or the diameter specified by the country)." (for the Forest Resources Assessments in the National REDD+ System Philippines Project sites, the inventory threshold / minimum diameter for dead wood is set to 5.0 cm), and

- Litter (LI), defined as follows: "Includes all non-living biomass with a size greater than the limit for soil organic matter (suggested 2 mm) and less than the minimum diameter chosen for dead wood (e.g. 10 cm), lying dead, in various states of decomposition above or within the mineral or organic soil. This includes the litter layer as usually defined in soil typologies. Live fine roots above the mineral or organic soil (of less than the minimum diameter limit chosen for below-ground biomass) are included in litter where they cannot be distinguished from it empirically." (for the Forest

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Resources Assessments in the National REDD+ System Philippines Project sites, the inventory threshold / minimum diameter for dead wood is set to 5.0 cm);

of key forest strata according to the 2010 forest cover map prepared by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), distinguishing:

o Closed Forests (forests with a tree crown cover of more than 40%) and

o Open Forests (forests with a tree crown cover of more than 10% up to 40%);

within and (for comparison purposes) adjacent to the Project sites;

at T0 (prior to the implementation of REDD+ eligible activities);

using permanent sampling units in view of the implementation of the "Stock Difference Method" for determining GHG emissions and removals.

Considering that more than 96% of the AGB biomass of tropical forest is found in trees with a diameter at breast height (Dref) ≥ 10.0 cm (GILLESPIE A. et al., 1992; in the Philippines, LASCO et al., 2006, report from Surigao del Sur 98% of the AGB in trees with a Dref ≥ 19.5 cm), the biomass of trees with a Dref < 5.0 cm and the non-tree biomass (except for bamboos and palms, which are also included in the Philippine forest definition, see Chapter 1.2) is not key and will not be accounted for in the inventories. BGB of live trees, bamboos and palms shall not be estimated directly, but calculated using the BGB to AGB ratio (R) of the IPCC guidelines. The carbon stocks of mangroves (a non-key forest stratum, since of the total 2010 forest area, mangroves represent only 4.07% in Eastern Samar and 1.00% in Davao Oriental) shall be accounted for using IPCC Tier 1 data (IPCC, 2013: Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG - Coastal wetlands: Tables 4.3, 4.5, 4.7 and 4.11). IPCC Tier 1 data shall also be used to account for Soil Organic Matter (SOM) (IPCC, 2006: IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories - AFOLU: Table 2.3), defined as follows: "Includes organic carbon in mineral soils to a specified depth chosen by the country and applied consistently through the time series. Live and dead fine roots and DOM within the soil, that are less than the minimum diameter limit (suggested 2 mm) for roots and DOM, are included with soil organic matter where they cannot be distinguished from it empirically. The default for soil depth is 30 cm."

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2. INVENTORY DESIGN

2.1 Inventory Method

The inventory adopts a stratified probabilistic (statistical) sampling using permanent Sampling Units (SUs), referring to the Closed Forests and Open Forests strata of the 2010 NAMRIA national forest cover map. The population sampled to estimate the forest biomass and carbon stock consists of the following elements:

live trees (including bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns) with a diameter at breast height or above buttress (Dref) ≥ 5.0 cm (in tropical forests, the smaller trees represent less than 4% of the AGB, are not key and hence excluded from the inventory);

dead wood, both standing and lying, down to a small end diameter of 5.0 cm (the smaller fractions are part of the litter);

litter.

For live trees and dead wood, the inventory threshold consistently amounts to 5.0 cm (in diameter). The population elements are sampled with a probability proportional to their frequency, using fixed circular area plots.

2.2 Number and Distribution of Sampling Units

200 Sampling Units per Province shall be inventoried, 150 thereof within the municipal territories of the LGUs with Project field activities (Borongan City and Maydolong in Eastern Samar, Caraga, Manay and Tarragona in Davao Oriental). The other 50 Sampling Units are spread throughout the remaining provincial territory. The Sample Points (centers of the Sampling Units) are randomly drawn from those nodes of a quadratic grid with a side length of 1 km located in Closed Forests or Open Forests according to the 2010 NAMRIA national forest cover map. In the absence of official / authoritative administrative boundaries, the municipal boundaries downloadable from the GADM database of Global Administrative Areas Version 2 (see http://www.gadm.org/) have been used as reference. Appendix 1 lists the coordinates of the Sampling Units to be inventoried in Eastern Samar, Appendix 2 those to be inventoried in Davao Oriental. The numbering of the Sampling Units reveals whether the Sample Point is located within the selected municipal territories (001 to 150), or within the remaining territory of the Province (501 to 550). The numbering follows the sequence of the random drawing of the Sample Points.

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2.3 Configuration of Sampling Units

Each Sampling Unit consists of the following elements (see Figure 1 below):

1 circular plot with 25 m radius for the ocular assessment of the land cover.

4 "satellites" with their centers at 40 m horizontal distance from the sample point in the 4 cardinal directions (North, East, South and West), each consisting of 2 concentric circular plots:

o 5 m radius plot for:

- the sampling of "small-sized" live trees (all species, plus bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns) with 5 cm ≤ Dref < 20 cm;

- the sampling of standing dead wood with Dref ≥ 5.0 cm;

- the sampling of lying dead wood down to a diameter of 5.0 cm;

- the sampling of litter.

o 10 m radius plot for:

- the sampling of "big-sized" live trees (all species, plus bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns) with Dref ≥ 20 cm;

Figure 1: Configuration of the sampling unit (cluster)

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2.4 Observations and Measurements at and around the Sample Points

The following parameters are observed / measured at the Sample Points:

Administrative location: Province, City / Municipality and Barangay.

Actual coordinates.

Elevation.

Slope.

Slope orientation.

Terrain: 11 classes (plateau; summit / crest; upper slope; middle slope; lower slope; bench /terrace; valley; plain; narrow depression; water course; dunes).

Land classification: Legal status (forest land or alienable and disposable).

The following parameters are assessed within a radius of approximately 25 m horizontal distance around the Sample Points:

Land cover: 12 classes (forest; marshland / swamp; fallow; shrubs; wooded grassland; grassland; annual crop; perennial crop; open / barren land; built-up area; fishpond; inland water).

Forest type: 10 types (dipterocarp old growth forest; dipterocarp residual forest; mossy forest; submarginal forest; closed pine forest; open pine forest; mangrove of growth forest; mangrove reproduction forest; native tree plantation forest; other plantation forest).

Tree crown cover: 3 classes (tree crown cover ≤ 10%; 10% < tree crown cover ≤ 40%); tree crown cover > 40%).

2.5 Observations and Measurements at and around the Satellite Centers

The following parameters are observed / measured at the Satellite Centers (similar to the observations / measurements at the Sample Points):

Administrative location: Province, City / Municipality and Barangay.

Actual coordinates.

Elevation.

Slope.

Slope orientation.

Terrain: 11 classes (plateau; summit / crest; upper slope; middle slope; lower slope; bench /terrace; valley; plain; narrow depression; water course; dunes).

Land classification: Legal status (forest land or alienable and disposable).

The following parameters are observed / measured within a radius of exactly 5 m horizontal distance around the Satellite Centers:

Plant diversity.

Ground coverage classes for six (6) vegetation layers according to height (< 50 cm; 50 cm ≤ height < 130 cm; 130 cm ≤ height < 200 cm; 2.0 m ≤ height < 4.0 m; 4.0 m ≤ height < 10.0 m; height > 10.0 m): 4 classes (none; coverage ≤ 10%; 10% < coverage ≤ 50%; coverage > 50%).

For each of the sampled "small-sized" live trees (including bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns) with 5 cm ≤ Dref < 20 cm: species, azimuth and horizontal distance (from the Satellite Center), and Dref.

For each of the sampled standing dead wood (including stumps) with Dref ≥ 5.0 cm: species, azimuth and horizontal distance (from the Satellite Center), Dref and merchantable height.

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For each of the sampled lying dead wood sections (those portions that are within the 5 m horizontal distance radius plot) down to a diameter of 5.0 cm: mid-diameter and length.

Litter: ground coverage percentage plus average depth.

The following parameters are observed / measured within a radius of exactly 10 m horizontal distance around the Satellite Centers:

Land cover: 12 classes (forest; marshland / swamp; fallow; shrubs; wooded grassland; grassland; annual crop; perennial crop; open / barren land; built-up area; fishpond; inland water).

Forest type: 10 types (dipterocarp old growth forest; dipterocarp residual forest; mossy forest; submarginal forest; closed pine forest; open pine forest; mangrove of growth forest; mangrove reproduction forest; native tree plantation forest; other plantation forest).

Tree crown cover: 3 classes (tree crown cover ≤ 10%; 10% < tree crown cover ≤ 40%); tree crown cover > 40%).

For each of the sampled "big-sized" live trees (including bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns) with Dref ≥ 20.0 cm: species, azimuth and horizontal distance (from the Satellite Center), Dref and merchantable height.

Table 1 summarizes the circular plot sizes and the required observations / measurements for live trees (including bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns) and dead wood.

Table 1: Overview of plot sizes and data requirements for live trees and dead wood

Live Trees Dead Wood

"Small-Sized" "Big-Sized" Standing Lying

5 cm ≤ Dref < 20 cm Dref ≥ 20 cm Dref ≥ 5 cm Dref ≥ 5 cm

Plot radius 5.0 m 10.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m

Species Species Species Species -

Azimuth Azimuth Azimuth Azimuth -

Hor. Distance Hor. Distance Hor. Distance Hor. Distance -

Diameter DBH / DAB DBH / DAB DBH / DAB Mid-Diameter

Height / Length - Merch. Height Merch. Height Section Length

2.6 Implementation

2.6.1 Inventory teams

The inventories are carried out by two Inventory Teams, each composed as follows:

One Team Leader, with a B.Sc. in Forestry, and at least 2 years working experience in forest resources assessment / monitoring;

One Assistant, with a B.Sc. in Forestry, and at least 2 years working experience in forest resources assessment / monitoring;

Two to four Helpers (according to the accessibility of the SUs being measured), recruited locally, familiar with the area and if possible knowledgeable about tree species / forest products.

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The Team Leaders are responsible for the security of the team, for the equipment entrusted to them, and for the work of their members. They direct the members, validate the data observed or measured by their Assistants, and complete the field data forms. The Assistants manipulate the equipment and carry out the observations and measurements. The Helpers advise on the retrieval of the Sample Points, carry the equipment, open / brush trails, access and sighting lines, mark the Sample Points and centers of the Satellite Centers, help the Assistants in carrying out the measurements, and mark the trees. Based on the experience gained in the implementation of the forest carbon baseline study from mid-2011 until end 2012 in Leyte in the framework of the BMUB funded, GIZ-assisted Climate relevant Modernization of Forest Policy and Piloting of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Project, one Inventory Team working 2 x 12 days without break per month (to reduce the proportion of time spend in mobilization / de-mobilization) should be able to establish and measure an average of 16 Sampling Units per month. Hence, with two Inventory Teams, it is expected that 200 Sampling Units will be accomplished within 6.5 months (incl. an initial 6-days plus 1-week training).

2.6.2 Inventory equipment

Each Inventory Team is equipped with the following:

One (1) handheld GPS receiver with proven sensitivity / ability to operate under difficult signal reception conditions (under tree cover), such as GARMIN GPSmap 62 and 64 series, or GARMIN GPSmap 76 and 78 series, to retrieve the sample points and measure coordinates.

One (1) handheld "dendrometer" for the measurement of tree heights using the trigonometric principle, hence capable of measuring distances and inclination angles, such as the LASER TECHNOLOGY Inc. (LTI) TruePulse Laser 200 laser rangefinder.

One (1) handheld precision compass graduated in degrees for the measurement of bearings / azimuth, such as the SUUNTO KB-14/360.

One (1) handheld precision clinometer such as the SUUNTO PM-5/360 as alternative to and backup for the dendrometer.

One (1) fiberglass distance tape, 30 m, to measure distances.

One (1) steel diameter tape, 5 m, to measure tree diameters.

Per Sampling Unit five (5) iron rods (of at least 1 cm diameter and 50 cm length) and five (5) bright-colored 1/2 " PVC pipes (of 50 cm length) for the marking of the Sample Point and Satellite Centers.

One (1) hatchet.

One (1) first aid kit.

One (1) backpack to carry the equipment.

Personal field work gear for the Team Leaders and Assistants (boots, rain coats, head lamps, sleeping bags, etc.)

Camping equipment (tents, mobile stoves, etc.).

2.6.3 Inventory camps

Considering the location of the Sampling Units to be inventoried and their accessibility, studied on the basis of available geographic data such as topographic, infrastructure and road network maps, GOOGLE Earth images, etc., the Sampling Units are grouped into batches assigned to inventory camps strategically located, preferably in Barangays or Sitios.

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A reasonable compromise must be found between (i) the number of Sampling Units assigned to a specific inventory camp (ideally not less than the number of Sampling Units that can be observed / measured by the two (2) Inventory Teams in one (1) field mission, to minimize the "unproductive" time spend travelling from the Project office to and from the inventory camp), and (ii) the distance from the inventory camp to the furthest Sampling Unit.

2.6.4 Data recording, processing and analysis

In the field, the inventory data are recorded using the set of specifically designed data forms shown in Appendix 3. The data forms shall progressively be submitted to the field office for encoding into a specifically developed MySQL-powered database, whose architecture has been developed and described by BARROIS V. (2014).

2.7 Quality Assurance / Quality Control

2.7.1 Quality Assurance (QA)

During the establishment, assessment and measurement of the Sampling Units in the field, the inventory instructions contained in the present manual must strictly be complied with. If situations arise for which the instructions are not clear or complete, the solution temporarily adopted shall be documented and brought to the attention of the authors of the present manual. The latter shall study the issue and amend / augment the inventory instructions so as to lift ambiguities and ensure proper and standardized implementation of the inventory procedures. During data acquisition, the Team Leader shall repeat aloud all information / data he receives from his team members prior to their recording on the field data forms. Before leaving the Sample Point and each of the four Satellites, he shall verify whether all needed data haven been properly recorded, and that no equipment will be left behind. At the end of each day, the Team Leader shall re-check the completeness of the field data forms, and store them properly collated in a dry and safe place until handing them over to the Junior Advisor in charge of the coordination and supervision of the field work. The Junior Advisor shall regularly, more frequently at the start of the inventory, accompany the inventory teams to closely watch whether the inventory procedures, assessments and measurements are carried out correctly. Errors must be corrected swiftly. The Assistants should not permanently work with the same Team Leader, but regularly be rotated, so as to improve the consistent and homogenous implementation of the inventory protocol. Data encoding shall closely follow the data acquisition in the field, so that eventual gaps and errors observed can be ironed out with minimal effort, and the inventory teams be cautioned on typical and critical issues.

