teaching test 28-11-09
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Introduction to PolymersIntroduction to Polymers
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Where are Polymers?Where are Polymers?
ENGINEERING Polymers:
improved strength and better
elevated temperature properties
COMMERCIAL Polymers:
used in large quantities
for their lightweight, corrosion-resistance
and good formability
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What is Polymer?What is Polymer?
Polymer in Greek roots = poly + meros
poly = many
meros = unitMany unit
Polymer: High molecular weight molecule
made up of a small repeat unit (monomer).
Examples: polypropylene, proteins, DNA
Monomer: Low molecular weight compound
that can be connected together to give a polymer
Examples: ethylene Polyethylene
Oligomer: Short polymer chain 2
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by origin:
Natural polymers :
- polymers produced by living organisms.
- polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, gums etc),protein (gelatin, albumin, insulin, enzymes),
polyisoprenes (natural rubber) and nucleic acids
(RNA and DNA)
- biopolymers or biological macromolecules
Synthetic polymers
- plastics
- polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene,
polyester, nylon etc 3
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by chain structureClassification by chain structure:
Linear polymer chain- polymer chain composed of a single
backbone with no branches
Branched polymer chain- polymer chain with one or more substituent
side chains or branches.
Cross-linked polymer- polymer chain is linked with another polymer
chain
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Thermoplastic
Thermoset
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by monomer composition
Homopolymers: polymers are formed from a single type of monomer
Copolymers: polymers made up of 2 or more monomers
- Random copolymers:
monomers are randomly arranged within polymer chain
- Alternating copolymers:
monomers are alternately arranged within polymer chain
- Block copolymers:
large blocks of each monomer are arranged in polymer chain
- Graft copolymers:
one type of monomer is grafted to the long chain of another7
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Homopolymer
Copolymer
- Random copolymer
- Alternating copolymer
- Block copolymer
- Graft copolymer
A- B-
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by polymerization mechanism
Addition or chain growth polymerization
- Polymerization in which monomers are linked together withoutthe splitting of a water or other simple molecules.
- 3 stages: initiation, propagation, and termination
- Examples: polyethylene, polypropylene
Condensation or step growth polymerization
- Polymerization in which polymers are formed through a
condensation reaction, releasing small molecules as by-products.
- Examples: polyester, polyamides
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Addition or chain growth polymerization:
1. Initiation: creates the active center on the first monomer
2. Propagation: an additional monomer adds to the growing chain
3.Termination: the active center is destroyed stopping the reaction
= initiator
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Condensation or step growth polymerization:
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Common PolyolefinsM ono m er o lym er
thylene
H 3 CC H 3
nRepeat unit
olyethylene
C H 3
C H 3
n
C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3C H 3
P ropylene
P olypropylene
P hC H 3
n
P h P h P h P h P h P hP hStyrene
P olystyrene
Cl
C H 3
n
C l C l C l C l C l C lC lVinyl C hloride
P oly(vinyl chloride)
F 2C C F2
Tetrafluoroethylene
F 3 C
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
C F 3n
P oly(tetrafluoroethylene ): T eflon
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Polyesters, Amides, and
UrethanesM on om er P o lym er C O 2HH O 2C
H OO H
O O
H O OH 2C
H 2C O
nTerephthalic
acid
Ethyleneglycol
Poly(ethylene terephthalate
H
Ester
H O O H
O O
4H 2N N H 24
Adipic Acid 1,6-Diaminohexane Nylon 6,6H O N
HNH
H
O O
4 4
n
C O 2HH O 2C
Terephthalicacid
N H 2H 2N
1,4 -Diamino
benzene
Kevlar
O
H O
OHN
HN H
n
Amide
H OO H
Ethyleneglycol
H 2CO C N N C O
4 ,4 -diisocyantophenylmethaneSpandex
H 2
C
H
N
H
N
O
H O
O
O
H 2
C
H 2
C O Hn
U rethane linkage1
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functional groups are specific groups ofatoms within molecules that
are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules
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-Combination: 2 chains combine together
-- Disproportionation: produces two different form of compounds,one more oxidized and one more reduced than the original
compound
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Typical Properties of PolymersTypical Properties of Polymers
Good chemical resistance at room temperature
Low density and Youngs modulus
Brittleness at low temperatures
Low strength and chemical resistance at high temperatures Processability at relatively low temperatures
Good insulators (except conductive polymers)
Transparent and good optical properties
Gas permeability
Recycling
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Polymer NomenclaturePolymer Nomenclature
Polymer types are named after the functional group linkage
in their backbone i.e. the bonds between the monomers.
Examples: Polyesters, polyethers, polyamides etc.
