teach yourself rungustudukai-no i kondiri do rungus · b) diphtongs -piuni, two vowels (kiuni) are...

Teach Yourself RungusTudukai-no

I Kondiri Do Rungus

T.A. forschner 2014

Teach yourself Rungus Tudukai-no i kondiri do Rungus Page 1

Dear friends, you will realize that it is not easy for me to write these

notes concerning your language. It is 15 years, since i last visited Sabah.

Over 35 years i had collected data for writing the Rungus Grammar to

be printed in Kudat in 1992. There were only 200 copies. Now having

started to rewrite these lessons the other way round so that English

readers could improve their Rungus, this brings some problems with it.

By proceeding to the next lessons i realize where something should

have been explained earlier or only added later on, I have first hesitated

to improve immediately what so far has been published in FB. But at

this point, i should like to make you already now familiar to my alterations of what you have

already in FB. Therefore i present you with everything i have written in the first five lessons and

add, how i want to make the next steps. By early November2012, i could finish these lessons and do

hope that you will be able to make use of them for your benefit. Traugott A. Forschner Filderstadt

10th November 2012

- Misisingilo-oku do Rungus -


Introduction:

For years I have been communicating with young people in Malaysia via Facebook, using either

Rungus or English. Manymore are just keeping on writing in Bahasa Melayu, as they had learnt in

school, telling me that they do not know or are not used to use the language of their anchesters.

Some even blame their parents having not taught them their own language. While encouraging them

to make use of Rungus, (Gonsomon, Nulu and Tobilung have only a few alterations in pronouncing)

I notice that one of the problems is the different way of writing (spelling) and speaking

(pronouncing) a word. This is a problem, the colonial government brought to Malaysia.

In Malaya, children learning to read the Al Quoran, learned the Javi alphabet letters. Then the

English introduced Latin writing as used in England and taught the children the English ABC, even

so it was written different from being pronounced. The problem was this difference between

spelling and speaking (pronouncing). And the Dutch, occupying the islands of what today is

Indonesia, introduced another way of writing Malay according how the Dutch language in the

Netherlands is spoken and written.

A simple way of explaining what Phonology is about.

When in 1957 we started a Bible School at Sikuati, I noticed that Majimil, Diyun, Osuman and

Angkangon who could read some Malay words, used the English ABC saying, E,Bi,Si, Di, I, Ef, Ji,

Etsh, Ai, Ka, El, Em, En, O, Pe, Kuw, Ar, Es, Ti, Yu, Fau, Doppleyou, Ex, Wai, Zet, which fitted

not at all to the written Malay words in the Laubach Learner Book.

So we started again right from the beginning, giving with a picture a symbol for each letter: A like

agong (Gong), B like busul, bola, (bottom, ball), D like dalus, dohon, (sea shell, me) E like

enggaton (pinang palm tree), G like godingan (Elephant), H like hakod (legs) I like idi, aki (mother,

grandfather), K like kabang (open mouth), L like lasag (sail post), M like mato (eyebrow),N like

nizu (coconut seedling) O like orod (arm or finger ring), P like pazas (Papaya), R like radu (plough),

S like sinikit (flame burning), T like tungkat (walking stick), U like ulu (head), V like valai (house),

Z like nizu, pazas, mozo, ozi, mizon ( coconut, Papaya, to follow, to like, to live at) and the

diphtongs AI like vaig, dalai, (water, maize or corn), AU like anavau, (light), karabau (water

buffalo), magazau (to cook) OI like oroloi (like) iokoi (we exclusive), OU like osilou (yellow), ikou

(you plural), with each letter being represented by a picture (a gong, bottom of a child, seashell)

even finding for the letter G a godingan (elephant with the trunk).

So in the end each letter of the alphabet as used for all the Rungus words had the appropriate image.

And being eventually copied, we had a little Primer for Rungus. To practize reading, a little booklet

to be added to the primer was written by the four fathers of the first children learning to read and

write at Sikuati explaining the life in the longhouse, of which I add to each lesson a passage for

reading practice and that whole First Reader in Rungus. To show the difference between spelling

and speaking (pronouncing) I use the brackets []


Teach yourself Rungus:

Lesson: The vowels [wauls] I kiuni om diphtongs piuni Phonology

Lesson: The marker or article I(it), di (t), do(t). O (ot)

Lesson: The root /stem of words I gamut/puun dit ongopongoretan do Rungus

Lesson: Nouns I Pongoretan om ngaran do barang

Lesson: Adjective Panarangan di kobuatan ko kogunaan do barang, hal (noun)

Lesson: Morphology I tasantanid-tanid o vaza mamakai di toriso-iso o gamut/puun

Lesson: Momongo do monodiri dit ongo-affixes di monimban di harati om panangan di

gamut

Lesson: Momongo do monodiri dit ongo-affixes di monimban di harati om panangan di

gamut

Lesson: Suffix morphemes. It ongosuput di iadko iku do boros

Lesson: Articles and Pronouns I manarang do sumuhut i noun/ngaran, pongoretan ko i

mongontok di ngaran, pongoretan ko barang om ongohal

Lesson: The Syntax It onibak om amu aralom it ongopamarasan

Lesson: It ongopamarasan vokon om i vaza popisuput do panarangan 1. Lesson: The vowels [wauls] I kiuni om diphtongs piuni Phonology

Once again a simple way of explaining what Phonology is aboutas mentioned before: When in 1957

we started a Bible School at Sikuati, I noticed that also Majimil, Diyun, Osuman and Angkangon

could read some Malay words, they used the English ABC saying, E,Bi,Si, Di,I, Ef, Ji, Etsh, Ai, Ka,

El, Em, En, O, Pe, Kuw, Ar, Es, Ti, Yu, Fau, Doppleyou, Ex, Ypslinon,Zet, which fitted not at all to

the written words in the Laubach Learner Book.

So we started again right from the beginning, giving with a picture a symbol for each letter: A like

agong (Gong), B like busul, bola, (bottom, ball), D like dalus, dohon, (sea shell, me) E like

enggaton (pinang palm tree), G like godingan (Elephant, H like hakod (legs) I like idi, aki (mother,

grandfather), K like kabang (open mouth), L like lasag (sail post), M like mato (eyebrow), N like

nizu (coconut seedling) O like orod (arm or finger ring), P like pazas (Papaya), R like radu (plough),

S like sinikit (flame burning), T like tungkat (walking stick), U like ulu (head), V like valai (house),

Z like nizu, pazas, mozo, ozi, mizon ( coconut, Papaya, to follow, to like, to live at) and the

diphtongs AI like vaig, dalai, (water, maize or corn), AU like anavau, (light), karabau (water

buffalo), magazau (to cook) OI like oroloi (like) iokoi (we exclusive), OU like osilou (yellow), ikou

(you plural), with each letter being represented by a picture (a gong, bottom of a child, seashell)

even finding for the letter G a godingan (elephant with the trunk).The other letters are called

consonants - koruhang di kiuni. Kabang mamakai di munung, dila ko itatalanan antava it odung b,p,

f, ko m, n, ng om i iadinoi.

So in the end each letter of the alphabet as used for all the Rungus words had the appropriate image.

And being eventually copied, we had a little Primer for Rungus.

For the moment, I try to explain the use of what in English is called “vowel” [waul] and to show the

difference between spelling and speaking (pronouncing) I use brackets [] Vowel means the letter

itself produces a sound = i hurup di kiuni nga varo uni kondiri


a) I kiuni vowel

There are five vowels a, e, i, o, u. Varo limo hurup a, e, i, o, u.

Iadino it uni ong “a” = agong, ama, amu, aki, magavang, avantang, avasih

ong “e” = enggaton, engin, elo, megol,

ong “i” = idi, inai, i valai, Dinihizan, iti, ino, iri

ong “o” = oho, Ozong, Orong, ongkukul,

ong “u” = ulu, ungkamang, uni, unopot, undiri,

b) Diphtongs -Piuni, two vowels (kiuni) are joined together as diphtongs (piuni), whereby the

second kiuni is in the international alphabet often called as being not active or voiceless) It

occurs in the second syllable. When used with suffix -an the second kiuni can change into “z”

puvalazan or “h” kovosihan

ong “ai” = amai, inai, valai, sungkabai, dahai, anggai

ong “au” = karabau, dau, ginazau

ong “oi” = oroloi, iokoi,

ong “ou” = tokou, mangarazou but rozohon


For reading praxis read a little story: Arun and Asun in the kampong_

1. I Arun om i Asun:

Varo duvo ot anak sompi kusai. I ngaran di

keso dino i Asun. I ngaran di koduvo dino i

Arun. I Asun om i Arun dino banalko

mianggai.