2.7.2 Quality Control (QC)

Ten percent (10%) of the Sampling Units chosen at random and without prior knowledge of the Inventory Teams will be subject to an independent re-measurement. The Team proceeding to the re-measurement shall be led by the Junior Advisor, and assisted by the Team Leader responsible for the original establishment, assessment and measurement of the Sampling Unit. All data of the Sampling Unit shall anew be acquired, recorded and processed. The field measurement error (in % of the difference of the total forest carbon

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stock per ha between the measured and the re-measured Sampling Unit, with reference to the re-measured Sampling Unit) will be computed and documented. Data encoding will likewise be checked, in a first round through the limitation of data entry ranges, the sorting of data to spot oddly small and large numbers, and using programmed plausibility checks revealing implausible data constellations. Once the data are seemingly purged of gross mistakes, ten percent (10%) of the encoded data chosen at random will be compared with the field data forms.

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3. RETRIEVAL AND PERMANENT MARKING OF SAMPLE POINTS AND SATELLITE CENTERS

3.1 Approach of Sample Points using GPS Receivers

The Sample Points are accessed / retrieved on the basis of their coordinates using orientation maps and handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) stand-alone receivers such as the GARMIN GPSmap 62, 64, 76 and 78 series GPS receivers (see Figure 2). As with all GARMIN GPS receivers, the Sample Points can be uploaded from a computer as "Points of Interest (POIs)" rather than as "waypoints", using the "GARMIN POI loader" software (freeware downloadable from http://www8.garmin.com/support/mappingsw.jsp). "POIs" offer the advantage that unlike "waypoints", they cannot be edited nor erased from the GPS receivers (unless connected to a computer and with the use of the aforementioned software).

Figure 2: GARMIN GPSmap 64 and 78 series GPS receivers

Prior to navigating to a "waypoint" or "POI", the GPS receiver must be properly configured. With GARMIN GPSmap 62, 64, 76 and 78 receivers, press the MENU button twice to open the < Main Menu >, and verify respectively set the following configuration options:

< Setup > \ < System > \ < GPS > \ < Normal >;

< Units > \ < Distance and Speed > \ < Metric >;

< Position Format > \ < UTM UPS >;

< Map Datum > \ < WGS 84 >;

< Heading > \ < Display > \ < Numeric Degrees >;

< Heading > \ < North Reference > \ < True >;

< Heading > \ < Compass > \ < Auto >;

< Altimeter > \ < Auto Calibration > \ < On >;

< Altimeter > \ < Barometer Mode > \ < Variable Elevation >;

< Routing > \ < Activity > \ < Direct Routing >.

The built-in compass must regularly be calibrated, notably after moving long distances, experiencing temperature changes, or changing batteries: press the MENU button twice to open the < Main Menu >, select < Heading > \ < Compass > \ < Calibrate Compass > and follow the instructions displayed.

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To navigate to a

"waypoint", press the FIND button, and select the destination from < Waypoints > among the stored "waypoints"

"POI", press the FIND button, and select the destination from < Extras > \ < Custom POIs > among the stored "POIs"

(shown in the order of their proximity). Then select < GO >, and cycle to the < Compass > window pressing repeatedly the PAGE button. The most informative selection of data fields for the < Compass > window, which can be customized by pressing the MENU button and selecting < Change Data Fields > while viewing the < Compass > window, is as follows:

up left: < Waypoint at Dest. > (displays the name of the "Waypoint" or "POI" selected as destination);

up right: < Off Course > (displays the distance between the actual position and the straight line connecting the position where the navigation was initiated to the destination);

down left: < Bearing > (displays the azimuth / bearing in ° to the destination);

down right: < Distance to Dest. > (displays the distance in km or m to the destination).

The approach of a targeted Sample Point is best studied together with the local Helpers / Guides, who are well versed with the terrain, existing trails, unsurmountable barriers and/or obstacles such as steep hills or waterlogged areas to be avoided. As long as the destination is still several hundred meters away, it is faster to proceed towards it following trails or easy to moderate terrain conditions, heading into the right direction, rather than following a straight line.

3.2 Location of Sample Points and Satellite Centers using Compass and Distance Tape

Considering the limited positional precision of stand-alone GPS measurements / navigation (in practice ± 10 m, as evidenced by the virtual movement of an immobilized GPS receiver, which is a remarkable precision to come close to any point on the globe from whatever origin over considerable distances, but insufficient to measure distances of less than 100 m to 200 m, since the relative precision deteriorates to 10% to 5%), the location of Sample Points must be determined covering the last 10 m to 15 m by compass and horizontal distance measurement (referring to the azimuth / bearing and distance to the Sample Point displayed by the GPS receiver on the < Compass > window once the distance to the destination is less than 15 m) using a distance tape, in order to prevent bias (preference for easily accessible areas) when closing in on the Sample Point. The same applies to the location of the four (4) Satellite Centers of each Sampling Unit, located at 40 m in the four (4) cardinal directions (North = 0°; East = 90°, South = 180°; West = 270°) from the Sample Point. Two persons (Helpers) are needed for accurate horizontal distance measurements using distance tapes ("chain"), a head chainman also acting as brusher, and a rear chainman. On level terrain, the distance tape is stretched straight and horizontally above the ground. On slopes or uneven ground, measurements are made by steps ("horizontal chaining" or "brake chain"), in such a way that differences in elevation between the ends or intermediate points of the distance tape (for easy monitoring of the cumulated horizontal distance covered using multiples of 5 m) are balanced by raising the lower end. The azimuth / bearing is measured with the help of a handheld precision compass such as the SUUNTO KB-14/360 (see Figure 3). The compass man (Assistant) sends the head

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chainman in the desired direction. Whenever the end either of the distance tape or of the range of vision is reached, the compass man directs the head chainman to place a pole. On steep terrains as well as over short sighting distances (less than 5 m), however, the compass does not permit reliable measurements / readings. In these cases, it is necessary to prolong the already covered straight line with the help of poles that are aligned with at least two poles placed along the established portion ("tree pole method").

To adjust focus, close one eye and look through the optics. Turn the cranted black optics knob until numbers are clear.

To measure / read azimuth / bearing, hold the compass horizontally, so that the scale can move freely. Keep both eyes open, and aim through the optics to the target. An optical illusion makes the sighting line and the scale appear over the target. Read the value from the sighting line once the scale is stable.

Figure 3: SUUNTO KB-14/360 handheld precision compass

Whenever unsurmountable obstacles, such as cliffs, thick clusters of pandan (Pandanus spp.) or buho and alike (Schizostachyum spp.), etc. are encountered when measuring horizontal distances, it is necessary to offset the straight line. The offset (see Figure 4) is done perpendicularly to the straight line. As soon as the obstacle has been circumvented, the original straight line must be returned to.

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Figure 4: Horizontal distance measurement with offset

3.3 Permanent marking of Sample Points and Satellite Centers

The Sample Points and the 4 Satellite Centers of each Sampling Unit are permanently marked with an iron rod (of at least 1 cm diameter and 50 cm length), forced at least 4/5 of its length into the ground, topped with a 50 cm bright-colored 1/2 " PVC pipe to facilitate the retrieval for Quality Control (QC) purposes.

3.4 Inaccessible Sample Points and Satellite Centers

Should one of the Satellite Centers turn out to be inaccessible, it may exceptionally be re-located at 80 m horizontal distance from the Sample Point in the next cardinal direction, turning clockwise (see Figure 5, page 17: if the Western Satellite Center is inaccessible, its center may be re-located at 80 m horizontal distance to the West + 90° = North from the Sample Point). Should a Sample Point turn out to be inaccessible, the Sampling Unit will be abandoned. In due time, a replacement Sample Point will be drawn at random from those nodes of the quadratic grid with a side length of 1 km located (i) in the same forest stratum and (ii) at a similar elevation as the inaccessible Sample Point.

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Figure 5: Re-location of inaccessible Satellites

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4. OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS

4.1 Administrative Location

The administrative location, comprising at least the Region, Province and Municipality, and as much as possible the Barangay, is observed at and recorded for the Sample Points and all Satellite Centers. Hence, five (5) such observations are recorded per Sampling Unit (in some cases, a Sampling Unit may be crossed by an administrative boundary).

4.2 Target Coordinates

The target UTM coordinates, comprising the Zone (in the Philippines 50 in Palawan, 52 in the eastern-most portions of Mindanao, 51 elsewhere), the Northing in m and the Easting in m, are recorded for the Sample Points. The coordinates are taken from the lists in Appendix 1 (Sampling Units for Eastern Samar) or Appendix 2 (Sampling Units for Davao Oriental).

4.3 Actual Coordinates

The actual UTM coordinates, comprising the Zone (in the Philippines 50 in Palawan, 52 in the eastern-most portions of Mindanao, 51 elsewhere), the Northing in m and the Easting in m, are measured at and recorded for the Sample Points and all Satellite Centers. Hence, five coordinate measurements are performed per Sampling Unit. The coordinates are read from the GPS receiver, immobilized at the Sample Point or Satellite Center, using "averaging". With GARMIN GPSmap 62, 64, 76 and 78 receivers, press the MENU button twice to open the < Main Menu >, select < Waypoint Avg. >, followed by < Create Waypoint >, and wait until the sample confidence has reached 100%. This may take up to 5 minutes, under poor satellite signal reception conditions more. There is no harm letting the GPS receiver continue the averaging after the sampling confidence has reached 100%. Hence, the GPS receiver can be left at measurement point, while performing other observations / measurements.

4.4 Elevation

The elevation in m above sea level is measured at and recorded for the Sample Points and all Satellite Centers. Hence, five (5) elevation measurements are performed per Sampling Unit. The elevation is read from the GPS receiver. With GARMIN GPSmap 62, 64, 76 and 78 receivers, cycle to the < Elevation Plot > window pressing repeatedly the PAGE button, and read the elevation from the < Elevation > data field. If the latter is not shown, press the MENU button, select < Change Data Fields >, and choose < Elevation >.

4.5 Slope

The slope is measured at and recorded for the Sample Points and all Satellite Centers. Hence, five slope measurements are performed per Sampling Unit. The slope corresponds to the average inclination in % measured with a clinometer such as the SUUNTO PM-5/360 (see Figure 6) in two opposite directions along 10 m segments (oblique distance) of an imaginary straight line passing through the Sample Point / Satellite Center and following the steepest slope gradient (where water would run off).

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To adjust focus, close one eye and look through the optics. Turn the cranted black optics knob until numbers are clear.

To measure / read vertical angle, hold the clinometer vertically, so that the scale can move freely. Keep both eyes open, and aim through the optics to the target. An optical illusion makes the sighting line and the scale appear over the target. Read the value from the sighting line once the scale is stable.

Figure 6: SUUNTO PM-5/360 handheld precision clinometer / dendrometer

4.6 Slope Orientation

The slope orientation is measured at and recorded for the Sample Points and all Satellite Centers. Hence, five slope orientation measurements are performed per Sampling Unit. The slope orientation corresponds to the azimuth / bearing in ° of the downhill direction of the imaginary straight line used for the measurement of the slope gradient, read from a compass such as the SUUNTO KB-14/360 (see Figure 3).

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4.7 Terrain

The terrain / topography class is observed at and recorded for the Sample Points and all Satellite Centers. Hence, five terrain / topography classes assessments are performed per Sampling Unit. The assessment through ocular inspection distinguishes the 11 classes defined by FAO (FAO, 2012: National Forest Monitoring and Assessment - Manual for integrated field data collection. Version 3.0):

Plateau: Relatively flat (slope ≤ 5%); terrain of great extent and high elevation, above adjacent lowlands limited by an abrupt descent scarp on at least one side; may be dissected by deep valleys and deeply incised rivers.

Summit / crest: Crest of any kind or hilltop; can be sharp or rounded.

Upper slope: Upper slope of hillside (located on the upper 1/3 of the slope) (shoulder).

Middle slope: Middle slope of hillside (slope > 5%) (back slope).

Lower slope: Lower slope of hillside (foot slope).

Bench / terrace: Horizontal zone of average width over 30 m interposed in the valley side (slope < 15%) or a terrace over 6 m width.

Valley: Very wide, gently sloping depression with predominant extent in one direction commonly situated between two mountains or ranges of hills; the profile may be U- or V-shaped; includes river valley (formed by flowing water) or glacier valleys.

Plain: A large flat to very gently undulating area at a low elevation with reference to surroundings

Narrow depression: Enclosed depression or small, narrow valley or distinct crater (including ravine, gorges, gullies, canyons, etc.).

Water course: Permanent or temporary water course (river, etc.).

Dunes: Sandy hills developed through sand deposits from wind erosion / storms, often unstable and moving.

4.8 Land Classification

The land classification (legal status) is observed at and recorded for the Sample Points and all Satellite Centers. Hence, five land classification assessments are performed per Sampling Unit. The assessment through ocular inspection distinguishes 2 classes according to the latest available land classification map from DENR:

Forest land.

Alienable and disposable.

4.9 Land Cover

The land cover is observed at and recorded for the Sample Points within a radius of 25 m horizontal distance and all Satellites within a radius of 10 m horizontal distance from the centers. Hence, five land cover assessments are performed per Sampling Unit. The assessment through ocular inspection distinguishes forests (further classified according to their type, see Chapter 4.10) and the 11 non-forest land cover classes used in the 2010 NAMRIA national forest cover map:

Forest: Land with an area of more than 0.5 ha and trees able to reach a minimum height of 5 m in situ with a crown cover of more than 10% (see Chapter 1.2 for the detailed definition).

Marshland / swamp.

Fallow.

Shrubs.

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Wooded grassland.

Grassland.

Annual crop.

Perennial crop.

Open / barren land.

Built-up area.

Fishpond.

Inland water.

4.10 Forest Type

The forest type is observed at and recorded for the Sample Points within a radius of 25 m horizontal distance and all Satellites within a radius of 10 m horizontal distance from the centers. Hence, five forest type assessments are performed per Sampling Unit. The assessment through ocular inspection distinguishes the 8 natural forest types used in the conduct of the second National Forest Resources Inventory (1979 - 1988), plus 2 additional types for planted (man-made) forests:

Dipterocarp old growth forest: Tropical rain forest dominated by Dipterocarpaceae with traces of commercial logging.

Dipterocarp residual forest: Tropical rainforest dominated by Dipterocarpaceae after commercial logging.

