teaching and learning principles
TRANSCRIPT
Teaching and Learning Principles
By Lisa Ridgway
Always Learning
As an advocate for learning and teaching I am continuing my quest of knowledge through pursuit of a masters degree.
The goal of all teaching and education is the acquisition of student knowledge.
Foundational Theories
Teaching and Learning Styles
Foundational Theories
3 key teaching theories:
• Behaviorism
• Cognitivism
• Social Constructivism
These theories can be applied to Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy of Student Learning
(Reeves, 2011)
Bloom’s Taxonomy (revised)
Behaviorism
Key educational theorist: Skinner
Goal is for learners to correctly respond to stimuli (Ertmer & Newby, 1993)
Operational conditioning furthers effectiveness (Skinner, 1993)
Positive reinforcement
Negative consequences
Simple recall of information
Does not require higher thinking skills
Cognitivism
Key educational theorist: Piaget
Increases rigor, higher-order thinking skills required
Requires problem solving and reasoning (Ertmer & Newby, 1993)
Prior knowledge is important to form new connections
Social Constructivism
Key educational theorist: Vygotsky
Focuses on the needs of society (Shiro, 2013)
Learners become involved (Ertmer & Newby, 1993)
Students seek greater social purpose
Manifestation of Theories in Education
Learning Theories Elementary education – students remember
and understand often through a behaviorism approach
Secondary education – students apply and analyze knowledge through cognitivism
Tertiary education - addresses social purpose through constructivism
Levels of Education
Tertiary
Secondary
Elementary
Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching
Merges disciplines
Increases problem-solving approaches
Improves educational outcomes
Initiatives, such as STEM and STEAM, are evidence of an interdisciplinary trend emerging
Meeting the Needs of All Learners
Our nation’s diversity continues grows
Diverse Learners
Meeting the Needs of All Learners
• Bilingual English language learners
• Students with Disabilities
• Transgendered individuals
Bilingualism
1906: Nationality
Act (Texas)
1923: Meyer v.
Nebraska
1954: Brown v.
Board of
Education
1964: Civil Rights
Act
1965: Elementary
& Secondary
Education Act
1968: Bilingual
Education Act
The Nationality Act required students to speak English
Meyer v. Nebraska decided that foreign language education cannot be restricted
Brown v. Board of Ed desegregated schools
The Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination, requires schools to improve language deficiencies
Elementary & Secondary Education Act was part of the “War on Poverty” to fund schools
The Bilingual Education Act was the first federal legislation to recognize needs of ELLs
Students with Disabilities
1973: 504 1975: IDEA 1990: ADA 2002: NCLB 2004: RTI
Section 504 was part of the Rehabilitation Act to accommodate students
IDEA made public education for students with disabilities possible
ADA prohibits discrimination based on disability
NCLB increased accountability to include students with special needs for adequate yearly progress
RTI aims to increase interventions and decrease special education referrals
Transgenderism
Bathroom laws continue discriminative practices
San Antonio is one of over 200 cities to protect gender identity discrimination (sanantonio.gov)
Sexual orientation discrimination laws do not currently protect most citizens (ACLU)
Curriculum should challenge heteronormative practices to expand insight (Sumara & Davis, 1999)
Segregation
Segregation was outlawed over 50 years ago
Efforts of desegregation have improved education for many minority groups
Unfortunately, segregation can still be found within most large school districts
Self-contained special education classrooms exists in most schools
ESL classrooms are a form of segregation
Reference: SJEPmoviemiento. (2010, February 18). Questions for Answers part 1.mov [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woFuUPKUfII
I encourage you to watch this video about a school district in Arizona. It is a mirror example of what I have seen in San Antonio.
The Education Enterprise in the U.S.
A Work in Progress
• Public schooling has existed in the U.S. since the 1600s
• Secondary and tertiary education became more prevalent in the 1900s
• The Progressive Movement increased awareness of relevancy and student experiences
• Education standards vary by state with similarities across the country
• Despite efforts to end inequalities, discrimination and segregation continue to exist
Plan of Action
Teachers must be advocates for students
Students should be advocates for communities
Therefore, a teacher’s role should be to teach students how to advocate for themselves and their communities
ReferencesACLU (n.d.). Know your rights: Transgender people and the law. Retrieved August 5, 2016 from https://www.aclu.org/know-your-rights/transgender-people-
and-law.
Arias, M. B. (2007). The educational implications of linguistic isolation and segregation of Latino English Language Learners.https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/legal-developments/court-decisions/the-educational-implications-of-linguistic-isolation-and-segregation-of-latino-english-language-learners-ells.
Bloom, B. S., & Sosniak, L. A. (1981). Talent Development vs. Schooling. Educational Leadership, 39(2), 86-94. Retrieved July 31, 2016 from www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_198111_bloom.pdf
Blumenfeld, S.L. (2008). Pavlov’s dog and American education. The New American, 24(20), 33.
Reeves, A.R. (2011). Where Great Teaching Begins: Planning for Student Thinking and Learning. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4), 50-72.
Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Goldin, C. (1999). A brief history of education in the United States.
Greeno, J., Collins, A., & Resnick, L. B. (1992). Cognition and learning. In B. Berliner & R. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of Educational Psychology (pp 15-46), New York, NY: Simon & Schuster MacMillan.
Hoffman, L., & Sable, J. (2006). Public elementary and secondary students, staff, schools, and school districts: School year 2003-2004. Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics.
Nieto, D. (2000). A brief history of bilingual education in the United States. Urban Ed Journal, 61, 61-65.
San Antonio (n.d.). City of San Antonio Non-Discrimination Ordinance facts. Retrieved August 5, 2016 from http://www.sanantonio.gov/Portals/0/Files/NDO/ndo-fact-sheet.pdf.
Schiro, M. (2013). Curriculum Theory: Conflicting Visions and Enduring Concerns (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Skinner, B. F. (1990). Can psychology be a science of mind? American Psychologist, 45(11), 1206-1210.
Steinmetz, K. (2015). Everything You Need to Know About the Debate Over Transgender People and Bathrooms. Retrieved July 3, 2016 from http://time.com/3974186/transgender-bathroom-debate.
Sumara, D. & Davis, B. (1999). Interupting heteronormativity: Toward a queer curriculum theory. Curriculum Inquiry, 29 (2), 191-208.