I Asun dino agazo-no. I Arun dino opodok-po.

Sumako i Asun sid karabau. Miombutul i

Arun. Rumikot i karabau sid buvatan

Sinanggong dino longoi

nu oi Asun. Longozo ka

vagu oi, tudukai oku po.

Hei ambau, hei ambau

kada panangkus,

gandaraku gandaranku

runti…….


You notice that before every noun or name is a marker, in English called article. With lesson two

we shall learn how to use such markers before names and objects indicating the position of the noun

or pronoun in the sentence.

Take Note: Any person all over the world will be able to read and pronounce this story without

having knowledge of Momogun. He/she will be understood, as there is no difference between

spelling and pronouncing. The person has only to keep in mind: One does not give any syllable a

stress or emphasis.

Second Lesson: The marker or article, which points out and qualifies that a noun follows There are

two articles in English, a definite and an indefinite article or marker a and the a) indefinitive marker:

a man, a woman, a house, a thing, a school, a tool, a pencil, a problem. In front of a noun with an

initial vowel, an “n” is added: an egg, an elephant, an apple, an animal b) the definite marker: The

house, the boy, the girl, the door, the church, the office, the tree, which refers to a particular house,

boy, girl, door or church...

The Rungus marker, ino-no i hurup di monuduk do mozo i pongoretan, i retan dot adjective (ong

English) i (it), di (dit), o (ot), do (dot) apakai pengkaa dino:

is “i” followed by a “t” before nouns with an initial vowel: i valai, it uva, i riniba, i pomogunan, i

kampong, i vulan, i pongitungan, i kavavalazan

but: it anak, it aki, i karabau, i pongitungan, i vusak, it uva, it ombuvoi, it ongkukul, ong kodung i

pongoretan varo kiuni sid kotimpuunan.

Referring to any house uses the marker “varo” Varo valai sid himbaan, varo’t ulun sid sulap.

Different from English which only uses the article “the” and “a” for any noun, whether being the

subject or object in the sentence, Rungus uses a marker “di/dit” and “do/dot” before the noun, when

the noun/name is not the subject of the matter expressed.

It anak dot agazo, i valai dot ulun, it anggai di kuvo, i binatang do Barambangun

The difference between using “dit”and “dot” indicates the relationship being general or

specific

i valai di Asun, it anggai di Parazin, i binatang di Lagan, it anak di Arun, it uva do paranggi.

Topot, ong valai do pagong i nagama, varo tukad,

Mangakan di parangi i Asun, magandaha ialo di valai do Popot, monurat do surat sid di

Daang, i mato dot adau, i Arun manabpo di hakod di Arun.

For reading praxis read the little story: Arun and Asun in the kampong


2. Modsu sid bavang

I Asun om i Arun tumuhun antad sid karabau.

I Asun om i Arun kumaa sid bavang. Rumikot

ioti sid bavang. Mongidu-no ioti do soval, tu

modsu sid bavang. I Asun om i Arun dino

banalko otomon. Ogorot ioti dino

misingkavaro. Elo i Asun tumosog. Tumolong

i Asun sid saralom. Mongingut i Asun di Arun.

Rumosi i Arun, tu amu milo tumosog. Lumusu

i Asun, tu manabpo di hakod di Arun.

Mongogizak i Arun. Tumindal i Arun.Gumusa

i Asun di Arun

Boi ong olonod oku

kuran? Yai… rumosi oku

Tuhop no ka dino Asun,amu ibo

olonod inoi kada katalou sino.


Take Note: Any person all over the world will be able to read and pronounce this story without

having knowledge of Momogun. He/she will be understood, as there is no difference between

spelling and pronouncing. The person has only to keep in mind: One does not give any syllable a

special stress or emphasis.

3. Lesson The root /stem of words I gamut/puun dit ongopongoretan do Rungus

The European languages like English, French, German, Spaniol ko Italy in use today are a mixture

of many languages of different tribes of the past, being influenced by further other languages over

the centuries. While Latin, the language of the Roman Empire around the time, when Jesus was

living in Palestine, has greatly influenced the European languages until today, these Latinism are

today pronounced in different ways, often hardly recognizable as former Latin words. While many

forms of words are used in a similiar way in these various langauges as nouns, adjectives, verbs and

other parts of speech, most of them follow a certain pattern and can be explained with the same

terms: nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, Other languages in the world have often other forms and

ways of building compound words (adjectives, verbs, nouns etc). Rungus belongs to this second

group of langauges like Hebrew and Arab, Hindi om Kina and many other vernaculars, which use

affixes to varify the meaning of an expression.

Yet all forms carrying the meaning of a particular idea (root/stem) derive from the main part of the

expression used in communicating with one another. Like a tree which consists first of one root and

stem or trunk, from which grow out branches into twigs, from which the leaves and fruitbearing

flowers develope the product..

root/stem-branches -twigs-leaves and flowers bringing forward fruits. To explain this

developement is called Morphology The developing of forms....

It inantadon dit ongoboros di tasantanid-tanid o harati, nga retanko gamut ko puun iadko i gamut do

kazu. I kazu, nga varo laid i gamut antad di linsou dot uva, nga sumuni i linsou om sumurut i batang

ko i puun om iri-ogi mimbulai it ongoraan dit apapak om it otiniu sampai mimbulai it ongoroun om

it ongovusak do kazu di pembulai dit ongouva.

While English uses rather an additional term to explain something e.g.

Take……….kumavid, take away……..manganu,

take back….posuri, take in………...tumorima,

take life…...mamatai,take off go away,

take part…. mamung sid gamaon

the German has similar prefixes like Rungus changing the meaning of the main idea: i boros

German mamakai do prefixes miabal do Rungus di monimban di harati do gamut schneiden =

momudung zuschneiden = mongogunting, abschneiden = momompod, verschneiden = momudung

dit amu nokonong sampai osusa do pada di barang ko kumut, beschneiden-monunat, umschneiden =

momompod, Schnitt = i kopudungan, Abschnitt = i nobi di kopudungan, Verschnitt = i nobi do

kumut, Zuschnitt = i kumut di nosodia bahagi momukul, Schneiderei = i kadai do monombil do

ongosulungan, Schneider = i tukang do monombil,.schneidern = monombil. nga kavi- avi manarang

ombo o gama kadapat mangagama ong mamakai do gunting.

Ong Rungus: Imot= i gama mamakai dit mato. (imot, sirot, impa)


Adjective : o-imot = emot, visible

Verb mo-imo t= memot…see, mongemot….look

past tense minemot….saw miongimot looked……. nokemot have seen

imatan…. Seeing kematan, kinematan,….sight, past sight

noun pongimatan…. sight kopongimatan,…. intense look

intention mokimot…..wish to see, past tense minokimot,

to make pemot,….. to make see pinemot- pongemot,…..past of showing

tiimot, Desire to see or inspect, mokipopokotemot….. Wishing if possible to visit

past minokipopokotimot.... Imat-imatan-po…. Wait and see

Varo vokoni do sampai labaan do 150 ot uva di gamut imot. There are more than 150 alterations in

using one stem(root).

Note: With the following lessons I shall try to explain along the English Grammar Adjective, noun,

verb etc. and add how the Rungus Grammar works. For there is a big difference between English

and Rnngus and it is not very easy at each time to explain to and fro which language rule is

prevailing. By using the technical Terms of Linguistics, there are three steps to be described:

Phonology the way how the single letters are pronounced

Morphology how the various affixes give the stem/root various meanings

Syntax how sentences are put together expressing matters, actions and aims ...

It is necessary at this stage to move to and fro following the two language rules. Manjadi sid

ongolesson vagu moniim-oku do manarang, isuhut di vaza manarang ong English Grammar

Adjective, noun, verb om vokon-i, om iri-ogi kopiamung-po i vaza di hoturan do Boros Rungus.

Sabap banalko tanid i hoturan do boros English om Rungus, apagon ngaran do misoguli-guli pogili

om manarang ombo it ahatuli. Ong mamakai dit ongopongoretan do Linguistics , varo tolu o tungkat

manarang, ino-no

A Phonology i tudukan do mumbongot dit ongohurup.

B Morphology i tudukan do popitalad dit tasantanid-tanid o pongoretan di mutolid

antad sid gamut/puun ko stem or root.

C iri-ogi Syntax i tudukan do popiamung dit ongopamarasan di manarang ombo o

hal om kobuatan sampai i panangan om it siombo o kojodizan

Ino dino ituduki, isuhut di hoturan do Rungus om vokon di dang Inggeris.

For reading praxis read this little story : Arun and Asun in the kampong


3. Mindakod sid nizu

Kemot i Asun do nizu. Migusa ioti tumangkus

rumikot sid puun do nizu. Mindakod i Asun

sid nizu. I Arun dino minud sid puun do nizu.