Mossy forest: Tropical rainforests of the high elevations dominated by Podocarpaceae, Myrtaceae and Fagaceae with trees of medium height and short boled, covered with epiphytes.

Submarginal forest: Tropical rainforest dominated by Leguminosae and lesser utilized species, mainly restricted to shallow and excessively drained lime stone soils.

Closed Pine forest: Pure stands of Benguet or Minodoro Pine with crown cover > 30%.

Open Pine forest: Pure stands of Benguet or Minodoro Pine with 10% < crown cover ≤ 30%.

Mangrove old growth forest: Tidal forests dominated by Rhizophoraceae located on mud flats at the mouths of streams along the shore of protective bays, without traces of exploitation.

Mangrove reproduction forest: Tidal forests dominated by Rhizophoraceae and Verbenaceae dominated by Api-api (Avicennia officinalis) located on mud flats at the mouths of streams along the shore of protective bays, where utilization had been intensive and big trees had been removed.

Native tree plantation forest: Planted forest dominated by native rainforest species.

Other plantation forest: Planted forest dominated by non-native, often fast growing tree species.

4.11 Tree Crown Cover

The tree crown cover is observed at and recorded for the Sample Points within a radius of 25 m horizontal distance and all Satellites within a radius of 10 m horizontal distance from the centers. Hence, five tree crown cover assessments are performed per Sampling Unit.

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The assessment through ocular inspection distinguishes the 3 classes currently used by NAMRIA for forest cover mapping:

Non-forest: tree crown cover ≤ 10%).

Open forest: 10% < tree crown cover ≤ 40%.

Closed forest: Tree crown cover > 40%.

4.12 Plant Diversity

The plant diversity is counted at and recorded for all Satellites within a radius of 5 m horizontal distance from the centers. Hence, four plant diversity counts are performed per Sampling Unit. The inventory consist of the counting of distinct higher plant species observed, even if not known by their local, official common or scientific names. To avoid repeated counting of the same species, the count should be done by only one person, systematically collecting specimen of leaves from plants that can be reached from the ground.

4.13 Ground Coverage Classes by Vegetation Layers

Ground coverage classes for six vegetation layers are observed and recorded for all Satellites within a radius of 5 m horizontal distance from the centers. Hence, four times six ground coverage classes assessments are performed per Sampling Unit. For each of the following 6 vegetation layers:

Grass, herbs and mosses.

Tree regeneration, shrubs and plants with 50 cm ≤ height < 130 cm.

Tree regeneration, bushes and plants with 130 cm ≤ height < 200 cm.

Undergrowth of any kind with 2.0 m ≤ height < 4.0 m.

Lower trees and other plants with 4.0 m ≤ height < 10.0 m.

High trees with height > 10.0 m.

the following 4 ground coverage classes are assessed through ocular inspection:

None.

Coverage ≤ 10%.

10% < coverage ≤ 50%.

Coverage > 50%.

4.14 Ground Coverage and Average Depth of Litter

Litter, defined as all non-living biomass with a size > 2 mm and < 5.0 cm (i.e. the minimum diameter / inventory threshold for dead wood), lying dead, in various states of decomposition above or within the mineral or organic soil, is inventoried and recorded for all Satellites within a radius of 5 m horizontal distance from the centers through ocular estimates of

the ground coverage in %, and

the average depth in cm.

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4.15 Mid-Diameter and Length of Lying Dead Wood Sections

Lying dead wood, defined as all non-living woody biomass lying on the ground with a diameter ≥ 5.0 cm (i.e. the inventory threshold for dead wood and live trees) not contained in the litter, is inventoried and recorded for all Satellites within a radius of 5 m horizontal distance from the centers. For each lying dead wood section within the 5 m radius plot (without considering those portions extending beyond the plot, see Figure 7, the following measurements are performed:

Mid-diameter: Mid-diameter outside bark in cm, rounded to 0.1 cm, of the dead wood section within the 5 m radius plot, without considering those portions (i) extending beyond the plot, or (ii) with a diameter < 5 cm. The mid-diameter is measured using a caliper or a diameter tape.

Length: Length in m, rounded to 0.1 m, of the dead wood section within the 5 m radius plot, without considering those portions (i) extending beyond the plot, or (ii) with a diameter < 5 cm. The length is measured using a distance tape.

If a lying dead wood section features branches, these are measured separately.

Figure 7: Measurements on lying dead wood sections

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4.16 Observations / measurements on Live Trees and Standing Dead Wood

Live trees and standing dead wood with a reference diameter ≥ 5.0 cm are inventoried and recorded for all Satellites within a radius of

5 m horizontal distance from the centers for

o "small-sized" live trees (all species, plus bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns) with 5.0 cm ≤ Dref < 20.0 cm;

o standing dead wood with Dref ≥ 5.0 cm;

10 m horizontal distance from the centers for "big-sized" live trees (all species, plus bamboos, palms rattan and tree ferns) with Dref ≥ 20.0 cm.

For each of the sampled live trees and standing dead wood, (i) the species, (ii) azimuth and (iii) horizontal distance from the Satellite Center, (iv) Dref and for standing dead wood with Dref ≥ 5.0 cm as well live trees with Dref ≥ 20.0 cm (v) the merchantable height are observed / measured and recorded as described hereafter.

4.16.1 Species

Local common names of trees, bamboos, palms, rattan and tree ferns are not suited to unequivocally identify a species, because they vary from dialect to dialect, and even from place to place. They should only be recorded if the species cannot be identified using an official common name or a scientific name. A comprehensive, though not exhaustive species list is provided in Appendix 4 (alphabetically sorted on the common names) respectively Appendix 5 (alphabetically sorted on the scientific names).

4.16.2 Azimuth

The azimuth / bearing in ° of the center of each sampled live tree and standing dead wood at its basis / ground level is recorded as measured from the Satellite Center using a compass such as the SUUNTO KB-14/360 (see Figure 3).

4.16.3 Horizontal distance

The horizontal distance in m, rounded to 0.1 m, of the center of each sampled live tree and standing dead wood at its basis / ground level is recorded as measured from the Satellite Center using a distance tape or a laser rangefinder such as the LTI TruePulse Laser 200 (see Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10).

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Press the FIRE button on top of the unit to turn power on.

Press and hold simultaneously the ▲ or ▼ buttons on the side of the unit for 4 seconds to turn power off.

The eyepiece can be adjusted by turning it.

The diopter of the viewfinder can be adjusted by turning the cranted ring at the basis of the eyepiece.

To change units, press and hold the ▼ button for 4 seconds until < UnitS > is displayed in the viewfinder. Press the FIRE button to confirm the < UnitS > option, then press the ▲ or ▼ buttons to select the unit (feet, meters or yards), and press the FIRE button to select the unit and return to the measurement mode.

Figure 8: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder

The tilt sensor is aligned during assembly. Should the unit suffer a severe shock, the tilt sensor may have to be re-aligned as follows: (1) Press and hold the ▼ button for 4 seconds until < UnitS > is displayed. (2) Press the ▼ button to display the < inc > option. (3) Press the FIRE button to confirm the < inc > option, then press the ▲ or ▼ buttons to select the < CAL_Y > option, and press the FIRE button to start the calibration of the tilt sensor. < CAL_1 > is displayed. (4) Position the unit on a flat level surface. Use one finger to hold the front of the unit flat on the surface, and keep the finger in place until step (7) is completed. (5) press the FIRE button; < CAL_2 > is displayed. (6) Rotate the unit 180 °. (7) Press the FIRE button; < donE > is displayed. (8) Press the FIRE button to return to the measurement mode.

Figure 9: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder (tilt sensor alignment)

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To measure horizontal distance, select the < HD > mode by pressing the ▲ or ▼ button until < HD > is displayed at the bottom of the viewfinder.

Look through the eyepiece and use the crosshair to aim to the target along a clear line of sight, then press and hold the FIRE button.

Release the FIRE button once the horizontal distance is displayed.

Figure 10: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder (horizontal distance measurements)

4.16.4 Reference diameter

The reference diameter (Dref) outside bark in cm, rounded to 0.1 cm, of each sampled live tree and standing dead wood is recorded as measured using a diameter tape at the following measurement points (see also Figure 11):

in general at "breast height", i.e. 1.3 m above ground ("Diameter at Breast Height [DBH]") as measured from the uphill side of the stem;

for trees with prominent buttresses / basal flanges at breast height, the diameter is measured 30 cm above the end of the buttresses / flanges ("Diameter Above Buttress [DAB]");

for trees with bulges, swellings, depressions, branches or other abnormalities at breast height, the diameter is measured just below and above the abnormality at a point where it ceases to affect normal stem form, and computed as the average of the two measurements;

for stumps with a total height < 1.3 m at the section.

If a live tree / standing dead wood forks immediately above breast height, the diameter is measured below the swell resulting from the fork. If a live tree / standing dead wood forks below breast height, the stems are considered as separate trees / standing dead woods. On

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leaning live trees / standing dead woods, the "breast height" must be determined along the axis of the stem.

Source: ZÖHRER F., 1980: Forstinventur: Ein Leitfaden für Studium und Praxis

Figure 11: Reference diameter measurements

Prior to the measurement, all vines and climbers, as well as other hindrances that may impede the proper use of the diameter tape at the measurement point on the stem must be removed. The diameter tape is wrapped around the stem, carefully levelled at the

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measurement point, and tightened. In some cases (e.g. big trees, dense vegetation, etc.), two (2) persons may be required to place the diameter tape into the right position. To avoid mistakes when reading the diameter tape, the latter should always be used so that the graduation numbers are upright. Whenever it proves impossible to measure the reference diameter with a diameter tape as described above (e.g. when the measurement point is inaccessible), it may be approximated by comparison with a metric tape (commonly the reverse side of diameter tapes) that is held horizontally at the base of the tree (see Figure 12).

Figure 12: Diameter estimates for inaccessible measurement points

4.16.5 Merchantable height

The merchantable height in m, rounded to 0.1 m, of each sampled live tree with Dref ≥ 20.0 cm and of each sampled standing dead wood with Dref ≥ 5.0 cm including stumps is recorded as measured using either a clinometer / dendrometer such as the SUUNTO PM-5/360 (see Figure 6), or a laser dendrometer such as the LTI TruePulse Laser 200 laser rangefinder (see Figure 13). Merchantable height of trees with Dref ≥ 35.0 cm is defined as the linear distance along the axis of the stem from the stump height to the top merchantability limit which is restricted by forks, large limbs, sweep, crook or decay, which make segments of the stem un-merchantable for saw logs. For trees with 15.0 cm ≤ Dref < 35.0 cm, the volume section is limited by a minimum top diameter inside bark which is fixed at 60% of Dref. By this definition, the measurement to the base of the tree has to be a measurement to the place where the felling cut would be applied, usually about 50 cm above ground, or above the buttresses. Limits for merchantability are the following:

Size of limbs and knots: The sum of diameters in any ¼ m segment ½ the diameter of the log at that point. Where limb and knot diameters exceed this limit, the merchantable height cannot extend through that point, unless there is a merchantable section of 3 m or more in length above that point.

Sweep: Sweep is a curvature in a tree section. Sweep is measured in centimeters of departure of the center line of the section from a straight line joining the centers of each

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end of the section. The departure is measured at the midpoint of the section containing the sweep. A simple rule for maximum sweep is that departure minus allowance for long taper cannot exceed ½ the small end diameter of the section. Merchantable length is terminated below a section with excessive sweep unless there is a merchantable section of 3 m or more in length above that section.

Crook: Crook is a more or less abrupt bending or angle in a tree section. Crook is measured in cm of maximum departure of the section center line from an extension of the center line of the straight portion of the log. The maximum departure cannot exceed ½ the small end diameter of the log. Excessive crook should terminate the merchantable length unless there is a merchantable section of 3 m or more in length above that section.

Height measurements using the SUUNTO PM-5/360 clinometer / dendrometer:

Height (H) can be estimated from any known horizontal distance through two (2) readings of the % scale, aiming to the upper point (merchantable or total height of the tree) respectively to the lower point (base of the tree). For best results, the horizontal distance used for the sightings should be approximately equal to the height to be measured. Taking into consideration the sign of the lower reading (+ for readings > 0%, - for readings < 0%), the height is computed using the following formula:

𝐻 = (𝑈 − 𝐿) × 𝐷

100

with

H height, in m

U reading, aiming to the upper point, in %

L reading, aiming to the lower point, in %

D horizontal distance

Example:

For readings aiming to the upper point of + 62% respectively to the lower point of - 23% from a horizontal distance of 18.0 m, the formula yields:

𝐻 = ((+62) − (−23)) × 18.0

100= 15.3 m

For horizontal distances of 15.0 m and 20.0 m, scales graduated in m are provided to do direct readings using the following formula:

𝐻 = (𝑈 − 𝐿)

with

H height, in m

U reading, aiming to the upper point, in m

L reading, aiming to the lower point, in m

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Example:

For readings aiming to the upper point of + 7 m respectively to the lower point of - 5 m from a horizontal distance of 20.0 m as illustrated to the right, the formula yields:

𝐻 = ((+7) − (−5)) = 12.0 m

Source: FAO, 2012: National forest monitoring and assessment. Manual for integrated field data collection, V. 3.0

Example:

For readings aiming to the upper point of + 15.5 m respectively to the lower point of + 3.5 m from a horizontal distance of 20.0 m as illustrated to the right, the formula yields:

𝐻 = ((+15.5) − (+3.5)) = 12.0 m


For leaning trees, the height can be estimated making use of the Pythagorean theorem. Example:

For readings aiming to the upper point of + 11.7 m respectively to the lower point of - 1.6 m from a horizontal distance of 20.0 m, and considering the lean of the tree, projecting the tip at 5.0 m horizontal distance from its base as illustrated to the right, the Pythagorean theorem yields:

𝐻 = √11.72 + 522= 12.7 m


FRA Field Manual 31


Height measurements using the LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder:

Height can be estimated from through three (3) measurements (horizontal distance, followed by the inclination aiming to the upper point [merchantable or total height] respectively to the lower point [base] of the tree) using the LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder. For best results, the horizontal distance should be approximately equal to the height to be measured.

To measure height,, select the < HT > mode by pressing the ▲ or ▼ button until < HT > is displayed at the bottom of the viewfinder.

The < HD > indicator flashes, prompting to measure the horizontal distance to the tree. Look through the eyepiece and use the crosshair to aim to the tree along a clear line of sight, then press and hold the FIRE button. Release the FIRE button once the measured horizontal distance appears briefly.

The < Ang_1 > and the < Inc > indicators flash, prompting to measure the inclination to the upper point (merchantable or total height of the tree). Look through the eyepiece and use the crosshair to aim to the upper point, then press and hold the FIRE button. The measured inclination appears and is updated as long as the FIRE button is held. The measured inclination is locked once the FIRE button is released.