If more than one type of linkage is present then both figure in
the names, e.g. polyetherimide
The language (script):
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Polymer NomenclaturePolymer Nomenclature
Most common naming process:
- poly(monomer), or
- poly(monomer1-co-monomer2)
- poly(monomer1-block-monomer2)- poly(monomer1-graft-monomer2)
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
nomenclature: rarely used in common literature, only as
referencesExample of a source-based polymer name:
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Polymer NomenclaturePolymer Nomenclature
Examples of polymer nomenclature
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by polymerization mechanism
Addition (chain) polymerization
Condensation (step) polymerization
Polymerization = a chemical process that combines several monomers
to form a polymer or polymeric compound
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Copolymer: polymer made up of 2 or more
monomers
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by thermal behaviour
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Thermoplastics (material
that is plastic ordeformable, melts to a
liquid when heated and
freezes to a brittle, glassy
state when cooledsufficiently), polystyrene,
polyethylene
Thermosets (cannot be
melted and remolded)
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What is Polymer?What is Polymer?
Copolymer: polymer made up of 2 or more
monomers
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Typical Properties of PolymersTypical Properties of Polymers
Good chemical resistance at room temperature
Low density and Youngs modulus
Brittleness at low temperatures
Low strength and chemical resistance at hightemperatures
Processability at relatively low temperatures
Good insulators (except conductive polymers)
Transparent and good optical properties
Gas permeability Recycling
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
PolymerClassifications
Thermoset: cross-linked polymer that
cannot be melted (tires, rubber bands)
Thermoplastic: Meltable plastic
Elastomers: Polymers that stretch and
then return to their original form: often
thermoset polymers
Thermoplastic elastomers: Elastic
polymers that can be melted (soles of tennis
shoes)
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very large molecules
(macromolecules) thatare comprised of smaller
unites or monomers.
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What is Polymer?What is Polymer?
Polymer = poly + mer
poly = many
mer = unit
Many unit
Polymer: High molecular weight molecule made up
of a small repeat unit (monomer).
Monomer: Low molecular weight compound that can
be connected together to give a poymer
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Common PolyolefinsM ono m er P o lym er
thylene
H 3 CC H 3
nRepeat unit
P olyethylene
C H 3
C H 3
n
C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3C H 3P
ropylene
P olypropylene
P hC H 3
n
P h P h P h P h P h P hP hStyrene
P olystyrene
C lC H 3
n
C l C l C l C l C l C lC lVinyl C hloride
P oly(vinyl chloride)
F 2C C F2
Tetrafluoroethylene
F 3 C
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
F 2C
CF 2
C F 3n
P oly(tetrafluoroethylene ): T eflon
P l t A id d
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Polyesters, Amides, and
UrethanesM on om er P o lym er C O 2HH O 2C
H OO H
O O
H O OH 2C
H 2C O
nTerephthalic
acid
Ethyleneglycol
Poly(ethylene terephthalate
H
Ester
H O O H
O O
4H 2N N H 24
Adipic Acid 1,6-Diaminohexane Nylon 6,6H O N
HNH
H
O O
4 4
n
C O 2HH O 2C
Terephthalic
acid
N H 2H 2N
1,4 -Diamino
benzene
Kevlar
O
H O
OHN
HN H
n
Amide
H OO H
Ethyleneglycol
H 2CO C N N C O
4 ,4 -diisocyantophenylmethaneSpandex
H 2C
HN
HN
O
H O
O
OH 2C
H 2C O H
n
U rethane linkage
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Natural PolymersM o n o m e r Po lymer
Isoprenen
Polyisoprene:atural rubbe r
O
H
H O
H
H O
H
H
O HHO H
O H
Poly(- -glycoside):cellulose
O
H
O
H
H O
H
H
O HHO H
O H
H
n
- -glucose
H 3N
O
O Polyamino acid:protein
H 3 N
OHN
R 1
OHN
R n+ 1
O
O H
R n+ 2n
Am ino Acid
BaseO
O H
OP
O
O
O
oligonucleic acidN A
N ucleotide
Base = C, G , T, A
BaseO
O
OP
O
O
O
N A
N A
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by monomer composition
Homopolymers: polymers formed from a single type of monomer
Copolymers: polymers made up of 2 or more monomers
- Random copolymers: A and B randomly vary in chain
- Alternating copolymers: A and B alternate in polymer chain
- Block copolymers: large blocks of A alternate with large blocks of B
- Graft copolymers: chain of B grafted on to A blackbone
Terpolymers: polymers made up of 3 different types of monomers
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Homopolymers
Copolymers
- Random copolymers
- Alternating copolymers
- Block copolymers
- Graft copolymers
Terpolymers
A-C
-B-
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Types of polymersTypes of polymers
Classification by monomer composition
Homopolymers: polymers formed from a single type of monomer
Copolymers: polymers made up of 2 or more monomers
- Random copolymers: A and B randomly vary in chain
- Alternating copolymers: A and B alternate in polymer chain
- Block copolymers: large blocks of A alternate with large blocks of B
- Graft copolymers: chain of B grafted on to A blackbone
A and B = monomers7
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Classification of polymersClassification of polymers
Origin
Chain structure
Thermal behaviour
monomer composition
polymerization mechanism