Amu milo i Arun mindakod, tu amu opinit

iosido. Asapou it uva do nizu. Mongupu i

Asun dot uva. Mindahu vagu i Asun. Ogorot

ioti mangakan do nizui dit omulok. Opongo-

po mangakan, orualan do tizan i Arun om i

Asun.

Obo,nga kada no kama pongimuk,

kendahu oku no om akanon to ogi.

Asabak ko ong amu monginud ko bo.

Minud oku siti siba, umpugon ku

ombo aratu nu. Ikau mindakod tu

opinit ong I kau


4. Lesson Nouns I Pongoretan om ngaran do barang

There are different kinds of nouns :

common nouns the cat - it uzing, the dog -it asu, the house - i valai, the head - it ulu, the foot i

hakod, the knive i pisau, the book - i buuk, the boat - it alud, the tree - i kazu, the walk - i panau, the

wall - i rinding

proper nouns or names Asun, Arun, Kudat, Asia, with initial Capital Rungus, Ubian, Dayak,

Kudat, Sandakan, Kota Kinabalu, Tenom

abstract nouns the fear i korosizan, the joy i kohigakan the rule i hoturan Plural of nouns ongo-

The dogs, it ongoasu, the houses it ongovalai, the days it ongoadau or it inadahan if concerning long

past days the men (man) it ongokusai, the women it ongoondu (ongondu) the thoughts = it

ongopongitungan, the longhouses it ongobinatang The teeths it ongonipon.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns representing the nouns:

Arun likes koliabas I Arun tiakan do koliabas

He picks koliabas iosido mongupu do koliabas

“he” refers to Arun who likes guava he picks them from the tree English and Rungus use three

personal pronouns for single persons, matters, nouns and three pronouns for more then one

1st person singular I together with the marker i-oku = ioku The marker is joined to the pronoun.

When the pronoun is suffixed to a verb, no “i” Marker is needed

I go = nau-oku or with emphasis Ioku o mamanau

2nd person YOU I-kau = ikau You go mamanau-ko ko ikau o mamanau

3rd person HE /it Ialo/ izau he goes mamanau ialo ko izau o mamanau

Plural More than one many

1st person we go, mamanau tokou or emphasized i tokou o mamanau

2nd person you go mamanau-kou or emphasized ikou o mamanau

3rd person they go mamanau iolo, ioti or emphasized iolo o mamanau ko ioti o m..

Note: It is a nonsense writing this marker “i” combined with the pronouns with a “y”. This

“I” is one phoneme and should not be alternating with “y”. It is a matter of Momogun

spelling, not following either the English spelling or BM spelling. ioku, ikau ialo, iolo, iokoi, i

tokou....ioti. (Compare how English spelling uses the letter “y”.Learning English means learing

each word seperately only, why, whisky, yacht, Yankee, year, yes)

Dual form: We two go mamanau kito emph. I kito o mamanau (Rungus is one of a few languages

which uses DUAL forms)

Possesive pronouns: My house - valai-ku, Our house - valai-za ko valai di tokou, emphasized i

dohon do valai di tokou do valai inclusive) exclusive dahai do valai

2nd person your house i valai-nu your house (plural) valai dikou ko i dikou do valai

3rd Person his/her house i valai dau their house

i valai diolo/dioti dual valai di kito di kito o valai


Demonstrative pronouns: point to something which is close by, further away or locally and in

matters of time very distant: This Iti, that ino. that far away ilo, In time iri these pronouns use like

the marker a final “ti” before a vowel-initial noun. Emphasis repeats the pronoun afterthe noun This

house Iti valai diti, that house ino valai dino, that house far off ilo valai dilo, that house some time

ago Iri valai diri

Lokative pronouns: explain the direction or distance of the noun by adding a initial “s” to the

demonstrative pronoun siti, sino, silo, sori, siri the house here iti valai siti, the house over there ino

valai sino, ilo valai silo, iri valai siri if indicating the place of the object (noun, person) the locator

sid changes to sitid, sinod, silod, soirid, sirid We meet at this house Minsamung-okoi sitid valai, the

hospital is sorid Ranau that war took place at Iraq i rumpak dino nokosunu sorid Iraq.


For reading praxis read the little story:

4. Mangagama do kurita I Asun om i Arun miupakat mamanau sid govuton. Mogihim ioti di

gamaon do kurita. I Asun om i Arun nokemot do kazu do kidalid dot alaab. Mitabang ioti

momudung. Manganu ioti do hakod do kurita. Nopongo-po, mongovit i Arun om i Asun di kurita sid

takad. Sumako ioti sid kurita. Alangkas i kurita dino rumuhuk. Kodondtol i kurita sid kazu.Kotubpo

ioti sid sibak. Mogihad ioti. Nokinis i soval di Arun. Obutak i Asun, tu naratu sid lolobuhon do

karabau.


5. Lesson Adjective Panarangan di kobuatan ko kogunaan do barang, hal (noun)

The adjective is a word which explains the form, quality, use or relation of nouns. In English it

precedes the noun in question The big house The long house The tall tree

I panarangan di kobuatan do barang manarang di kogunaan om kapakazan ko i buatan di nununopo.

Vokon nga ogulu di noun, vokon-no ong kosuhut di pongoretan

The big house i valai dot agazo ….. it agazo o valai

the tall person it ulun dit anaru ….. it anaru ot ulun

the fast car i kurita di alangkas ….. it alangkas o kurita

the clear explanation i panarangan dit atalahas ..... it atalahas o panarangan

the little food i kakanan dit okudik ….. it okudik o kakanan

All adjectives in Rungus use a prefix A or O according to the first vowel of the root word

and are formed from the root word consisting of

a-langkas fast o-doot slow

o-orod=orod round a-lavis pointed

a-sakau dirty a-alus=alus clean

a-naru long o-nibak short

a-vagat heavy a-gaan light

a-gazo big, large o-podok small, little

This is the English way of describing different functions of a word: Adjectives, nouns, pronouns,

adverbs, gerundives, prepositions, conjunctions, verbs in their different use.

For reading praxis read the little story


5. Manganu do kouvaan:

I Asun om i Arun mirimpanau sid kabun om sid govuton. Mogihim ioti do kouvaan. Ampalam,

burungan, lansat, ratu, pulutan, imadang, bundu, koliabas, bongkurungan,

matan,bonsiku,mogiton,rangalau, bambangan ko puvak. I Asun dino om i Arun mogihim-nopo do

kouvaan o tomodon dioti. Ogorot ioti mangakan dokouvaan.

Oginisan o kouvaan ot ihimon dioti. Aso’t engkod dioti mivozo-vozo. Nakatanga ioti sid himbaan.

Kemot ioti do rangalau. Mindankod i Arun. I Asun-nopo om sid tana. Manahau iosido dit uva.

Tutuon di Arun i raan do rangalau. Ogumu o rumato it uva. I rangalau dino mansak-no banal.

Asapou it uva. Noponu it obubut di Asun om i di Arun.Avagat it obubut. Muli-no ioti sid valai.

Otomon-no it idi om it ama di Asun om i di Arun. Mangakan ioti sokoviai


6. Lesson MORPHOLOGY I tasantanid-tanid o vaza mamakai di toriso-iso o gamut/puun

The Momogun language has stem morphemes, affix morphemes and non stem words, such as

enclitics, conjunctions, articles and interjections. There are three forms of affixation: prefix, infix

and suffix

I boros Rungus mamakai di gamut/puun dot tomod manarang di harati. Varo-po ongobahagi do

boros di ong kopiamung sid gamut/stem nga monimban om posondot di harati di gamut/puun.

Vokon-no it i amung ogulu di gamut ino-no mu-valai =muvalai-oku I build a house prefix

muvokon-no ong mozo dit hurup otimpuunan minuvalai-oku diri I built then a house infix –in and

add a suffix /varo-po i kosuput sid pompod di gamut/puun. kavavalaz-an building, houses suffix –an

Examples:

Iaditi, mong-umpug to come or bring together. i-numpug being together pong-umpug-an gathering.

Minongumpug Past tense came or brought together This affixations are prefixes in front, infix “-in-“

indication past tense and suffix being added to the stemp/root.

I ngaran dit ongosuput dino, prefix, infix om suffix, ko apajak Affix = it inamungi mogulu ko sid

tanga ko sid pompod do gamut/puun.