The < Ang_2 > and the < Inc > indicators flash, prompting to measure the inclination to lower point (base of the tree). Look through the eyepiece and use the crosshair to aim to the lower point, then press and hold the FIRE button. The measured inclination appears and is updated as long as the FIRE button is held. The measured inclination is locked once the FIRE button is released.

The measured height is displayed after the three measurements (horizontal distance, upper point, lower point).

Figure 13: LTI TruePulse Laser 200 rangefinder (height measurements)

FRA Field Manual 32


5. SEQUENCING OF OBSERVATIONS, MEASUREMENTS AND DATA RECORDING

5.1 Sequencing of Observations, Measurements and Data Recording at the Sample Points

Upon arrival at the Sample Point, the following sequence of observations, measurements and data recording (on the data form for the Sample Points) should be observed:

1) Sample Point No.

2) Date

3) Names of Team Leader, Assistant and Helpers

4) Sketch map of the approach to the Sample Point (with support of the GPS receiver showing the track of the approach to the Sample Point)

5) Region, Province, City / Municipality, Barangay

6) Target coordinates

7) Actual coordinates (once the GPS receiver has completed the averaging)

8) Elevation

9) Slope

10) Slope orientation

11) Terrain

12) Land classification

13) Land cover

14) Forest type

15) Tree crown cover

5.2 Sequencing of Observations, Measurements and Data Recording on the Satellites

Upon arrival at each of the Satellite Centers, the following sequence of observations, measurements and data recording (on the two data form for the Satellites) should be observed:

1) Sample Point No.

2) Satellite identification (and eventual re-location)

3) Date

4) Names of Team Leader, Assistant and Helpers

5) Region, Province, City / Municipality, Barangay

6) Actual coordinates (once the GPS receiver has completed the averaging)

7) Elevation

8) Slope

9) Slope orientation

10) Terrain

11) Land classification

12) Land cover

13) Forest type

14) Tree crown cover

15) Plant diversity

16) Ground coverage classes by vegetation layers

17) Ground coverage and average depth of litter

18) For each sampled lying dead wood section, starting from the North and turning clock-wise: (i) number, (ii) mid-diameter and (iii) length. If more than 23 lying dead wood

FRA Field Manual 33


sections are sampled, a continuation page must be used; on the latter, the following data need to be repeated from the first page:

a) Sample Point No.

b) Satellite identification (and eventual re-location)

c) Date

d) Names of Team Leader, Assistant and Helpers

19) For each sampled live tree, bamboo, palm, rattan, tree fern and standing dead wood, starting from the North and turning clock-wise: (i) number, (ii) species name, (iii) azimuth, (iv) horizontal distance, (v) DBH / DAB, (vi) merchantable height (if required), (vii) and a check mark to indicate whether the tree / bamboo / palm / rattan / tree fern is alive or dead. If more than 30 live trees, bamboos, palms, rattan, tree ferns or standing dead wood are sampled, a continuation page must be used; on the latter, the following data need to be repeated from the first page:

a) Sample Point No.

b) Satellite identification (and eventual re-location)

c) Date

d) Names of Team Leader, Assistant and Helpers

FRA Field Manual 34


6. REFERENCES

ABED T. et al., 2003: Tree measurement manual for farm foresters

ANSAB et al., 2010: Forest carbon stock measurement - Guidelines for measuring carbon stocks in community-managed forests

AUSTRALIAN GREENHOUSE OFFICE, 2002: Field measurement procedures for carbon accounting - Field measurement procedures

AUSTRALIAN GREENHOUSE OFFICE, 2002: Field measurement procedures for carbon accounting - Field sheets and appendices

AUSTRALIAN GREENHOUSE OFFICE, 2002: Field measurement procedures for carbon accounting - Reference document

BARROIS V., 2014: Database architecture for the management and analysis of forest carbon stock inventory data of the National REDD+ System Philippines Project

BFD, 1963: Regional volume equations and tables for Philippine timber species

CARBONFIX E.V., 2011: Forest inventory guideline

CHAVE J. et al., 2014: Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees

CHOJNACKY D. et al., 2009: Separating duff and litter for improved mass and carbon estimates

DENR, 1988: Natural forest resources of the Philippines

DENR, 2012: FMB Technical Bulletin No. 3 - Measurement standards in the conduct of timber inventory

DHARWAMAN I. et al., 2010: Standard operating procedures for field measurement

FAO, 1997: Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests

FAO - IUFRO, 2004: Knowledge reference for national forest assessments - Sample designs.

FAO, 2008: Technical review of FAO's approach and methods for national forest monitoring and assessment

FAO, 2012: National Forest Monitoring and Assessment - Manual for integrated field data collection. Version 3.0.

FERNANDO E., 2012: Forest stratification on ecological terms and forest categories in the Philippines

FORESTRY AND FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 2012: REDD-plus cookbook

FRANGI J. and A. LUGO, 1985: Ecosystem dynamics of a subtropical floodplain forest

GARMIN, 2013: GPSMAP 78 series owner's manual

GILLESPIE, A. et al. 1992: Tropical forest biomass estimation from truncated stand tables

GOFC-GOLD, 2013: A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals associated with deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation - COP 19 Version 1

GREGOIRE T., 1998: Design-based and model-based inference in survey sampling: Appreciating the difference

HAIRIAH K. et al., 2001: Methods for sampling carbon stocks above and below ground.

HAIRIAH K. et al., 2011: Measuring carbon stocks across land use systems - A manual

HEWSON J. et al., 2013: REDD+ Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) manual

IPCC, 1996: Revised guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories - Reference manual

IPCC, 2003: Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry

IPCC, 2006: IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, Volume 4 - Agriculture, forestry and other land use

FRA Field Manual 35


IPCC, 2013: 2013 revised supplementary methods and good practice guidance arising from the Kyoto Protocol

IPCC, 2013: Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories - Coastal wetlands

JOHNSON E., 2000: Forest sampling desk reference

KAUFFMAN J. et al., 2012: Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests

LASCO R. et al., 2006: Carbon stocks assessment of a selectively logged Dipterocarp forest and wood processing mill in the Philippines

LENNERTZ R. and J. SCHADE, 2014: Methodology of the Forest Resources Assessments in the selected sites of the National REDD+ System Philippines Project

MACDICKEN K., 1997: A guide to monitoring carbon storage in forestry and agroforestry projects

MANDALLAZ D., 2008: Sampling techniques for forest inventories

MANIATIS D., 2010: Methodologies to measure aboveground biomass in the Congo Basin forest in a UNFCCC REDD+ context

PEARSON T. et al., 2005: Sourcebook for land use, land-use change and forestry projects

PHUONG V. et al., 2012: Tree allometric equation development for estimation of forest above-ground biomass in Viet Nam - Evergreen broadleaf, deciduous, and bamboo forests in the Central Highland region

POLANSKY C., 2003: Guide to low-cost practical forest resources inventory in the context of participatory management

SCHADE J. and R. LUDWIG, 2013: Forest carbon baseline study in Leyte

SEIFERT-GRANZIN J., 2014: Design of REDD+ interventions in Project sites and further development of baseline and MRV system for REDD+ in the Philippines

SCHREUDER H. et al., 2004: Statistical techniques for sampling and monitoring natural resources

SKOLE D. et al., 2012: Field data collection for landscape carbon inventories

SKOLE D. et al., 2012: Guidelines for measuring carbon in biomass of agro-forestry systems

SKOLE D. et al., 2012: Guidelines for measuring carbon in forest change

TCG, 2009; Measuring and monitoring terrestrial carbon

THIELE T. et al., 2010: Monitoring, assessment and reporting for sustainable forest management in Pacific Island Countries - Manual

TOMPPO E. et al, 2008: Technical review of FAO's approach and methods to National Forest Monitoring and Assessment

VCS, 2010: REDD methodological module - Estimation of carbon stocks in the above- and belowground biomass in live tree and non-tree pools

VCS, 2010: REDD methodological module - Estimation of carbon stocks in the dead wood pool

VCS, 2010: REDD methodological module - Estimation of carbon stocks in the litter pool

WALKER S. et al., 2012: Standard operating procedures for terrestrial carbon measurement

WALKER W. et al., 2011, Field guide for forest biomass and carbon estimation V. 1.0

WONG J., 2000: The biometrics of NTFP resource assessment

ZEMEK O., 2009: Biomass and carbon stocks inventory of perennial vegetation in the Chieng Khoi watershed, NW Vietnam

ZÖHRER F., 1980: Forstinventur: Ein Leitfaden für Studium und Praxis

FRA Field Manual Appendix 1

List of Sampling Units to be Inventoried in Eastern Samar Page 1


Appendix 1:

List of Sampling Units to be Inventoried in Eastern Samar

Sampling UTM Coordinates WGS 84 Geographic Coordinates Unit No. Zone East North Longitude Latitude

[m] [m] [°] [°]

001 51N 742000 1279000 125.2190204 11.5614505

002 51N 747000 1269000 125.2641198 11.4707301

003 51N 755000 1292000 125.3391366 11.6779824

004 51N 748000 1286000 125.2745195 11.6242796

005 51N 753000 1290000 125.3206506 11.6600589

006 51N 744000 1288000 125.2379979 11.6426399

007 51N 755000 1276000 125.3379318 11.5334054

008 51N 765000 1275000 125.4294813 11.5236179

009 51N 747000 1281000 125.2649885 11.5791691

010 51N 763000 1273000 125.4110029 11.5056992

011 51N 761000 1295000 125.3943749 11.7046358

012 51N 765000 1273000 125.4293261 11.5055469

013 51N 755000 1285000 125.3386075 11.6147302

014 51N 750000 1289000 125.2930744 11.6512433

015 51N 753000 1284000 125.3202013 11.6058420

016 51N 760000 1265000 125.3829112 11.4336388

017 51N 747000 1289000 125.2655726 11.6514613

018 51N 751000 1282000 125.3017220 11.5879161

019 51N 743000 1270000 125.2275442 11.4800489

020 51N 755000 1279000 125.3381564 11.5605137

021 51N 749000 1286000 125.2836859 11.6242071

022 51N 755000 1286000 125.3386829 11.6237662

023 51N 744000 1272000 125.2368488 11.4980523

024 51N 752000 1279000 125.3106644 11.5607343

025 51N 749000 1265000 125.2821527 11.4344414

026 51N 747000 1279000 125.2648431 11.5610960

027 51N 754000 1289000 125.3297425 11.6509487

028 51N 744000 1280000 125.2374214 11.5703463

029 51N 758000 1273000 125.3651939 11.5060750

030 51N 749000 1267000 125.2822975 11.4525144

031 51N 753000 1276000 125.3196056 11.5335524

032 51N 763000 1282000 125.4116980 11.5870198

033 51N 767000 1272000 125.4475709 11.4963580

034 51N 750000 1291000 125.2932228 11.6693160

035 51N 758000 1264000 125.3645170 11.4247513

036 51N 764000 1274000 125.4202418 11.5146588

037 51N 749000 1283000 125.2834652 11.5970979

038 51N 761000 1272000 125.3926032 11.4968146

039 51N 757000 1269000 125.3557316 11.4700053

040 51N 754000 1281000 125.3291420 11.5786598

041 51N 751000 1273000 125.3010585 11.5065891

042 51N 755000 1262000 125.3368907 11.4068993

043 51N 746000 1276000 125.2554619 11.5340576

044 51N 751000 1292000 125.3024651 11.6782789

045 51N 751000 1272000 125.3009851 11.4975528

046 51N 765000 1276000 125.4295590 11.5326534

047 51N 745000 1276000 125.2462983 11.5341286

048 51N 745000 1280000 125.2465863 11.5702753

049 51N 744000 1279000 125.2373496 11.5613096





[m] [m] [°] [°]

050 51N 746000 1284000 125.2560412 11.6063505

051 51N 748000 1287000 125.2745929 11.6333160

052 51N 745000 1275000 125.2462265 11.5250919

053 51N 759000 1275000 125.3745075 11.5240722

054 51N 758000 1262000 125.3643673 11.4066793

055 51N 754000 1291000 125.3298933 11.6690209

056 51N 743000 1280000 125.2282565 11.5704170

057 51N 748000 1267000 125.2731367 11.4525858

058 51N 756000 1263000 125.3461239 11.4158624

059 51N 764000 1281000 125.4207845 11.5779076

060 51N 752000 1280000 125.3107386 11.5697705

061 51N 755000 1287000 125.3387583 11.6328022

062 51N 760000 1273000 125.3835177 11.5059256

063 51N 760000 1293000 125.3850518 11.6866409

064 51N 755000 1277000 125.3380066 11.5424415

065 51N 754000 1283000 125.3292918 11.5967321

066 51N 763000 1271000 125.4108492 11.4876279

067 51N 758000 1293000 125.3667162 11.6867928

068 51N 762000 1274000 125.4019179 11.5148106

069 51N 745000 1268000 125.2457253 11.4618349

070 51N 762000 1290000 125.4031536 11.6593810

071 51N 743000 1281000 125.2283281 11.5794537

072 51N 756000 1270000 125.3466454 11.4791151

073 51N 751000 1266000 125.3005459 11.4433344

074 51N 753000 1286000 125.3203508 11.6239143

075 51N 749000 1268000 125.2823700 11.4615509

076 51N 754000 1288000 125.3296673 11.6419126

077 51N 745000 1288000 125.2471651 11.6425685

078 51N 744000 1271000 125.2367775 11.4890156

079 51N 747000 1267000 125.2639758 11.4526569

080 51N 765000 1272000 125.4292486 11.4965113

081 51N 747000 1283000 125.2651342 11.5972422

082 51N 744000 1283000 125.2376372 11.5974564

083 51N 742000 1282000 125.2192341 11.5885610

084 51N 748000 1290000 125.2748135 11.6604253

085 51N 744000 1282000 125.2375652 11.5884197

086 51N 750000 1285000 125.2927783 11.6150980

087 51N 743000 1278000 125.2281136 11.5523434

088 51N 766000 1271000 125.4383321 11.4873993

089 51N 757000 1270000 125.3558066 11.4790413

090 51N 763000 1296000 125.4127897 11.7135174

091 51N 746000 1288000 125.2563323 11.6424968

092 51N 753000 1289000 125.3205756 11.6510228

093 51N 762000 1275000 125.4019947 11.5238463

094 51N 763000 1291000 125.4123984 11.6683398

095 51N 760000 1278000 125.3838988 11.5511046

096 51N 744000 1270000 125.2367062 11.4799788

097 51N 751000 1268000 125.3006921 11.4614072

098 51N 751000 1291000 125.3023905 11.6692426

099 51N 746000 1286000 125.2561866 11.6244236

100 51N 745000 1289000 125.2472378 11.6516051

101 51N 759000 1266000 125.3738269 11.4427491

102 51N 756000 1280000 125.3473956 11.5694757

103 51N 745000 1286000 125.2470201 11.6244952





[m] [m] [°] [°]