B.10 The stem morphemes

B.11 the simple stems

There are stems, which are in themselves substantives as they are names of things. Other stems

do not occur in the mere stem form but are always affixed as e.g. qualifiers of verbs

sangkul… hoe i sangkul… the hoe manangkul-oku …I hoe

sigup…. tobacco it sigup… the tobacco monigup-oku… I smoke

rinding…. wall i rinding…. the wall mongorinding-oku… I make a wall

tangkus

tumangkus-oku …I run i kotongkusan…. the race

naru anaru ….long numaru it kazu…. the tree gets longer

B.12O compound stems (stems with unproductive prefixes)

B.121 compound stems with prefix mongi + nasal or mi+ nasal (m,n, ng)

Sakot grass monginsakot-oku I cut grass

Savat height monginsavat-oku I put high up

Toron stay mintoron-oku I live

Tutun to get known intimate mongintutun-oku I make known

vozo follow pemozo oku (poinbozo) I give in

guli return mingguli-oku I repeat

kakat lift mingkakat-oku I stand up

The following stems have in addition a reduplication of the first stem syllable, whereby the initial r

or l is replaced by voiced plosive d

-raat bad mongindaraat-oku I slander

Longoi song mindolongoi-oku I sing

ronok fear mongindoronok-oku I threaten


B.122 compound stems with prefix o + nasal

Diri oneself. mondiri stick for climbing beans

Tizan abdomen. mogontizan-oku I am pregnant

B.123 compound stems with prefix u + nasal (m, n, ng)

Palad hand (palm) mumpalad-oku I keep for myself

daliu change. mundaliu it kinomol the rice wine ferments

alad wing. mungkalad it vusak the flower unfolds

vasih goodness. mongumbasih-oku I show goodness

B.124 compound stems with prefix ti + nasal

Puun trunk. tumimpuun-oku I begin

Koub horizontal. moningkoub-oku I lie with face to the ground

B.125 compound stems with prefix to + nasal

Obpinai brother/sister. monongobpinai-oku dikau I hold you as my brother

Piri turn. monompiri oku I make fire by turning a stick

B.126 compound stems with prefix tu + nasal

Vozo follow. tumbozo monumbozo oku I obey

tuvad turn. tumuntuvad oku I turn head over heels

B.127 compound stems with unproductive prefix k + vowel, assimilating to first stem vowel

ruhang to accompany i koruhang the companion kumoruhang oku I accompany you

varo there is. kavaro misingkavaro act as if real

gangau noisy. kogangau noise

aso none. kaso none mamagkaso oku I hold as non existent

B.128 compoundstems with unproductive prefix san- var- son- -m -ng -r-

Anu to take sanganu possess. Manansanganu I take into possession

Ruvang enclosure. soruvang to enter monoruvang oku I visit non relatives

Vozo follow. sombozo initate sumombozo



6. Magazup:

I Asun dino elo-no banal monuduk di Arun. Magazup ioti dot apat rantai konoruvo. Mangagama i

Arun do linavang. Mogihim do logodon i Asun. Potonduk do logodon i Asun. Mangagama i Arun

do sungkoliu.Toduvo-duvo-no ropo o linavang-po. Sasarap-po ahason-no dioti. Nga kisulungan-no.

Vokon-no ong palanuk. Vokon-no ong puhu. Vokon-no ong tubou i kosulung.

Otos otos ka sino oi.ogadan

ilot ongkukul. Onong ku I

benoi, imatai-imatai pogi.

Naka ong onihu ko no. onongo

nelo tagazo. Ha…ha…eradan nu po

dati iti dohon diti ngaamu.


7. Manapu do potizukan:

I Asun om i Arun mivozo sid himbaan. Manapu ioti do potizukon. Nakatanga-po ioti sid himbaan,

kemot-no do monggis. Ino monggis dino kisokot, sampai ponopuvan laid dot ulun.I Asun om i Arun

dino ban alko otomon. Mongoi-no ioti do tonus om uluhan om lontubang. I monggis dino banalko

asavat.

I Asun-no o mamapak. I Arun-no o mangatod do papak do buruan. Tanga sodop- nopongo-no.

Banalko ohigak i Asun om alangkas-po kagi iosido mamapak.I Asun dino elo manapu, tu

banalko opinit iosido. I Arun dino amu opinit, baiko miapu om mangahakang iosido di bituu. Duvo

runggou i paha di nasapu dioti.

Nosingot i mato di Asun, obongkung-no, tu lumonit. I Arun dino nosingot i hakod dau, tu

nakaladtak do tinuo. Iadpoko kabou i hakod di Arun, tu banalko lumonit.Minsusuvab-po mulio-no

ioti. Nokorikot-po sid valai, banal-noko otomon it idi om it ama di Asun om i di Arun.

7. Lesson Momongo do monodiri dit ongo-affixes di monimban di harati om panangan di gamut

B.22O intransitive prefixes Bahagi di gama di kondiri

B.221 prefix m + stem: indicating process

imot mimot oku I see

atag matag oku I get better

vozo mozo oku I follow

odop modop oku I sleep

ogom mogom oku I sit

idu midu it soval the trouser comes off

udou mudou it gula the sugar melts

valiu maliu oku I move house

B.222 prefix mu + stem: indicating state of being/doing

Valai house. muvalai oku diti I make, build a house now

kadai shop. mukadai oku I make a shop (keep a shop)

tanom plant. mutanom oku I plant, I am planter

Tagad ricefield. mutagad oku I plant hill rice

kabun garden. mukabun oku I am farmer

aki grandfather. muaki oku dit NN I am grandchild of NN (male)

odu grandmother. muodu oku dit NN I am grandchild of NN (female)

vozo follow. movozo oku dit NN (muvozo) I am follower of NN

in movozo the u-vowel of the prefixmu- assimilates to the o-vowel of the stem, because of the v-

initial stem, see also B.421 nominal affix combination pu + stem –an

B.223 infix -um- after stem initial consonant

Rikot to come. rumikot oku I come

handab to burn. humandab it valai the house burns down

hali to exceed. humali it sakit the sickness gets worse

Kadai shop. kumadi oku diti I go to the shop now


B.23O transitive prefixes = active verbs Gama di mongimbulai do ....

B.231 prefix ma- var. mo- + prenasalized substitution or nasal addition manga- + stem or mongo- +

stem. The substitution of the initial plosive or fricative consonant by a nasal (if initial stem

consonant is either voiceless, plosive, fricative or l and r

panau to go mamanau oku I go

ta'ud to guard mana'ud oku I watch (the house)

babo to carry mamabo oku I carry (the box)

bubul to mix momubul oku dot ginazu I mash rice

vagas rice mamagas oku I husk rice

vo'ug to wash momoug oku I wash up

valiu to move mamaliu oku I change position of something

vudut to lie momudut oku I lie make a wrong statment

sukung to measure monukung oku I measure

tanom to plant mananom oku I plant (rice)

tulung to assist monulung oku I help (my mother)

kama to touch mangama oku I touch (your hand)

kuvo to speak ?? monguvo oku I speak without naming

Nasal addition before stem initial voiced plosives (excluding b), fricatives glottal stops and the

consonant h,r,l,

duat to question mongoduat oku I ask someone

dundung to cover mongodundung oku I make a shelter

gama to make mangagama oku I make something

guna to use mongoguna oku I use a car

havol to try mangahavol oku I grip in the dark

hanggum to measure mangahanggum oku I measure by hand full

radu plough mangaradu oku I plough

ramit to grip mangaramit oku I hold fast

lobong grave mongolobong oku I bury

ladtak to step mangaladtak oku I step onto

la'ab broad mangalaab oku I broaden, enlarge

idu to take away mongidu oku I take away

ovit to take along mongovit oku I bring,take with me

ada to put away mangada oku I throw away

orod to rounden mongorod oku I make round

ukab to open mongukab oku I open up

umo to open field mongumo oku I plant hill rice

zopos wet mongozopos oku I make wet

zazak to open knot mangazazak oku I untie knot

malun to accuse mangamalun oku I accuse

navau light manganavau oku I make light

jamin to be trusty mangajamin oku I guarantee


B.232 prefix pa- var po- + prenasalized substitution as 2.221 describing action of subject

substitution

panau to go pamanau oku I am one who makes going

ta'ud to watch panaud oku I am one who makes one watch

tanom to plant panamon oku I am one who makes one plant

nasal addition

duat to question pongoduat oku I am one who makes one to ask

guna to use pongoguna oku I am one who makes one to use

radu plough pangaradu oku I am one who makes one plough

pangajamin oku I am one who makes one to

guarantees

B.233 prefix pa- var. po- + ko (var.ka-) action of substituted usage

asu dog pokoasu to treat as a dog

B.234 prefix p- + vowel, assimilating to first stem vowel: indicating causative action imot pemot

oku dot ulun I make visible to people (show)

atag patag oku I put in order

odop podop oku I set down do sleep

ogom pogom oku I set down do sit

inum penum oku di NN I give NN a drink

panau papanau oku dikau I make you go, let you go

ta'ud pataud oku dikau I make you a watchman

tangkus patangkus oku dikau I let you run

compare also. po+ stem+ on + nominal personal suffix

inum penumon-ku ikau I shall give you a drink

but pinenum oku di NN I was given a drink by NN

om pinenum-ku it NN I gave NN a drink

B.234 prefix p + u + stem indicating "master or way of" action

agai puagai master of adultery

boros puboros speaker

longoi pulongoi tune, singer

B.235 prefix k- + vowel assimilating to first stem vowel or contracting with vowel initial:

function realisation of action or conclusion of process, also potentiality of action

rikot korikot oku I am here (have arrived)

gama kagama iti it is made

imot kemot oku I being visible

Also. with plural infix -anga- var. ongo

kongimot-ku kavi my seeing all

kongimot oku dot ulun wholly visible to people


B.236 prefix combination kapa- var. kopo- + nasal substitution or addition function: realisation

of 2.222, describes person who has finished with the action: having realized

boros speech kopomoros oku I have said, have been speaking

tanom plant kapananom oku I have planted (already)

kirim send kopongirin oku I have sent


Mongimpori:

Mangagama i Arun do simbubut. Mangagama i Asun do pana. Minonong ioti mamana om

monimbubut sid kazu. Oubas-po ioti, mogihim-no dot ombolog. Mamana i Asun, monimbubut-no i

Arun. Konong i Asun dot ongkukul. Konong i Arun do tubuvan. Aratu-nopo, sopulan–no dioti it

ombolog. Banalko otomon i Arun, tu agazo

i tobuvan. Amu otomon banal i Asun, tu baiko ongkukul i dau.

I Asun om i Arun ogumu ot elaan mongimpori. Ioti dino sompi kiasu dot avantang. I di Asun dot aso

aragang, i di Arun buris. I ngaran dit asu di Arun i Buris im i ngaran dit aso di Asun i Bugog. Bang

mamanau-no ioti sid himbaan, kukuon-no di Asun om i Arun i Bugog om i Buris, nga gumusa-no

mozo.

Korikot-po ioti sid himbaan, kugad-no it asu dioti dino. I Asun om i Arun dino miuvas nga amu

songkuro om anu. Inot asu di Asun om i Arun banalko musig om orongit-po. Olimbozo banal inot

asu di Asun om i di Arun. Siombo-nopo o pamananahan, nga mozoi.

I Asun om i Arun ong miuvas-no, misogulu mitohudi ioti dino, tu miradi kalangkaso tumangkus.


8. Lesson Momongo do monodiri dit ongo-affixes di monimban di harati om panangan di gamut

B.236 prefix combination naka- var. noko- with assimilation of prefix vowels to first stem vowel, or

contraction of final prefix vowel to stem initial vowel. Function: describes long existence of

spontaneous state or realisation of action.

Odop to sleep nokodop oku I had fallen asleep

tanom to plant nakatanom i parai the rice had been planted

rikot to come nokorikot ialo he had come

panau to go nakapanau iosido he had gone

B.237 prefix combination nakapa- var. nokopo- with nasal substitution or nasal addition

kirim to order,send nokopongirim oku I was one who had rdered

imot to se nokopongimot oku I have seen already

gama to make nakapangagama oku do meja I have already made tables

with plural infix -anga- var. -ongoodop

to sleep nongokodop okoi we all had dropped off to sleep

nokongodop okoi we had all slept then

B.238 prefix combination sang var.song with nasal assimilation: Dual or group action

sombozo sambazaai to follow owe another, do together

sangakan eating together

sampanau-panau to go together

B.24O Prefixes with prefix vowel -i-

B.241 prefix -i- : describing the matter concerned in the action or state

i barang ko gama dit atarangano

tahak give itahak-ku my gift, what I give

ginit hang iginit what hangs

dagang buy idagang the payment, what to buy with

kinis tear ikinis tear in garment

valiu change ivaliu the moved article

duat ask iduat-ku my question

B.242 prefix mi- + stem (ef.Mal. ber-) describes the process of action often reciprocal or reflexive

or dual,

tangkus to run mitangkus ioti they are running together

duat to qestion miduat it ulun they ask (each other)

vozo to follow mivozo it anganak the children go together

umpug to collect miumpug it ongoulun the people gather

ada to throw away miada ioti they divorce,separate


also: prefix mi + tor- describes repeated reciprocal action or occurrence

I gama ko hal di miguli-guli kagama ko koboros

mitoremot-okoi we (ecl) will se each other again and again

B.243 prefix pi- + stem, occurs usually together with causative prefix po-ong pi nga manarang do

varo duvo di mangagama ko kopisuhut

tangkus to run popitangkus make run together

tongkizad to separate popitongkizad make to separate them

cf. also affix combinations pi- + stem-on B.426 indicate duality

hal do varo duvo mangagama ko monurut do hal

pi- + stem-an B.422

opi- stem B2.435

kopi-stem B.436

nokopi-stem B2.437

B.244 prefix ni- describes the state of completion of an action = preteritum of mi- + stem

Manarang do nopongo-nopo i mi-

Duat to ask niduat-ku my having been in the state of asking

boros to speak niboros-ku my having been in the state of talking

ada to throw away niada-ku my having been in the state separating

B.245 prefix ti- + stem, describes the wish to do or be what root word expresses (with contraction of

vowel with i- initial stem vowel) manarang do varo kenginan mangagama ko posurut do tomodon

imot to see timot wish to see, long to see

langad to long for tilangad oku I am homesick, I long to go home

akan to eat tiakan oku I like to eat something

savo partner in marriage tisavo wanting to mate

sangkul to hoe tisangkul oku I like to hoe

B.246 prefix ki- + stem describes the existence of a state ,maramg do varo narang ko tomodon

sangkul hoe kisangkul oku I have a hoe, I own a hoe

vaig water kivaig it talage the well has water

valai house kivalai oku I own a house

boros speech kiboros oku I have something to say

hukum advise kihukum oku I speak with authority and experience

cf. further affixation

boros kiboros kumiboros oku dikau = I speak to you or (I have something to tell you)


B.25 prefix misi- + nasal + stem, whereby the nasal assimilates to the initial plosive: describes

playful action, pretention of okonko otopot, bai momoi

anak child misinganak oku I act as if I were a child

lovong fool misinglovong oku I play the fool

tangkus run misintangkus oku I act as if I were running

patai die misimpatai oku I act as if I were dying

with reduplication of si- Misising-ilo

ilo to know misisingilo-oku I learn (try to know)

B.26 prefix miri- + nasal + stem, whereby the nasal assimilates to the initial consonant: describes

an action without aim

panau to go mirimpanau oku I walk to and fro, for walking sake

ilob to vomit miringilob oku I vomit without stopping (for no apparent reason)

odop to sleep miringodop oku I sleep without stopping

B.27 prefix mag- var. mog- + stem: describes action causing existence of

odu to quarrel mogodu oku I bring on a quarrel

anak child maganak oku I bear a child, woman's side)

Also mamaganak oku I create child (man's side)

paganakan uterus

apid second wife magapid oku I take second wife

avang await magavang oku I ambush, wait to catch

apon fishing line magapon oku I angle,do fishing

kovosihan goodness mogkovosihan I plead for goodness

B.28 prefix mana-var. mono- + nasal which assimilates to first consonant of stem: describes

dressing up, using of clothes i vaza mamakai do kosulungan

banat shirt manambanat oku I put a shirt on, dress

pakai feast dress manampakai oku I dress up

sigal head wear mononsigal oku I put head dress on

soval trousers mononsoval oku I put trousers on

tompa shoes monontompa oku I put shoes on

hogkos waistcloth mononghogkos oku I put waist cloth on

tapi sarong manantapi oku I put sarong on

B.29 prefix mad- var. mod- (often with reduplicaton of prefix) Mad- iadko kibuatano do gama

singkudou kneel momodsingkudou I practically kneel

tangkus to run mamadtangkus oku I practically run

suni to grow momodsuni practically-suni

also cf. sumuni = virgin and i momodsuni girl growing up


B.291 prefix moki- + stem before verbal stems and secondary substantives to indicate intention of

action or ownership of what substantive expresses mindamo do

B.292 koruhang follower mokikoruhang oku dikau I want you to be my follower imot

see mokiimot oku dikau I want you to let me see

pasi life mokipasi oku dikau I want you to liven me up

B.293 irreal wish by reduplication of first stem syllable Amu otopot ivozo, bai momoi koruhang

follower mokikokoruhang oku I should somehow like to have a friedn

imot to see mokiimot oku disau I should like to see him but

rikot to come mokiririkot oku sori I should somehow like to go there

B.294 improbable prefix combination mokipopokodimot

imot see mokipopokodimot oku I should somehow like to see

B.295 poki-+ stem artificiality of matter =apparence of Ha di bai iadko otopot

bunga flower pokibunga artificial flower

timog cover pokitimog something used as cover (blanket)


9. Mongolou do pozudu

I Asun om i Arun dino kaharati-no mongitung. Kiontok-no ioti. Ogumu-no ot elaan mangagama

monulung di molohing.