104 51N 747000 1265000 125.2638321 11.4345836

105 51N 744000 1277000 125.2372062 11.5432361

106 51N 743000 1269000 125.2274733 11.4710120

107 51N 758000 1265000 125.3645920 11.4337873

108 51N 745000 1284000 125.2468752 11.6064220

109 51N 760000 1272000 125.3834416 11.4968897

110 51N 748000 1276000 125.2737890 11.5339147

111 51N 752000 1285000 125.3111102 11.6149517

112 51N 747000 1285000 125.2652801 11.6153152

113 51N 750000 1269000 125.2916040 11.4705157

114 51N 741000 1283000 125.2101396 11.5976681

115 51N 754000 1276000 125.3287687 11.5334791

116 51N 744000 1287000 125.2379256 11.6336032

117 51N 767000 1274000 125.4477271 11.5144288

118 51N 765000 1271000 125.4291712 11.4874758

119 51N 758000 1270000 125.3649677 11.4789672

120 51N 757000 1274000 125.3561071 11.5151853

121 51N 751000 1290000 125.3023160 11.6602064

122 51N 754000 1282000 125.3292169 11.5876959

123 51N 750000 1273000 125.2918961 11.5066614

124 51N 756000 1292000 125.3483043 11.6779075

125 51N 751000 1286000 125.3020185 11.6240613

126 51N 753000 1283000 125.3201266 11.5968058

127 51N 746000 1265000 125.2546718 11.4346543

128 51N 759000 1267000 125.3739023 11.4517850

129 51N 761000 1275000 125.3928323 11.5239219

130 51N 757000 1275000 125.3561824 11.5242213

131 51N 763000 1283000 125.4117756 11.5960553

132 51N 766000 1277000 125.4387994 11.5416120

133 51N 749000 1281000 125.2833184 11.5790250

134 51N 743000 1286000 125.2286868 11.6246375

135 51N 765000 1279000 125.4297924 11.5597599

136 51N 758000 1276000 125.3654206 11.5331829

137 51N 751000 1263000 125.3003272 11.4162252

138 51N 743000 1287000 125.2287587 11.6336743

139 51N 751000 1262000 125.3002544 11.4071888

140 51N 766000 1279000 125.4389557 11.5596829

141 51N 759000 1276000 125.3745834 11.5331081

142 51N 756000 1262000 125.3460497 11.4068263

143 51N 763000 1289000 125.4122423 11.6502687

144 51N 744000 1284000 125.2377092 11.6064931

145 51N 754000 1275000 125.3286942 11.5244429

146 51N 748000 1265000 125.2729924 11.4345127

147 51N 754000 1292000 125.3299688 11.6780569

148 51N 754000 1286000 125.3295169 11.6238404

149 51N 763000 1292000 125.4124765 11.6773753

150 51N 751000 1287000 125.3020928 11.6330976

501 51N 738000 1354000 125.1877761 12.2394914

502 51N 733000 1337000 125.1406071 12.0862258

503 51N 753000 1298000 125.3212533 11.7323479

504 51N 750000 1323000 125.2956305 11.9584747

505 51N 747000 1242000 125.2621969 11.2267393

506 51N 752000 1255000 125.3089037 11.3438621

507 51N 758000 1251000 125.3635485 11.3072827





[m] [m] [°] [°]

508 51N 749000 1244000 125.2806463 11.2446730

509 51N 756000 1248000 125.3450168 11.2803198

510 51N 768000 1263000 125.4560296 11.4149625

511 51N 747000 1322000 125.2680229 11.9496623

512 51N 744000 1331000 125.2411624 12.0312111

513 51N 759000 1250000 125.3726297 11.2981735

514 51N 748000 1332000 125.2779588 12.0399500

515 51N 757000 1301000 125.3581620 11.7591551

516 51N 747000 1326000 125.2683244 11.9858074

517 51N 764000 1243000 125.4178765 11.2345530

518 51N 735000 1340000 125.1591900 12.1131943

519 51N 732000 1346000 125.1320707 12.1676294

520 51N 756000 1307000 125.3494528 11.8134461

521 51N 732000 1340000 125.1316393 12.1134074

522 51N 756000 1250000 125.3451636 11.2983922

523 51N 762000 1298000 125.4037777 11.7316657

524 51N 747000 1244000 125.2623378 11.2448128

525 51N 734000 1332000 125.1494295 12.0409702

526 51N 762000 1240000 125.3993466 11.2075934

527 51N 761000 1300000 125.3947646 11.7498138

528 51N 750000 1258000 125.2908057 11.3711144

529 51N 762000 1255000 125.4004719 11.3431313

530 51N 759000 1302000 125.3765801 11.7680386

531 51N 754000 1256000 125.3272910 11.3527545

532 51N 731000 1329000 125.1216734 12.0140697

533 51N 738000 1349000 125.1874048 12.1943084

534 51N 750000 1293000 125.2933714 11.6873886

535 51N 751000 1297000 125.3028389 11.7234600

536 51N 759000 1259000 125.3733011 11.3794974

537 51N 748000 1333000 125.2780350 12.0489862

538 51N 790000 1238000 125.6554181 11.1873549

539 51N 734000 1341000 125.1500789 12.1223025

540 51N 735000 1343000 125.1594082 12.1403048

541 51N 757000 1249000 125.3542453 11.2892834

542 51N 738000 1339000 125.1866666 12.1039417

543 51N 741000 1345000 125.2146631 12.1579424

544 51N 744000 1336000 125.2415376 12.0763931

545 51N 736000 1339000 125.1683005 12.1040858

546 51N 759000 1344000 125.3798968 12.1475328

547 51N 737000 1331000 125.1768997 12.0317198

548 51N 763000 1241000 125.4085737 11.2165555

549 51N 736000 1328000 125.1675020 12.0046806

550 51N 755000 1335000 125.3424542 12.0665250


List of Sampling Units to be Inventoried in Davao Oriental Page 1


Appendix 2:

List of Sampling Units to be Inventoried in Davao Oriental


[m] [m] [°] [°]

001 51N 869000 788000 126.3398382 7.1168515

002 51N 867000 814000 126.3234758 7.3517765

003 51N 874000 812000 126.3866547 7.3332424

004 51N 875000 813000 126.3957677 7.3422040

005 51N 869000 791000 126.3400346 7.1439428

006 51N 867000 790000 126.3218870 7.1350429

007 51N 864000 818000 126.2966066 7.3881000

008 51N 866000 804000 126.3137643 7.2615373

009 51N 865000 822000 126.3059223 7.4241556

010 51N 875000 811000 126.3956307 7.3241443

011 51N 867000 784000 126.3214975 7.0808592

012 51N 868000 785000 126.3306024 7.0898250

013 51N 869000 813000 126.3414989 7.3426115

014 51N 870000 790000 126.3490099 7.1348468

015 51N 868000 822000 126.3330631 7.4239526

016 51N 865000 808000 126.3049852 7.2977262

017 51N 871000 792000 126.3581827 7.1528416

018 51N 865000 812000 126.3052513 7.3338489

019 51N 877000 811000 126.4137188 7.3240073

020 51N 866000 794000 126.3131066 7.1712307

021 51N 878000 824000 126.4236666 7.4413229

022 51N 871000 800000 126.3587139 7.2250837

023 51N 868000 796000 126.3313218 7.1891608

024 51N 879000 807000 126.4315308 7.2877515

025 51N 867000 799000 126.3224771 7.2163183

026 51N 870000 812000 126.3504763 7.3335138

027 51N 868000 809000 126.3321852 7.3065571

028 51N 869000 790000 126.3399691 7.1349124

029 51N 868000 795000 126.3312559 7.1801303

030 51N 883000 808000 126.4677721 7.2965045

031 51N 868000 802000 126.3317185 7.2433438

032 51N 866000 793000 126.3130413 7.1622000

033 51N 865000 798000 126.3043260 7.2074189

034 51N 871000 813000 126.3595888 7.3424764

035 51N 876000 808000 126.4044694 7.2969866

036 51N 875000 824000 126.3965274 7.4415320

037 51N 882000 810000 126.4588681 7.3146324

038 51N 871000 811000 126.3594533 7.3244160

039 51N 867000 822000 126.3240162 7.4240204

040 51N 872000 786000 126.3668279 7.0985944

041 51N 870000 808000 126.3502066 7.2973927

042 51N 871000 808000 126.3592506 7.2973254

043 51N 876000 806000 126.4043329 7.2789270

044 51N 867000 811000 126.3232745 7.3246849

045 51N 872000 792000 126.3672238 7.1527756

046 51N 868000 815000 126.3325886 7.3607397

047 51N 870000 801000 126.3497379 7.2341806

048 51N 878000 814000 126.4229701 7.3510273

049 51N 868000 789000 126.3308628 7.1259472





[m] [m] [°] [°]

050 51N 865000 816000 126.3055187 7.3699717

051 51N 865000 792000 126.3039345 7.1532344

052 51N 872000 814000 126.3687018 7.3514387

053 51N 880000 815000 126.4411284 7.3599181

054 51N 867000 809000 126.3231408 7.3066238

055 51N 872000 793000 126.3672900 7.1618058

056 51N 875000 814000 126.3958363 7.3512338

057 51N 872000 811000 126.3684978 7.3243484

058 51N 869000 810000 126.3412968 7.3155205

059 51N 864000 808000 126.2959407 7.2977923

060 51N 869000 795000 126.3402978 7.1800646

061 51N 882000 809000 126.4587985 7.3056032

062 51N 865000 790000 126.3038047 7.1351728

063 51N 874000 815000 126.3868601 7.3603322

064 51N 864000 805000 126.2957426 7.2706999

065 51N 870000 803000 126.3498714 7.2522412

066 51N 873000 821000 126.3782270 7.4145805

067 51N 874000 821000 126.3872731 7.4145116

068 51N 864000 813000 126.2962726 7.3429462

069 51N 873000 813000 126.3776784 7.3423405

070 51N 864000 803000 126.2956109 7.2526383

071 51N 868000 799000 126.3315198 7.2162523

072 51N 875000 812000 126.3956991 7.3331741

073 51N 869000 798000 126.3404961 7.2071558

074 51N 874000 818000 126.3870662 7.3874219

075 51N 869000 824000 126.3422465 7.4419451

076 51N 866000 809000 126.3140962 7.3066904

077 51N 876000 811000 126.4046748 7.3240759

078 51N 874000 811000 126.3865865 7.3242125

079 51N 872000 809000 126.3683622 7.3062881

080 51N 871000 802000 126.3588476 7.2431441

081 51N 865000 803000 126.3046546 7.2525726

082 51N 867000 783000 126.3214328 7.0718285

083 51N 866000 812000 126.3142965 7.3337823

084 51N 865000 811000 126.3051847 7.3248183

085 51N 868000 807000 126.3320515 7.2884962

086 51N 870000 787000 126.3488132 7.1077557

087 51N 867000 802000 126.3226753 7.2434100

088 51N 873000 814000 126.3777467 7.3513706

089 51N 866000 798000 126.3133686 7.2073534

090 51N 866000 816000 126.3145646 7.3699047

091 51N 874000 809000 126.3864502 7.3061526

092 51N 868000 823000 126.3331312 7.4329830

093 51N 869000 786000 126.3397076 7.0987906

094 51N 867000 785000 126.3215622 7.0898898

095 51N 876000 807000 126.4044011 7.2879568

096 51N 871000 787000 126.3578535 7.1076902

097 51N 872000 808000 126.3682945 7.2972580

098 51N 868000 813000 126.3324538 7.3426788

099 51N 866000 799000 126.3134344 7.2163841

100 51N 867000 813000 126.3234086 7.3427459

101 51N 865000 820000 126.3057875 7.4060943

102 51N 869000 803000 126.3408282 7.2523078

103 51N 869000 796000 126.3403638 7.1890950





[m] [m] [°] [°]

104 51N 869000 782000 126.3394475 7.0626687

105 51N 879000 806000 126.4314621 7.2787220

106 51N 869000 815000 126.3416341 7.3606722

107 51N 867000 798000 126.3224112 7.2072877

108 51N 867000 796000 126.3222797 7.1892265

109 51N 866000 820000 126.3148341 7.4060270

110 51N 867000 808000 126.3230740 7.2975933

111 51N 865000 821000 126.3058549 7.4151250

112 51N 866000 801000 126.3135661 7.2344454

113 51N 874000 823000 126.3874115 7.4325714

114 51N 873000 793000 126.3763312 7.1617394

115 51N 864000 823000 126.2969426 7.4332536

116 51N 880000 810000 126.4407812 7.3147711

117 51N 871000 805000 126.3590487 7.2702348

118 51N 868000 793000 126.3311245 7.1620693

119 51N 871000 789000 126.3579849 7.1257508

120 51N 864000 806000 126.2958086 7.2797307

121 51N 871000 794000 126.3583150 7.1709022

122 51N 875000 809000 126.3954940 7.3060846

123 51N 866000 817000 126.3146318 7.3789352

124 51N 868000 782000 126.3304079 7.0627334

125 51N 875000 807000 126.3953577 7.2880248

126 51N 870000 809000 126.3502739 7.3064230

127 51N 865000 794000 126.3040647 7.1712959

128 51N 869000 783000 126.3395124 7.0716991

129 51N 877000 815000 126.4139946 7.3601260

130 51N 866000 784000 126.3124574 7.0809237

131 51N 868000 801000 126.3316522 7.2343133

132 51N 869000 812000 126.3414315 7.3335812

133 51N 874000 810000 126.3865183 7.3151825

134 51N 872000 810000 126.3684299 7.3153183

135 51N 884000 808000 126.4768149 7.2964349

136 51N 869000 814000 126.3415664 7.3516419

137 51N 868000 794000 126.3311902 7.1710998

138 51N 869000 793000 126.3401661 7.1620037

139 51N 874000 813000 126.3867231 7.3422723

140 51N 866000 813000 126.3143634 7.3428129

141 51N 869000 811000 126.3413641 7.3245508

142 51N 864000 824000 126.2970101 7.4422844

143 51N 870000 813000 126.3505439 7.3425441

144 51N 868000 824000 126.3331994 7.4420134

145 51N 866000 815000 126.3144974 7.3608741

146 51N 878000 810000 126.4226939 7.3149089

147 51N 865000 806000 126.3048527 7.2796647

148 51N 881000 823000 126.4507345 7.4320829

149 51N 864000 811000 126.2961396 7.3248847

150 51N 872000 818000 126.3689749 7.3875590

501 51N 843000 787000 126.1046944 7.1094570

502 51N 852000 715000 126.1817990 6.4586009

503 51N 860000 849000 126.2625149 7.6683273

504 51N 871000 866000 126.3633060 7.8210700

505 51N 841000 791000 126.0868512 7.1457088

506 51N 854000 881000 126.2104074 7.9577394

507 51N 884000 829000 126.4782999 7.4860449





[m] [m] [°] [°]