Mivozo ioti sid govuton do tagad, tu mongolou. I Asun o mongumpug, i Arun o momudung.

Opongo-po, uludon-no di Arun i kazu. I Asun-no o mongohongkos. Olombon i di Asun do kazu.

Otiniu i di Arun do kazu. Ahakang i Asun, amu ahakang i Arun. Muli-no ioti sid valai patod di kazu.

Emot-po ioti dit ama om it idi, otomon-no it ama om it idi dioti.

10. I modzupu

I Asun om i Arun dino manau-panau-nopo. Kumaa ioti sid sombol, tu memot dot ulun do modzupu

do dangol. Mongovit i Asun do dangol, tu mokitotop iosido. Mongovit i Arun do pupud do bilok, tu

ipototop dau. Asot isuul dioti, baiko monulung mogkuruvut.

I Asun dino elo mogkuruvut om ahanut-nopo kagi iosido. I Arun dino amu elo banal

omobinglupuhon-po kagi iosido. Opongo-po, muli-no ioti sid valai. Om asaon-no dioti, i Asun-no o

mangasa. I Arun-no o mogihim dot ipongulu. I Asun dino elono mangagama dot angkap. I Arun

dino elo-no mongulu.


Lesson 9 B.3O Suffix morphemes. It ongosuput di iadko iku do boros

B.30 imperative suffix -ai i boros di monuhu do gamaon with assimilation of last stem vowel to ai

or assimilation of first stem vowel, if second (last) is a

high vowel - sumiliu i duvo i kiuni dp pengkaa dino

a o + ai = a a ai

i o + ai = i a ai

a i + ai = o i ai

a u + ai = o u ai

o + ai = a a ai

-imot see imatai see !

-habal news habarai report !

-dagang buy dagangai buy !

-ajal teach ajarai teach !

Samod love samadai love !

ampun plead ompunai ask forgiveness !

amung add omungai add !

andus make peace ondusai make peace !

anit skin onitai peel !

antas short cut antasai make short cut !

apil bribe opilai bribe !

apit call in opitai call in !

pigis cut in pieces pigisai cut small !

pongo finish pangaai finish !

hondom remember handamai remember !

iit bite iitai bite !

kapit stick kopitai hold fast ! stick to it !

B.32 imperative suffix -o i boros di monuhu do gamaon

with assimilation of first stem vowel if a ong i keso kiunu a

vozo follow vozoo follow !

rikot come rikoto come !

anu take onuvo take !

hondom remember hondomo remember !

ibo go in field iboo go into field !

itung consider itungo think !

kakat lift kakato lift !

kodim call kodimo call !

kiro calculate kiroo think !

kuvo Mr NN kuvoo talk per Mr. NN !


B.33 continuous tense suffix -o with assimilation of first stem vowel as 2.32

mimot-oku I see dot memoto while seeing

mogom oku I sit dot mogomo while sitting

mindakod oku I climb up dot mindokodo while climbing up

rumatu-oku I fall down do rumatuo while falling down

sumako-oku I ride do sumoko it anganak while the children are riding

rumikot-oku I come do rumikoto while coming

B.34 suffix -on: forms nomina gerundiva

kiro calculate kiroon-ku my way of calculating / my calculation

vozo follow vozoon-ku that what makes me follow

i vozoon-ku my leader

habal news habaron-ku my news

piding break pidingon-ku my breaking

panau go panahon-ku my intended journey

guna use kogunaanon-ku my future usage

B.35 imperative suffix -ai combined with causative verb prefix p+ a e i o

imot see pematai show, make visible !

atag orderly patagai repair !

dagang buy padagangai sell !

apit call in popitai call in to fetch !

amung add pomungai dioti make them add !

habal news pahabarai make tell news !

B.4O Affix combinations.

B.41O Affix combinations with ka-var. ko- + stem + suffix =jumadi do pongoretan

B.411 affix combination ka-var. ko- stem + o forms nomina abstracta

asavat high i kasavato the height

alaab broad i kalaabo the breadth

osodu distant i kosoduo the distance

B.412 affix combination ka- var. ko- + stem + an forms nomina collectiva

jumadi do pongoretan dit amu monodiri di nunu-nopo(noun)

patai die kapatazan death

rikot come korikatan coming, arrival

imot see kematan sight

valai house kavalazan building

panau go kapanahan walk


B.413 affix combination kapa- var. kopo- + stem + -an forms nomina actionis causativae

jumadi do pongoretan di manarang do tomodon

imot see kopematan (the) showing

patai die kapapatazan (the) killing

B.414 affix combination kapanga- var. kopongo- + stem + -an forms nomina actionis perfectae

jumadi do pongoretan di manarang do tomodon di nopongoi

imot see kopongimatan (the) show then

habal news kapangahabaran (the reporting then

B.415 affix combination ka- var. ko- + stem + -on forms nomina actionis futurae di manarang

do tomodon dit amu-po nokosunu

patai die kapatazon the future death, the dying

panau go kapanahon the intended walk

B.416 reduplication of first syllable of stem + suffix -on repeated happening (nomina actionis):

assimilation of suffix vowel on first stem vowel

pongoretan di manarang di kasarako do kosunuan do tomodon

rampai to rob rarampasan robberies

rokop to abduct rorokopon abductions

tibas to cut titibason slaughters

usok defy uusokon defiances

B.42O affix combination with pa- var. po- + stem + suffix

B.421 affix combination pa- var. po- + stem + -an nomina loci actionis (ex eventu)

sidang sunny it posidangan-ku place of my getting clothes dried in the sun

sanda pawn it pasandaan-ku place where I'll pawn

lombus continue it polombusan-ku place (direction) of further journey

B.422 affix combination pi- + stem -an (from mi-verbs)as 2.421 tomodon ko sompuruvan do duvo

hal

umpug gather piumpugan dot ulun place of gathering

odu quarrel pioduhan place (cause) of quarrel

volit boundary pivolitan place of boundary

B.423 affix combination pu- + stem -an (from mu- verbs)as 2.421 forms nomina collective Ontok

do kagamaan

muvalai build house puvalazan-ku place of my building a house

mutanom plant putanaman place of planting

mutaras plant maize putarasan place of planting maize /2nd

clearing)


B.424 affix combination pa-var. po- + stem -an with nasal substitution or nasal addition, forms

nomina loci collectiva opntok do gamaon

sidang sunny ponidangan-ku my place for drying clothes

anda pawn panandaan pawnshop

angkat borrow pangangkatan dot ulun place where one borrows

lombus continue travel pongolombusan place where people go on to

B.425 affix combination pa-var. po- + stem -on forms nomina causativa futuri

i barang di varo gamon ko tomodon

sidang sunny posidangon-ku what I am going to pu in the sun

angkat borrow pangkaton-ku what I am going to lend

sanda pawn pasandaon-ku what I am going to pawn

B.426 affix combination poki- + stem -an forms nomina actionis gerundivi

pongoretan di manarang di panangan do tomodon ko gamaon

imot see pokiimatan-ku what I wish to see

indamo ask pokiindamaan-ku what I wish to ask for

with reduplication I bai ngaran o kenginan mangagama

pokipopokodimatan-ku what I should rather like to see (but shall never see)

B.427 affix combination poko + stem reduplication = intensified action

boros speak pokoboro-boros to speak harshly, to be outspoken

B.43 Qualifying affixations (adjectival) produces adjectives

B.431 prefix a- var. o- before stem, whereby prefix assimilates to first stem vowel

manarang di kobuatan do pongoretan

= v + a = a a

v + i = o i = e

v + o = o o

v + u = o u

-laab broadness alaab broad

-savat height asavat high

-imot see emot visible

-panau go apanau "walkable" possible

-akan eat aakan edible

-tinduk pick otinduk picked

otinduk-oku dot vulanut bitten I by snake/ I am bitten by a nake

otinduk i karabau gored the buffalo/the buffalo is gored

ining hear ening audible


2.432 prefix na- var. no- before stem, prefix vowel assimilating to first stem vowel, forms

qualifying nomina describing concluded state or condition manarang do nakajadi i kobuatan

gazo big nagazo it ulun grown big the person/one who has grown big

ining hear nening it habal the heard news

nening-ku-no it habal the news heard by my

nening oku dot ulun heard I by people/ I have been heard by people

2.433 affix combination a- var. o- stem -an substantifies the qualifier in comparison monodiri di

kobuatan

with assimilation of first stem vowel to o, if second stem vowel is a high vowel (i,o,u) see

assimilation

asavat high asavatan-ku too high for me

Agazo big agazaan-ku too big for me

osodu distant osoduan-ku too distant for me

araat bad araatan-ku too bad for me

ahali very oholian-ku too much for me

2.434 affix combination as 2.433, describes state of being hit by fame, etc.

panarangan ong inantakani

darun rain odorunan oku I am hit by rain

sogit cold osogitan oku I am hit by cold, have a cold

2.435 affix combination o+ pi- stem forms qualifier comparable with the English worthy in

thrustworthy Manarang di kogunaan do gama

panau go opipanahan worth to go there

rikot come opirikot worth to come to

longoi song opilongoi worth singing

ining audible opining well known

also: affix combination k+ opi-: concluded state of opi- cf. k+ 2.224

rikot come kopirikot oku I am one who has been there already

panau go kopipanan oku I have already walked (this road)

ada away kopiada ioti they are divorced/got away

2.4361 affix combination o+ bi- + nasal, forms qualifiers: to be in state of

manarang di kobuatan di iadko vangun

rosi fear obingrosi ot ulun person full of fear

sakit sick obinsakit ot anak child who is always sick

malan lazy obimalan it kuvo NN is always lazy

ruol pain obingruol iosido he is always in pain

vozo follow obingvozo follow always


suhut obey obingsuhut obedient always

sala fault obingsala always faulty

ratu drop down obingratu drop always

haba fall down obinghaba fall all the time

susa unlucky obingsusa difficult always

hungot angry obinghungot angry forever

2.4362 affix combination o+ bo- nasal or plosive forms qualifier being in state of

manarang di kobuatan di iadko vangun

ihad to cry obogihad always crying

inud to wait obohinud always waiting

or being manarang di kobuatan di iadko vangun

sigup tobacco olungsigup to chain smoke

agai to have intercourse outside marriage

olugagai to sleep around everywhere (I püagai)

izud to have intercourse olugizud to continuously sleep with person.

2.4363 affix combination o+ bu- + nasal forms qualifier indicating continuous state

manarang di kasarako o hal

tai bowel obuntai it anak the child has diarrhoe

2.436 affix combination ori+ nasal forms qualifier as above, manarang dit asarok o gama kobuatano

panau to go orimpanau someone wandering about

tuod root orintuod being rooted, fixed

2.4365 affix combination -o- + tu + nasal =repeated action, manarang di gamaon dit iguli-gulii

boros speak otuboros speak always

galak funny otugalak funny endless

gerak laugh otugerak laugh always

bozo obey otumbozo follow always

ihad cry obogihad cry always

2.44 infix -in- occurs with many of the affixes and indicates the preteritum of the action or the

state or the location. The infix follow the first stem consonant, or if prefixed the first prefix

consonant = past tense

manarang do najadino o hal ko gama

mapit oku I call in at minapat oku I called in at

mananom oku I plant minananom oku I planted

mangagama oku I make minangagama oku I made

pemot-ku my showing pinemot-ku my showing then


pongimot-ku while seing pinongimot-ku my having been seen

kemot oku visible I kinemot oku having been visible

mokiimot oku I wishing to see minokiimot oku I having wished to see

also

mokipopokodimot oku I should somehow like to see..

minokipopokodimot oku I have had the intention to see then

humaba i kazu the tree fall hiumaba i kazu the tree was falling

kematan-ku my sight kinematan-ku my sight then

kopimatan-ku my showing them kinopimaten-ku my showing

kopongimatan-ku my show kinopongimaten-ku my show then

emot visible inimot visible them

ematan-ku visible for me too inimatan-ku visible for me then

2.45 Infix -in- forms nomina collectivae. Infix follows first consonant in stem

manarang do otoliban i hal, barang tomodon

adau day inadahan days

hopod ten hinapadan tens

valai house vinalazan houses then

agazo big ginazo what bigness

asavat high sinavat the being high

suhu order it sinuhu the one who gave orders

2.461 plural prefix ongo- var. anga- + stem or noun prefix vowels assimilate to first stem vowel, if

2nd prefix vowel contracts with first stem vowel (vowel initial nouns

Manarang dot okonko bai iso

valai house ongovalai houses

palampag floor ongopalampag floors

aki grandfather angaki grandfathers

anak child anganak children

idi mother ongeidi mothers

ulun person ongulun people

dupot animal ongodupot animals

with qualifiers (adjectives) Eniso i kobuatano

asavat high ongosavat high all

aralom deep ongoralom deep all

emot visible ongemot visible all

nasavat high then nangasavat high then all

nasavatan-ku too high for me nangasavatan-ku too high all for me then

2.462 collective noun prefix san- var. son- Hal dot ogumu

ulun person songulun people (all)

anak child sanganak children

pomogunan village sompomogunan land, country

riniba mankind songriniba all mankind together


2.463 affixes plural -in- + stem + an cf. nomina collectiva 2.45 (of the past)

ong mongoguna di kogumuai

adau day inadahan days

sodop night sinadapan nights

ribu thousand rinibuvan thousends

2.47 enlarged stems to (var.ta- + nasel + stem (verbal)

2.471 sometimes inactive prefix to- having become part of three sylable stem, sometimes active

when prefixed to substantives

bubu………… fishtrap monombubu to close way, to hinder escape

notombubu do lizud …..………………….caught by flood

notombubu-okoi do darun ……………………...caught by rain

pomogunan…..land, village monompomogunan to set up village

2.5O Iteration and reduplication.

2.51 Iteration of the stem weakens the meaning qualifies adjective and verb

manarang dot amu otopot i kobuatano

agazo big agazo-gazo quite big

asavat high asavat-savat quite high

emot visible emot-imot just visible

panau go manau-panau to walk about

mimot see memot-imot to look about

with iteration of stem + -an cohortation to continue an action gradually

imat-imatan-po go on looking! wait and see!

savat-savatan-po Let it get higher still'

2.52 Reduplication of first stem syllable with nasal substitution

a) collective action

mamanau it ulun the person goes mamamanau ioti they go

mangagama iosido he works mamangagama ioti they all do something

mitangkus ioti they run mitatangkus ioti they all run

mitangkus ioti they run mitatangkus ioti they all run

b) reduplication with iteration of stem repetitive collective action

mitatangkus-tangkus ioti they run again and again

miumpug it ulun people gather

miuumpug-umpug ioti they gather again and again

pisusumad to feed again and again each other

kopupunsaan (opunso) continuous extermination

pininggomit-gomitan-ku-no antad sid angaki-ku my having got it from my grandfathers


2.53 reduplication of first syllable: forms nomina instrumenti from verbal stems

i pakakas di gamaon inanu sid mangagama

vuhau to sweep vuvuhau broom

gau to paddle gagau paddle

tindok to make holes itindok instrument for making holes

with reduplication of first stem syllable + -on suffix describes

person executing an action, i.e. being instrument of action

suhu to order it susuhuon the one who is ordered

suhut to obey it susuhuton the one who obeys

with reduplication of first stem syllable and suffix -an: when execution of action becomes

a general function of the person or matter

boli to propitiate bobolizan the priest

tolon to swallow tatalanan throat

with reduplication with qualifiers, indicates plurality of adjectives

agazo big ongogagazo i sapi all the cows are big

2.6O Articles and pronouns

2.61 the articles

You notice that before every noun or name is a marker, in English called article. With lesson two

you learned how to use such markers before names and objects indicating the position of the noun

or pronoun in the sentence.

Sid Rungus atalahas dokodung varo boros kananganko hal, ngaran ko pongoretan om ngaran do

barang, varo-no apakai i, or it omo ko ot do tomod pentahan do varo hal dit atarangani. Iadino,

nitarang laid sid tutukan koduvo, ino-no:.