508 51N 867000 882000 126.3282431 7.9658413

509 51N 860000 868000 126.2638383 7.8399144

510 51N 860000 883000 126.2649044 7.9753767

511 51N 881000 834000 126.4515159 7.5314048

512 51N 863000 841000 126.2891193 7.5958747

513 51N 842000 786000 126.0955913 7.1004849

514 51N 854000 792000 126.2044716 7.1539378

515 51N 837000 781000 126.0500813 7.0556195

516 51N 882000 830000 126.4602776 7.4952167

517 51N 840000 787000 126.0775664 7.1096381

518 51N 855000 880000 126.2193960 7.9486380

519 51N 848000 796000 126.1504635 7.1904410

520 51N 852000 743000 126.1834117 6.7114990

521 51N 851000 739000 126.1741438 6.6754292

522 51N 878000 850000 126.4255186 7.6760895

523 51N 857000 792000 126.2315989 7.1537480

524 51N 862000 876000 126.2825198 7.9120189

525 51N 836000 786000 126.0413353 7.1008441

526 51N 855000 877000 126.2191850 7.9215444

527 51N 855000 747000 126.2107517 6.7474492

528 51N 863000 788000 126.2855932 7.1172401

529 51N 865000 841000 126.3072206 7.5957371

530 51N 841000 786000 126.0865488 7.1005452

531 51N 858000 786000 126.2402600 7.0994963

532 51N 862000 883000 126.2830225 7.9752333

533 51N 839000 791000 126.0687642 7.1458296

534 51N 866000 831000 126.3155822 7.5053630

535 51N 884000 825000 126.4780140 7.4499289

536 51N 878000 828000 126.4239477 7.4774410

537 51N 861000 858000 126.2721922 7.7495361

538 51N 864000 865000 126.2998490 7.8125402

539 51N 871000 854000 126.3624432 7.7127103

540 51N 839000 790000 126.0687039 7.1367967

541 51N 855000 858000 126.2178658 7.7499503

542 51N 841000 792000 126.0869119 7.1547415

543 51N 859000 793000 126.2497472 7.1626519

544 51N 849000 748000 126.1566006 6.7568356

545 51N 854000 737000 126.2011272 6.6571900

546 51N 854000 879000 126.2102668 7.9396769

547 51N 859000 873000 126.2551344 7.8851391

548 51N 853000 736000 126.1920357 6.6482165

549 51N 871000 849000 126.3620874 7.6675602

550 51N 880000 827000 126.4419708 7.4682707


Field Data Forms Page 1


Appendix 3:

Inventory Data Forms


Species List (sorted by common name) Page 1


Appendix 4:

Species List (sorted by common name)

Common Name Scientific Name Family

Trees

Abuab Lophopetalum javanum Turcz. Celastraceae

Adina Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Ridsdale Rubiaceae

African Tulip Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Bignoniaceae

Afu Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Agoho Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae

Agoho del Monte Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Johnson Casuarinaceae

Agosip Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore Symplocaceae

Akle Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. Leguminosae

Akleng-parang Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Leguminosae

Alahan Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr. Sapindaceae

Alim Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll. Euphorbiaceae

Almaciga Agathis philippinensis Warb. Araucariaceae

Almon Shorea almon Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Alupag Dimocarpus longan subsp. malesianus Leenh. Sapindaceae

Alupag-amo Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sapindaceae

Amayan Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance Chrysobalanaceae

Amugis Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr. Anacardiaceae

Anabiong Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Ulmaceae

Anagap Archidendron scutiferum (Blanco) I.C. Nielsen Leguminosae

Anang Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Ebenaceae

Anilao Colona serratifolia Cav. Tiliaceae

Anislag Flueggea flexuosa Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae

Antipolo Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. Moraceae

Anubing Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Moraceae

Anuling Pisonia umbellifera (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Seem. Nyctaginaceae

Apanit Mastixia pentandra subsp. philippinensis (Wangerin) K.M. Matthew Cornaceae

Apauang Mallotus cumingii Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae

Api-api Avicennia officinalis L. Avicenniaceae

Apias Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Moraceae

Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco Dipterocarpaceae

Arangga Homalium foetidum Benth. Flacourtiaceae

Ata-ata Diospyros mindanaensis Merr. Ebenaceae

Aunasin Ardisia paniculata Roxb. Myrsinaceae

Bagalunga Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae

Bagarilao Cryptocarya ampla Merr. Lauraceae

Bagna Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Euphorbiaceae

Bagras Eucalyptus deglupta Blume Myrtaceae

Bagtikan Shorea malaanonan Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Baguilumbang Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw Euphorbiaceae

Bahai Ormosia calavensis Blanco Leguminosae

Bakan Litsea philippinensis Merr. Lauraceae

Bakauan Rhizophora apiculata Blume Rizophoraceae

Bakauan-gubat Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Rhizophoraceae

Balakat Ziziphus talanae Merr. Rhamnaceae

Balakat-gubat Balakata luzonica (Vidal) Esser Euphorbiaceae

Balangua Cryptocarya edanoii Merr. Lauraceae

Balanti Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax Euphorbiaceae

Balat-buaya Fagraea racemosa Jack Gentianaceae





Balete Ficus balete Merr. Moraceae

Balik Hydnocarpus heterophylla Blume Flacourtiaceae

Balikbikan Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & K. Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae

Balinghasai Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume Anacardiaceae

Balitbitan Cynometra ramiflora L. Leguminosae

Balobo Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz. Tiliaceae

Balu Cordia subcordata Lam. Boraginaceae

Balukang Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms Meliaceae

Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae

Banai-banai Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. Bignoniaceae

Banato Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae

Bangkal Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Rubiaceae

Bangkal, Kaatoan Breonia chinensis (Lam.) Capuron Rubiaceae

Bangkal, Southern / Hambabalud

Neonauclea formicaria (Elmer) Merr. Rubiaceae

Bansalangin Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae

Banuyo Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. Leguminosae

Basikong Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Moraceae

Basilan Apitong Dipterocarpus eurhynchus Miq. Dipterocarpaceae

Basilan-Yakal Hopea basilanica Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Batete Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe Leguminosae

Batikuling Litsea leytensis Merr. Lauraceae

Batino Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don Apocynaceae

Batitinan Lagerstroemia piriformis Koehne Lythraceae

Bayanti Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae

Bayok Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculiaceae

Benguet Pine Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon Pinaceae

Betis Madhuca betis (Blanco) J.F. Macbr. Sapotaceae

Binggas Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Fleming Combretaceae

Binoloan Syzygium acuminatissimum (Blume) DC. Myrtaceae

Binuang Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Datiscaceae

Bitanghol Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana Guttiferae

Bitaog-Palomaria Calophyllum inophyllum L. Guttiferae

Blanco Narig Vatica umbonata Burck Dipterocarpaceae

Boga Alseodaphne philippinensis (Elmer) Kosterm. Lauraceae

Bogo Garuga floribunda Decne. Burseraceae

Bokbok Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb. Xanthophyllaceae

Bolon Platymitra arborea (Blanco) P.J.A. Kessler Annonaceae

Bolong-eta Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco Ebenaceae

Brazilian fire Tree Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake Leguminosae

Broad-winged Apitong Dipterocarpus kunstleri King Dipterocarpaceae

Bugawak Melicope confusa (Merr.) P.S. Liu Rutaceae

Bulala (Wild Rambutan) Dimocarpus fumatus (Blume) Leenh. Sapindaceae

Bulalog Parishia maingayi Hook.f. Anacardiaceae

Buntan Engelhardtia rigida Blume Juglandaceae

Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Rhizophoraceae

Cana-Fistula Cassia fistula L. Leguminosae

Caribbean Pine Pinus caribaea Morelet Pinaceae

Dagang Anisoptera aurea Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Daha Macaranga caudatifolia Elmer Euphorbiaceae

Dalingdingan Hopea foxworthyi Elmer Dipterocarpaceae

Dalinsi Terminalia pellucida C. Presl Combretaceae

Dangula (Sasalit) Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh. Labiatae

Dao Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Anacardiaceae

Dapdap Erythrina variegata L. Leguminosae





Dita Alstonia scholaris (L.).R. Br. var. scholaris Apocynaceae

Duguan Myristica philippinensis Gand. Myristicaceae

Duklitan Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f. Sapotaceae

Dulit Canarium hirsutum Willd. Burseraceae

Dungon-late Heritiera littoralis Aiton Sterculiaceae

Durian Durio zibethinus L. Bombacaceae

Duyok-duyok Manilkara fasciculata (Warb.) H.J. Lam & Maas Geest. Sapotaceae

Earpod Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Leguminosae

Ebony Diospyros vera (Lour.) A.Chev. Ebenaceae

Gatasan Garcinia venulosa (Blanco) Choisy Guttiferae

Gisihan Aglaia leptantha Miq. Meliaceae

Gisok-Gisok Hopea philippinensis Dyer Dipterocarpaceae

Gubas Endospermum peltatum Merr. Euphorbiaceae

Guijo Shorea guiso Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Hagakhak Dipterocarpus validus Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Hagimit Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese) Miq. Moraceae

Hairy-Leafed Apitong Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don Dipterocarpaceae

Hamindang Macaranga bicolor Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae

Haras / Ituman Garcinia ituman Merr. Guttiferae

Hasselt Panau Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Hawili Ficus septica Burm.f. Moraceae

Highland Panau Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Himbabao Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau Moraceae

Hogs Plum Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae

Igem Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Podocarpaceae

Ilang-ilang Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae

Ilo-ilo Aglaia iloilo (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae

Ipil Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze Leguminosae

Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leguminosae

Is-is Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Moraceae

Jatoba Hymenaea courbaril L. Leguminosae

Kaburo Phoebe sterculioides (Elmer) Merr. Lauraceae

Kakawete Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Leguminosae

Kalamansanai Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Rubiaceae

Kalantas Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae

Kaliantan Leea guineensis G. Don Leeaceae

Kalingag / Cinamomon Cinnamomum mercadoi S. Vidal Lauraceae

Kalios Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae

Kalulot Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb. Moraceae

Kalumala Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Fagerl. Rubiaceae

Kalumpang Sterculia foetida L. Sterculiaceae

Kalumpit Terminalia microcarpa Decne. Combretaceae

Kalunti Shorea hopeifolia (F. Heim) Symington Dipterocarpaceae

Kamagong Diospyros discolor Willd. Ebenaceae

Kamandiis Garcinia rubra Merr. Guttiferae

Kamatog Sympetalandra densiflora (Elmer) Steenis Leguminosae

Kamiring Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco Anacardiaceae

Kamuning Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae

Kanapai Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Moraceae

Kangko Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker Meliaceae

Kansulud Aglaia argentea Blume Meliaceae

Karaksan Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. Oleaceae

Katagpo Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fern.-Vill. Rubiaceae

Katap Trigonostemon longipes (Merr.) Merr. Euphorbiaceae

Katmon Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Dilleniaceae





Katmon-kalabaw Dillenia reifferscheidia Fern.-Vill. Dilleniaceae

Kato Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr. Meliaceae

Katong-matsin Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae

Kayatau Dysoxylum oppositifolium F. Muell. Meliaceae

Kayugalo Sindora inermis Merr. Leguminosae

Kubi Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Moraceae

Kubili Cubilia cubili (Blanco) Adelb. Sapindaceae

Kulasi Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Combretaceae

Kulatingan Pterospermum obliquum Blanco Sterculiaceae

Kulilisiau Cinnamomum philippinense (Merr.) C.E. Chang Lauraceae

Kuling-manok Aglaia luzoniensis (Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae

Kulispakatan Dimorphocalyx luzoniensis Merr. Euphorbiaceae

Kupang Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Leguminosae

Kusibang Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae

Lago Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müll .Berol.) Kalkman Rosaceae

Laloi Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk. Staphyleaceae

Lamio Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Anacardiaceae

Lamog Planchonia spectabilis Merr. Lecythidaceae

Lanete Wrightia pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan Apocynaceae

Langarai Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. Rhizophoraceae

Lanipau Terminalia copelandi Elmer Combretaceae

Lanutan Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr. Annonaceae

Lanutan-baguio Gonystylus macrophyllus (Miq.) Airy Shaw Thymelaeaceae

Lanzones Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C. Sahni & Bennet Meliaceae

Leaf-Tailed Panau Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Libas Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Anacardiaceae

Ligas Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco Anacardiaceae

Lingo-lingo Vitex turczaninowii Merr. Labiatae

Lipang-kalabaw Dendrocnide meyeniana (Walp.) Chew Urticaceae

Lokinai Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Podocarpaceae

Loktob Duabanga moluccana Blume Sonneratiaceae

Ludek Ludekia bernardoi (Merr.) Ridsdale Rubiaceae

Luisin Maranthes corymbosa Blume Chrysobalanaceae

Lumarao / Apitong baboi

Swintonia foxworthyi Elmer Anacardiaceae

Lumbang Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Euphorbiaceae

Lumbayao Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm. Sterculiaceae

Lumuluas Ziziphus hutchinsonii Merr. Rhamnaceae

Lunas Lunasia amara Blanco Rutaceae

Mabunot Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr. Icacinaceae

Magabuyo Celtis luzonica Warb. Ulmaceae

Maguilik Premna cumingiana Schauer Labiatae

Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Meliaceae

Makaasim Syzygium nitidum Benth. Myrtaceae

Malaanonan Shorea polita S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae

Malabatino Alyxia concatenata (Blanco) Merr. Apocynaceae

Malabayabas Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. Myrtaceae

Malabitaog Calophyllum pentapetalum var. cumingii (Planch. & Triana) P.F. Stevens

Guttiferae

Malabuho Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Sterculiaceae

Malabulak Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae

Malabunga Alseodaphne malabonga (Blanco) Kosterm. Lauraceae

Malaguijo Shorea plagata Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Malaikmo Celtis philippensis Blanco Ulmaceae

Malakadios Dehaasia cairocan (Vidal) C.K. Allen Lauraceae





Malakalumpit Terminalia calamansanay Rolfe Combretaceae

Malakamias Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston Simaroubaceae

Malakapa Gymnacranthera farquhariana var. paniculata (A. DC.) R.T.A. Schouten Myristicaceae

Malakatmon Dillenia luzoniensis (Vidal) Merr. Dilleniaceae

Malakauayan Podocarpus rumphii Blume Podocarpaceae

Malak-malak Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Sapotaceae

Malalumbaga Aglaia elliptica (C. DC.) Blume Meliaceae

Malamala Hancea penangensis (Müll. Arg.) S.E.C. Sierra, Kulju & Welzen Euphorbiaceae

Malanangka Parartocarpus venenosa Becc. Moraceae

Malapanau Dipterocarpus kerrii King Dipterocarpaceae

Malapapaya Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Araliaceae

Malapinggan Trichadenia philippinensis Merr. Flacourtiaceae

Malaruhat / Panglomboyen

Syzygium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Cowan & Cowan Myrtaceae

Malasaging Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall. Meliaceae

Malasantol Sandoricum vidalii Merr. Meliaceae

Malatabako Solanum verbascifolium L. Solanaceae

Malatibig Ficus congesta Roxb. Moraceae

Malayakal Shorea seminis Slooten Dipterocarpaceae

Malugai Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Sapindaceae

Mamalis Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Pittosporaceae

Manggachapui Hopea acuminata Merr. Dipterocarpaceae

Manggasinoro Shorea assamica var. philippinensis (Brandis ex Koord.) Y.K. Yang & J.K. Wu

Dipterocarpaceae

Manggasiriki Lithocarpus ovalis (Blanco) Rehder Fagaceae

Manggis Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. Leguminosae

Mangkas Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) Pierre Sapotaceae

Mankono Xanthostemon verdugonianus Náves ex Fern.-Vill. Myrtaceae

Mapilig Xanthostemon bracteatus Merr. Myrtaceae

Marang Litsea perrottetii (Blume) Fern.-Vill. Lauraceae

Maranggo Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs Meliaceae

Margapali Dehaasia incrassata (Jack) Kosterm. Lauraceae

Matamata Aglaia elaeagnoidea (Juss) Benth Meliaceae

Matang-araw Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Rutaceae

Matang-hipon Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Euphorbiaceae

Matang-usa Litsea euphlebia Merr. Lauraceae

Mayapis Shorea palosapis Merr. Dipterocarpaceae

Miao Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume Meliaceae

Mindanao Narek Hopea brachyptera (Foxw.) Slooten Dipterocarpaceae

Mindanao Narig Vatica odorata (Griff.) Symington Dipterocarpaceae

Mindanao Palosapis Anisoptera costata Korth. Dipterocarpaceae

Mindoro Pine Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese Pinaceae

Molave Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Labiatae

Moluccan sau Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes Leguminosae

Mt. Tapinag Sterculia cordata Blume Sterculiaceae

Nangka Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae

Narek Hopea cagayanensis (Foxw.) Slooten Dipterocarpaceae

Narig Vatica mangachapoi Blanco Dipterocarpaceae

Narra Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Leguminosae

Nato Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Vill.) Vidal Sapotaceae

Niog-niyogan Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Moraceae

Pagatpat Sonneratia alba Sm. Sonneratiaceae

Pagsahingin-bulog Canarium asperum Benth. Burseraceae

Paguringon Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume Guttiferae

Pahutan Mangifera altissima Blanco Anacardiaceae





Pahutan / Malipajo Mangifera monandra Merr. Anacardiaceae

Paitan Syzygium costulatum (C.B.Rob.) Merr. Myrtaceae

Palosapis Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Pamitaogen Calophyllum whitfordii Merr. Guttiferae

Panau Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Pandakaking-gubat Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. Apocynaceae

Pangi Pangium edule Reinw. Flacourtiaceae

Para Rubber Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae

Philippine Ash Fraxinus griffithii C.B. Clarke Oleaceae

Piagau Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem. Meliaceae

Pili Canarium ovatum Engl. Burseraceae

Piling-liitan Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray Burseraceae

Pototan Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Rhizophoraceae

Pulahan Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C. Sahni & Bennet Meliaceae

Puso-puso Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Lauraceae

Putian Alangium javanicum (Blume) Wang. var. jaheri Bloem. Alangiaceae

Rain Tree (Acacia) Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Leguminosae

Rarang Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Leguminosae

Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Red Nato Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl. Sapotaceae

Round-Leafed Apitong Dipterocarpus orbicularis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Saguimsim Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr Myrtaceae

Sakat Terminalia nitens C. Presl Combretaceae

Salakin Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker Meliaceae

Salinggogon Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer Guttiferae

Salingkugi Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. Leguminosae

Sandit Magnolia philippinensis P. Parm. Magnoliaceae

Sangilo Pistacia chinensis Bunge Anacardiaceae

Santol Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Meliaceae

Sinaligan Sterculia rubiginosa Vent. Sterculiaceae

Spanish Cedar Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae

Sudiang Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. Linaceae

Supa Sindora supa Merr. Leguminosae

Taba Tristaniopsis littoralis (Merr.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. Myrtaceae

Tabau Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt Combretaceae

Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Meliaceae

Tabon-tabon Atuna racemosa Raf. Chrysobalanaceae

Tagatoi Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Sapotaceae

Tagpo Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Myrsinaceae

Taingang-baboi Gonocaryum calleryanum (Baill.) Becc. Icacinaceae

Takip-asin Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr. Euphorbiaceae

Taklang-anak Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz Guttiferae

Talisay Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae

Talisay-gubat Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Combretaceae

Taluto Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr. Sterculiaceae

Tamayuan Strombosia philippinensis S. Vidal Olacaceae

Tambalau Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam. Myristicaceae

Tambis / Malatambis Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston Myrtaceae

Tan-ag Kleinhovia hospita L. Sterculiaceae

Tangal Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Rhizophoraceae

Tanghas Myristica elliptica Wall. Myristicaceae

Tangile Shorea polysperma Merr. Dipterocarpaceae

Tanglin Adenanthera intermedia Merr. Fabaceae

Tanguisang-bayawak Ficus variegata Blume Moraceae

Tara-tara Dysoxylum cumingianum C.DC Meliaceae





Tawi-tawi Narig Vatica rassak Blume Dipterocarpaceae

Teak Tectona grandis L.f. Labiatae

Thick-leafed Narig Vatica pachyphylla Merr. Dipterocarpaceae

Tiagkot Archidendron clypearia subsp. clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen Leguminosae

Tiaong Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis Dipterocarpaceae

Tibig Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Moraceae

Tiga Tristaniopsis micrantha (Merr.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. Myrtaceae

Tikas-pula Canna indica L. Cannaceae

Tinaang-pantai Drypetes maquilingensis (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae

Tindalo Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal Fabaceae

Tiri Gleditsia fera (Lour.) Merr. Leguminosae

Toog Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Lecythidaceae

Tuai Bischofia javanica Blume Euphorbiaceae

Tubling-kahoi Pterocarpus cumingii (Benth.) Kuntze Leguminosae

Tukang-kalau Aglaia pachyphylla Miq. Meliaceae

Tulo Alphitonia philippinensis Braid Rhamnaceae

Tungkao Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach Compositae

Ulayan (Oak) Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehder Fagaceae

Unik Albizia philippinensis Nielsen Leguminosae

Urung Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Gentianaceae

Usak Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Rubiaceae

Vidal's Lanutan Thespesia campylosiphon (Turcz.) Rolfe Malvaceae

White Lauan Shorea contorta S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae

White Nato Pouteria macrantha (Merr.) Baehni Sapotaceae

Whitford Narig Vatica whitfordii Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Yabnob Horsfieldia costulata Warb. Myristicaceae

Yakal Shorea astylosa Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Yakal-Gisok Shorea gisok Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Yakal-Kaliot Hopea malibato Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Yakal-Mabolo Shorea ciliata King Dipterocarpaceae

Yakal-Magasusu Hopea mindanensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Yakal-Malibato Shorea malibato Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Yakal-Saplungan Hopea plagata S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae

Yakal-Yamban Shorea falciferoides Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae

Yemane Gmelina arborea Roxb. Labiatae

Bamboos

Anos Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae

Bayog Dendrocalamus merrillianus (Elmer) Elmer Poaceae

Bikal Schizostachyum diffusum (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae

Bikal-baboi Dinochloa dielsiana Pilg. Poaceae

Bocaue Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Poaceae

Bolo Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae

Buho Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae

Giant Bamboo Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer Poaceae

Kawayan Kiling Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae

Kawayan Tinik Bambusa blumeana Schult.f. Poaceae

Palms

Anahaw Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume Arecaceae

Anibong / Anibong-gubat

Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl. Arecaceae

Buri Corypha utan Lam. Arecaceae

Kaong Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Arecaceae

Nipa Nypa fruticans Wurmb Arecaceae

Pandan Pandanus spp. Pandanaceae

Pandan (Mottled) Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi Pandanaceae





Pandan-layugan Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandanaceae

Pugahan Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart. Arecaceae

Sarawag Pinanga insignis Becc. Arecaceae

Takipan Caryota urens L. Arecaceae

Tarau Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev. Arecaceae


Species List (sorted by scientific name) Page 1


Appendix 5:

Species List (sorted by scientific name)

Scientific Name Family Common Name

Trees

Adenanthera intermedia Merr. Fabaceae Tanglin

Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal Fabaceae Tindalo

Agathis philippinensis Warb. Araucariaceae Almaciga

Aglaia argentea Blume Meliaceae Kansulud

Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr. Meliaceae Kato

Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall. Meliaceae Malasaging

Aglaia elaeagnoidea (Juss) Benth Meliaceae Matamata

Aglaia elliptica (C. DC.) Blume Meliaceae Malalumbaga

Aglaia iloilo (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae Ilo-ilo

Aglaia leptantha Miq. Meliaceae Gisihan

Aglaia luzoniensis (Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae Kuling-manok

Aglaia pachyphylla Miq. Meliaceae Tukang-kalau

Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae Bayanti

Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston Simaroubaceae Malakamias

Alangium javanicum (Blume) Wang. var. jaheri Bloem. Alangiaceae Putian

Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. Leguminosae Akle

Albizia philippinensis Nielsen Leguminosae Unik

Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Leguminosae Akleng-parang

Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Leguminosae Rain Tree (Acacia)

Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. Leguminosae Salingkugi

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Euphorbiaceae Lumbang

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Sapindaceae Malugai

Alphitonia philippinensis Braid Rhamnaceae Tulo

Alseodaphne malabonga (Blanco) Kosterm. Lauraceae Malabunga

Alseodaphne philippinensis (Elmer) Kosterm. Lauraceae Boga

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don Apocynaceae Batino

Alstonia scholaris (L.).R. Br. var. scholaris Apocynaceae Dita

Alyxia concatenata (Blanco) Merr. Apocynaceae Malabatino

Anisoptera aurea Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Dagang

Anisoptera costata Korth. Dipterocarpaceae Mindanao Palosapis

Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Dipterocarpaceae Afu

Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Dipterocarpaceae Palosapis

Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker Meliaceae Kangko

Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker Meliaceae Salakin

Archidendron clypearia subsp. clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen Leguminosae Tiagkot

Archidendron scutiferum (Blanco) I.C. Nielsen Leguminosae Anagap

Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Myrsinaceae Tagpo

Ardisia paniculata Roxb. Myrsinaceae Aunasin

Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. Moraceae Antipolo

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Nangka

Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Moraceae Kubi

Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Moraceae Anubing

Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb. Moraceae Kalulot

Atuna racemosa Raf. Chrysobalanaceae Tabon-tabon

Avicennia officinalis L. Avicenniaceae Api-api

Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs Meliaceae Maranggo

Balakata luzonica (Vidal) Esser Euphorbiaceae Balakat-gubat

Bischofia javanica Blume Euphorbiaceae Tuai





Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Malabulak

Breonia chinensis (Lam.) Capuron Rubiaceae Bangkal, Kaatoan

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Euphorbiaceae Matang-hipon

Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau Moraceae Himbabao

Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Rhizophoraceae Busain

Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. Rhizophoraceae Langarai

Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Rhizophoraceae Pototan

Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume Anacardiaceae Balinghasai

Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana Guttiferae Bitanghol

Calophyllum inophyllum L. Guttiferae Bitaog-Palomaria

Calophyllum pentapetalum var. cumingii (Planch. & Triana) P.F. Stevens

Guttiferae Malabitaog

Calophyllum whitfordii Merr. Guttiferae Pamitaogen

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae Ilang-ilang

Canarium asperum Benth. Burseraceae Pagsahingin-bulog

Canarium hirsutum Willd. Burseraceae Dulit

Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray Burseraceae Piling-liitan

Canarium ovatum Engl. Burseraceae Pili

Canna indica L. Cannaceae Tikas-pula

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Rhizophoraceae Bakauan-gubat

Cassia fistula L. Leguminosae Cana-Fistula

Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae Agoho

Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae Spanish Cedar

Celtis luzonica Warb. Ulmaceae Magabuyo

Celtis philippensis Blanco Ulmaceae Malaikmo

Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Rhizophoraceae Tangal

Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. Oleaceae Karaksan

Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms Meliaceae Balukang

Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Meliaceae Katong-matsin

Cinnamomum mercadoi S. Vidal Lauraceae Kalingag / Cinamomon

Cinnamomum philippinense (Merr.) C.E. Chang Lauraceae Kulilisiau

Colona serratifolia Cav. Tiliaceae Anilao

Cordia subcordata Lam. Boraginaceae Balu

Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer Guttiferae Salinggogon

Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume Guttiferae Paguringon

Cryptocarya ampla Merr. Lauraceae Bagarilao

Cryptocarya edanoii Merr. Lauraceae Balangua

Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv. Linaceae Sudiang

Cubilia cubili (Blanco) Adelb. Sapindaceae Kubili

Cynometra ramiflora L. Leguminosae Balitbitan

Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Podocarpaceae Igem

Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Podocarpaceae Lokinai

Dehaasia cairocan (Vidal) C.K. Allen Lauraceae Malakadios

Dehaasia incrassata (Jack) Kosterm. Lauraceae Margapali

Dendrocnide meyeniana (Walp.) Chew Urticaceae Lipang-kalabaw

Dillenia luzoniensis (Vidal) Merr. Dilleniaceae Malakatmon

Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Dilleniaceae Katmon

Dillenia reifferscheidia Fern.-Vill. Dilleniaceae Katmon-kalabaw

Dimocarpus fumatus (Blume) Leenh. Sapindaceae Bulala (Wild Rambutan)

Dimocarpus longan subsp. malesianus Leenh. Sapindaceae Alupag

Dimorphocalyx luzoniensis Merr. Euphorbiaceae Kulispakatan

Diospyros discolor Willd. Ebenaceae Kamagong

Diospyros mindanaensis Merr. Ebenaceae Ata-ata

Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco Ebenaceae Bolong-eta

Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Ebenaceae Anang





Diospyros vera (Lour.) A.Chev. Ebenaceae Ebony

Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz. Tiliaceae Balobo

Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don Dipterocarpaceae Hairy-Leafed Apitong

Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Leaf-Tailed Panau

Dipterocarpus eurhynchus Miq. Dipterocarpaceae Basilan Apitong

Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Dipterocarpaceae Panau

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco Dipterocarpaceae Apitong

Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume Dipterocarpaceae Hasselt Panau

Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume Dipterocarpaceae Highland Panau

Dipterocarpus kerrii King Dipterocarpaceae Malapanau

Dipterocarpus kunstleri King Dipterocarpaceae Broad-winged Apitong

Dipterocarpus orbicularis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Round-Leafed Apitong

Dipterocarpus validus Blume Dipterocarpaceae Hagakhak

Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Anacardiaceae Dao

Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Anacardiaceae Lamio

Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & K. Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae Balikbikan

Drypetes maquilingensis (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae Tinaang-pantai

Duabanga moluccana Blume Sonneratiaceae Loktob

Durio zibethinus L. Bombacaceae Durian

Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume Meliaceae Miao

Dysoxylum cumingianum C.DC. Meliaceae Tara-tara

Dysoxylum oppositifolium F. Muell. Meliaceae Kayatau

Endospermum peltatum Merr. Euphorbiaceae Gubas

Engelhardtia rigida Blume Juglandaceae Buntan

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Leguminosae Earpod

Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Leguminosae Rarang

Erythrina variegata L. Leguminosae Dapdap

Eucalyptus deglupta Blume Myrtaceae Bagras

Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Gentianaceae Urung

Fagraea racemosa Jack Gentianaceae Balat-buaya

Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes Leguminosae Moluccan sau

Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Moraceae Apias

Ficus balete Merr. Moraceae Balete

Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Moraceae Basikong

Ficus congesta Roxb. Moraceae Malatibig

Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Moraceae Kanapai

Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese) Miq. Moraceae Hagimit

Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Moraceae Tibig

Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Moraceae Niog-niyogan

Ficus septica Burm.f. Moraceae Hawili

Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Moraceae Is-is

Ficus variegata Blume Moraceae Tanguisang-bayawak

Flueggea flexuosa Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Anislag

Fraxinus griffithii C.B. Clarke Oleaceae Philippine Ash

Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz Guttiferae Taklang-anak

Garcinia ituman Merr. Guttiferae Haras / Ituman

Garcinia rubra Merr. Guttiferae Kamandiis

Garcinia venulosa (Blanco) Choisy Guttiferae Gatasan

Garuga floribunda Decne. Burseraceae Bogo

Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach Compositae Tungkao

Gleditsia fera (Lour.) Merr. Leguminosae Tiri

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Leguminosae Kakawete

Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Euphorbiaceae Bagna

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Labiatae Yemane

Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr. Icacinaceae Mabunot





Gonocaryum calleryanum (Baill.) Becc. Icacinaceae Taingang-baboi

Gonystylus macrophyllus (Miq.) Airy Shaw Thymelaeaceae Lanutan-baguio

Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr. Sapindaceae Alahan

Gymnacranthera farquhariana var. paniculata (A. DC.) R.T.A. Schouten Myristicaceae Malakapa

Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Johnson Casuarinaceae Agoho del Monte

Hancea penangensis (Müll. Arg.) S.E.C. Sierra, Kulju & Welzen Euphorbiaceae Malamala

Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm. Sterculiaceae Lumbayao

Heritiera littoralis Aiton Sterculiaceae Dungon-late

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Para Rubber

Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax Euphorbiaceae Balanti

Homalium foetidum Benth. Flacourtiaceae Arangga

Hopea acuminata Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Manggachapui

Hopea basilanica Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Basilan-Yakal

Hopea brachyptera (Foxw.) Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Mindanao Narek

Hopea cagayanensis (Foxw.) Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Narek

Hopea foxworthyi Elmer Dipterocarpaceae Dalingdingan

Hopea malibato Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Yakal-Kaliot

Hopea mindanensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Yakal-Magasusu

Hopea philippinensis Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Gisok-Gisok

Hopea plagata S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae Yakal-Saplungan

Horsfieldia costulata Warb. Myristicaceae Yabnob

Hydnocarpus heterophylla Blume Flacourtiaceae Balik

Hymenaea courbaril L. Leguminosae Jatoba

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze Leguminosae Ipil

Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe Leguminosae Batete

Kleinhovia hospita L. Sterculiaceae Tan-ag

Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. Leguminosae Manggis

Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr. Anacardiaceae Amugis

Lagerstroemia piriformis Koehne Lythraceae Batitinan

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae Banaba

Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C. Sahni & Bennet Meliaceae Lanzones

Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C. Sahni & Bennet Meliaceae Pulahan

Leea guineensis G. Don Leeaceae Kaliantan

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leguminosae Ipil-ipil

Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance Chrysobalanaceae Amayan

Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sapindaceae Alupag-amo

Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehder Fagaceae Ulayan (Oak)

Lithocarpus ovalis (Blanco) Rehder Fagaceae Manggasiriki

Litsea euphlebia Merr. Lauraceae Matang-usa

Litsea leytensis Merr. Lauraceae Batikuling

Litsea perrottetii (Blume) Fern.-Vill. Lauraceae Marang

Litsea philippinensis Merr. Lauraceae Bakan

Lophopetalum javanum Turcz. Celastraceae Abuab

Ludekia bernardoi (Merr.) Ridsdale Rubiaceae Ludek

Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt Combretaceae Tabau

Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Combretaceae Kulasi

Lunasia amara Blanco Rutaceae Lunas

Macaranga bicolor Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Hamindang

Macaranga caudatifolia Elmer Euphorbiaceae Daha

Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr. Euphorbiaceae Takip-asin

Madhuca betis (Blanco) J.F. Macbr. Sapotaceae Betis

Magnolia philippinensis P. Parm. Magnoliaceae Sandit

Mallotus cumingii Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Apauang

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Banato

Mangifera altissima Blanco Anacardiaceae Pahutan





Mangifera monandra Merr. Anacardiaceae Pahutan / Malipajo

Manilkara fasciculata (Warb.) H.J. Lam & Maas Geest. Sapotaceae Duyok-duyok

Maranthes corymbosa Blume Chrysobalanaceae Luisin

Mastixia pentandra subsp. philippinensis (Wangerin) K.M. Matthew Cornaceae Apanit

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll. Euphorbiaceae Alim

Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Bagalunga

Melicope confusa (Merr.) P.S. Liu Rutaceae Bugawak

Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Rutaceae Matang-araw

Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Bansalangin

Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr. Annonaceae Lanutan

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Kamuning

Myristica elliptica Wall. Myristicaceae Tanghas

Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam. Myristicaceae Tambalau

Myristica philippinensis Gand. Myristicaceae Duguan

Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Rubiaceae Bangkal

Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Lauraceae Puso-puso

Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Rubiaceae Kalamansanai

Neonauclea formicaria (Elmer) Merr. Rubiaceae Bangkal, Southern / Hambabalud

Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Rubiaceae Usak

Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Datiscaceae Binuang

Ormosia calavensis Blanco Leguminosae Bahai

Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Sapotaceae Tagatoi

Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Vill.) Vidal Sapotaceae Nato

Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl. Sapotaceae Red Nato

Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Sapotaceae Malak-malak

Pangium edule Reinw. Flacourtiaceae Pangi

Parartocarpus venenosa Becc. Moraceae Malanangka

Parishia maingayi Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Bulalog

Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Leguminosae Kupang

Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Ridsdale Rubiaceae Adina

Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Lecythidaceae Toog

Phoebe sterculioides (Elmer) Merr. Lauraceae Kaburo

Pinus caribaea Morelet Pinaceae Caribbean Pine

Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon Pinaceae Benguet Pine

Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese Pinaceae Mindoro Pine

Pisonia umbellifera (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Seem. Nyctaginaceae Anuling

Pistacia chinensis Bunge Anacardiaceae Sangilo

Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Pittosporaceae Mamalis

Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f. Sapotaceae Duklitan

Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) Pierre Sapotaceae Mangkas

Planchonia spectabilis Merr. Lecythidaceae Lamog

Platymitra arborea (Blanco) P.J.A. Kessler Annonaceae Bolon

Podocarpus rumphii Blume Podocarpaceae Malakauayan

Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Araliaceae Malapapaya

Pouteria macrantha (Merr.) Baehni Sapotaceae White Nato

Premna cumingiana Schauer Labiatae Maguilik

Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müll .Berol.) Kalkman Rosaceae Lago

Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fern.-Vill. Rubiaceae Katagpo

Pterocarpus cumingii (Benth.) Kuntze Leguminosae Tubling-kahoi

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Leguminosae Narra

Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr. Sterculiaceae Taluto

Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculiaceae Bayok

Pterospermum obliquum Blanco Sterculiaceae Kulatingan

Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. Bignoniaceae Banai-banai





Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw Euphorbiaceae Baguilumbang

Rhizophora apiculata Blume Rizophoraceae Bakauan

Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Fagerl. Rubiaceae Kalumala

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Meliaceae Santol

Sandoricum vidalii Merr. Meliaceae Malasantol

Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae Kusibang

Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake Leguminosae Brazilian fire Tree

Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco Anacardiaceae Kamiring

Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco Anacardiaceae Ligas

Shorea almon Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Almon

Shorea assamica var. philippinensis (Brandis ex Koord.) Y.K. Yang & J.K. Wu

Dipterocarpaceae Manggasinoro

Shorea astylosa Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Yakal

Shorea ciliata King Dipterocarpaceae Yakal-Mabolo

Shorea contorta S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae White Lauan

Shorea falciferoides Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Yakal-Yamban

Shorea gisok Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Yakal-Gisok

Shorea guiso Blume Dipterocarpaceae Guijo

Shorea hopeifolia (F. Heim) Symington Dipterocarpaceae Kalunti

Shorea malaanonan Blume Dipterocarpaceae Bagtikan

Shorea malibato Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Yakal-Malibato

Shorea negrosensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Red Lauan

Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis Dipterocarpaceae Tiaong

Shorea palosapis Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Mayapis

Shorea plagata Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Malaguijo

Shorea polita S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae Malaanonan

Shorea polysperma Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Tangile

Shorea seminis Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Malayakal

Sindora inermis Merr. Leguminosae Kayugalo

Sindora supa Merr. Leguminosae Supa

Solanum verbascifolium L. Solanaceae Malatabako

Sonneratia alba Sm. Sonneratiaceae Pagatpat

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Bignoniaceae African Tulip

Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae Hogs Plum

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Anacardiaceae Libas

Sterculia cordata Blume Sterculiaceae Mt. Tapinag

Sterculia foetida L. Sterculiaceae Kalumpang

Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Sterculiaceae Malabuho

Sterculia rubiginosa Vent. Sterculiaceae Sinaligan

Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Kalios

Strombosia philippinensis S. Vidal Olacaceae Tamayuan

Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Meliaceae Mahogany

Swintonia foxworthyi Elmer Anacardiaceae Lumarao / Apitong baboi

Sympetalandra densiflora (Elmer) Steenis Leguminosae Kamatog

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore Symplocaceae Agosip

Syzygium acuminatissimum (Blume) DC. Myrtaceae Binoloan

Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston Myrtaceae Tambis / Malatambis

Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr Myrtaceae Saguimsim

Syzygium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Cowan & Cowan Myrtaceae Malaruhat / Panglomboyen

Syzygium costulatum (C.B.Rob.) Merr. Myrtaceae Paitan

Syzygium nitidum Benth. Myrtaceae Makaasim

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. Apocynaceae Pandakaking-gubat

Tectona grandis L.f. Labiatae Teak





Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh. Labiatae Dangula (Sasalit)

Terminalia calamansanay Rolfe Combretaceae Malakalumpit

Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Talisay

Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Fleming Combretaceae Binggas

Terminalia copelandi Elmer Combretaceae Lanipau

Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Combretaceae Talisay-gubat

Terminalia microcarpa Decne. Combretaceae Kalumpit

Terminalia nitens C. Presl Combretaceae Sakat

Terminalia pellucida C. Presl Combretaceae Dalinsi

Thespesia campylosiphon (Turcz.) Rolfe Malvaceae Vidal's Lanutan

Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae Kalantas

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Ulmaceae Anabiong

Trichadenia philippinensis Merr. Flacourtiaceae Malapinggan

Trigonostemon longipes (Merr.) Merr. Euphorbiaceae Katap

Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. Myrtaceae Malabayabas

Tristaniopsis littoralis (Merr.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. Myrtaceae Taba

Tristaniopsis micrantha (Merr.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. Myrtaceae Tiga

Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk. Staphyleaceae Laloi

Vatica mangachapoi Blanco Dipterocarpaceae Narig

Vatica odorata (Griff.) Symington Dipterocarpaceae Mindanao Narig

Vatica pachyphylla Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Thick-leafed Narig

Vatica rassak Blume Dipterocarpaceae Tawi-tawi Narig

Vatica umbonata Burck Dipterocarpaceae Blanco Narig

Vatica whitfordii Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Whitford Narig

Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Labiatae Molave

Vitex turczaninowii Merr. Labiatae Lingo-lingo

Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. Leguminosae Banuyo

Wrightia pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan Apocynaceae Lanete

Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb. Xanthophyllaceae Bokbok

Xanthostemon bracteatus Merr. Myrtaceae Mapilig

Xanthostemon verdugonianus Náves ex Fern.-Vill. Myrtaceae Mankono

Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Meliaceae Tabigi

Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem. Meliaceae Piagau

Ziziphus hutchinsonii Merr. Rhamnaceae Lumuluas

Ziziphus talanae Merr. Rhamnaceae Balakat

Bamboos

Bambusa blumeana Schult.f. Poaceae Kawayan Tinik

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae Kawayan Kiling

Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer Poaceae Giant Bamboo

Dendrocalamus merrillianus (Elmer) Elmer Poaceae Bayog

Dinochloa dielsiana Pilg. Poaceae Bikal-baboi

Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Poaceae Bocaue

Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae Bolo

Schizostachyum diffusum (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae Bikal

Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae Anos

Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr. Poaceae Buho

Palms

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Arecaceae Kaong

Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart. Arecaceae Pugahan

Caryota urens L. Arecaceae Takipan

Corypha utan Lam. Arecaceae Buri

Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev. Arecaceae Tarau

Nypa fruticans Wurmb Arecaceae Nipa

Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl. Arecaceae Anibong / Anibong-gubat





Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandanaceae Pandan-layugan

Pandanus spp. Pandanaceae Pandan

Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi Pandanaceae Pandan (Mottled)

Pinanga insignis Becc. Arecaceae Sarawag

Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume Arecaceae Anahaw

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