Second Lesson: The marker or article, which points out and qualifies that a noun follows There are

two articles in English, a definite and an indefinite article or marker

a) indefinitive marker: a man, a woman, a house, a thing, a school, a tool, a pencil, a problem

panarangan do bai apajak manarang varo ulun, kusai, binatang, himbaan In English in front of a

noun with an initial vowel, an “n” is added: an egg, an elephant, an apple, an animal

b) the definite marker: The house, the boy, the girl, the door, the church, the office, the tree, which

refers to a particular house, boy, girl, door or church... The Rungus marker, ino-no i hurup di

manarang ombo i pongoretan o sumuhut, i retan dot Adjective (ong English) i (it), di (dit), o (ot), do

(dot) apakai pengkaa dino: is “i” followed by a “t” before nouns with an initial vowel: i valai, it uva,

i riniba, i pomogunan, i kampong, i vulan, i pongitungan, i kavavalazan but/topot it anak, it aki, i

karabau, i pongitungan, i vusak, it uva, it ombuvoi, it ongkukul, ong kodung i pongoretan varo kiuni

sid kotimpuunan


Referring to any house uses the marker “varo” Varo valai sid himbaan, varo’t ulun sid sulap. Ong

apajak manarang do hal, iri-ogi Varo’t ulun, varo kazu, varo pongitungan om i iadino Different

from English which only uses the article “the” and “a” for any noun, -apajak ko avalang it ombo

,whether being the subject or object in the sentence, Rungus uses a marker “di/dit” and “do/dot”

before the noun, when the noun/name is not the subject of the matter expressed. It anak dot agazo, i

valai dot ulun, it anggai di kuvo, i binatang do Barambangun

The difference between using “dit”and “dot” indicates the relationship being general or specific.

Ino-no i pitonidan suvai “dit” , to avalangi, ko “dot” ong apajak momoros i valai di Asun, it anggai

di Parazin, i binatang di Lagan, it anak di Arun, it uva do paranggi. Topot, ong valai do pagong i

nagama, nga varo tukad,

Mangakan do parangi di Asun, magandaha-oku di valai do Popot, monurat-ko do surat sid di Daang

i mato dot adau, i Arun manabpo di hakod di Arun.

Minsanko nakapanarang sid lesson laid, insan-po osodiri siti i kogunaan dit ongoonibak o

pamarasan di manarang di tomodon ko i kogunaan di pongoretan ko ngaran. Ong sid Bahasa

Melayu, aso article sampai banalko apagon dot it ongoguru manarang dit ongoarticle sid Boros

English, om lobipo sid German om Yunani om vokon it ongoboros sid sompomogunan di monodiri-

po di hal do subject, ko hal dot asanganu ko siombo ponong i hal om bahagi isai i kogunaan di

barang ko hal.

2.61 The articles I suput di mamalang di tomodon do pongoretan (Noun) There are three articles

(markers of substantives) i it is the personal article before names of person I valai I Angkap i

oboros-no. Ong varo kiuni sid ulu do pongoretan, iri-ogi inamung i hurup t. Bai sid ngaran, amu

apakaii: i rondogung, topot it uva, i taap, it onsung

o/ot is the vocative article when adressing a person by name, ong tumoguvang dot ulun, apakai do

kumiboros sid dau dot, O Angkap ko turu ot uva, limo ot ulun

it marks the substantive or substantified subject

ot marks the suppositioned substantive, or substantified subject

dit marks the attribute, if attribute is a known or certain person or thing or singularity

Valai dit ongoulun, it ongokadai dit Ongokina

dot marks the apposition, if the latter is general term valai dot ongoulun

or collective name

The collective prefix son.-/ san- (2.462) stands also in place of an article. son-/san- (som-son-song)

mamalang ong varo apajak ot otuboros. sompomogunan Sombinatang, songoulun

After the preposition sid only direct names of persons use the personal article. Sid himbaan, sid

valai di Sopirid

The final -t of the articles is left unpronounced in fast speech, especially if the following substantive

has an initial consonant. It is, for convenience, not produced in writing.

Examples of the usage of it

i(t) manangon the legend teller


it manangon iosido the legend teller is he

it minanangon the legend teller then

it tangon the legend

it mokitangon the person asking for a legend to be told

it pokitanganan the legend asked for

it katanganan the story

it kinatanganan the story then

it kinapangananan the way of telling the story then

it nakatangon iosido he having told the story

it agazo the big one

i momobog the beater (hitter)

i binobog the person having been hit

Examples of ot

iosido ot komulakan dot kusai he is the youngest child, a boy

agazo ot ulun iosido big a person he/he is a big person

bangku dot Tuntudun ot indomoon beaks of hornbill birds were asked for

tolu gantang o vagas three gallons of rice

Examples of dit

ka dit ama dau speach of his father / said his father

nening-po dit osukod it iadino when the headman heard this

I pongitungan dit ulun do Bakaka dot anaru i binatang di Kurudong.

thoughts of the people of Bakaka the the longhouse of Kurudong was big

Examples of dot

it rogon dot araat a bad spirit

aso kerad dot kavantango di Kurudong none as beautiful as Kurudong

mogihim ialo dot bangku dot Tuntudun look for beaks of hornbill birds

nokoling-no, tu ino manganu dit bangku dot Tuntudun

away for this getting the beaks of hornbill birds (in question For reading praxis read the little

story

11. Mangagama do dundung.

I Asun dino om i Arun otomon-no, tu sompi kidangol-no. Migazad ioti sid govuton, tu mangagama

do dundung. Misinganak ioti do toduvo-duvo. Manatas i Asun dot origi. Manatas i Arun do suluv

om tumpok. Osibak i rinantai, kulit o palampag.

I Asun o manaso do pipit. I Arun o mamatuv. Opodok i dundung dioti dino, rontob duvo ioti o

kosuvang. Aso rinding i dundung dino, baiko bambalan o varo. Misingkavaro-nopo di Asun om i

Arun, tu banalko otomon di nopongi-no i dundung. Adau-adau nga sino ioti dino.

12. Modop sid himbaan

I Asun dino om i Arun amu mikotoron, sid govuton-nopo. Vokon-n o ong modop ioti sid govuton,m

tu ozi ioti do varo dundung dot intoronon sid himbaaan. Humongkob it idi di Asun om i di Arun. Ioti

dino asadapan dot amu muli sid valai. Okurongko muli i Arun nga amui koho I Asun do muli sid

valai. I Asun dino ozi banal modop sid govuton. I Arun dino abasan-no ong alaid-no. Mongingut-no


iosido di Asun muli. Mongirak i Asun do mongingut i Arun muli sid valai. Humungot-no i Arun

vukokoon-no sid govuton dit amu kouli-uli.

Sodop diri, varo-not orongou dioti do mongindorosi. Ttopot amu nelaan do nunu. Inotorongou,

tumingarak i kazu om varo-pot orongouo do moko-hoko. I Arun dino iadko ovunusan iosido.

Banalko rumosi i Arun. Amu alaid nengkod-no i moko-hoko. Topot osuvaban-no dot amu kodop i

Arun dino.

10. Lesson Pronouns I panarangan kananganko i sanganu, i varo dot amu mamalang vagu i hal ko

ngaran om tomodon, tu mongontok di ngaran, pongoretan ko barang om ongohal

2.62O Pronouns

2.621 personal pronouns

a) emphatic pronouns b) suppositioned c) as prepositioned subject unstressed

1st singular ioku I -oku dohon

2nd singular ikau you -ko dikau

3rd singular ialo he/she -ialo dialo

distant isau he there isau disau

mentioned before iosido he iosido

dual i kito we two kito di kito

1first plural We i tokou tokou di tokou Inclusive

xcl. iokoi we iokoi -okoi dahai (exclusive (aso vokon)

2nd plural you ikou -kou dikou

3rd plural they iolo diolo

ref. ioti they, already talked about dioti

prepositioned. ioku o mamanau it is I who goes but mamanau oku I go

c) the suppositioned personal pronouns are suppositioned in two ways. When the negation of the

verb amu is used the pronouns without the initial i are suppositioned to the negation. while the

others are used as with any other subject

amu mamanau it ulun the person does not go

amu mamanau i karabau the buffalo does not go

but

amu-oku mamanau I do not go

amu-ko mamanau you do not go

amu mamanau ialo he does not go

a-tokou mamanau we do not go (incl.)

amu-okoi mamanau we do not go (excl.)

amu-kou mamanau you do not go

amu mamanau iolo they do not go


c) pronominal attribute, independent use suffixed topot

1st singular -ku valai-ku my house dohon do valai

2nd singular -nu valai-nu your house dikau do valai

3rd singular dau valai dau his house dau do valai

1st plural incl. tokou valai tokou our house di tokou do valai

excl. -za valai-za our house dahai do valai

2nd plural dikou valai dikou your house dikou do valai

3rd plural diolo valai diolo their house dioti do valai

dioti valai dioti their house

dual-to valai -to our house (ioku om koruhang)

with negation amu, followed by a nomen actionis perfectae, the suffix forms are suffixed to the

negation, while the independent forms follow the nomen

amu nening it ulun the person did not hear

amu-za nening we did not hear

amu-ku nening I did not hear

amu nening diolo they did not hear

With the morpheme ka referring to direct speech, the pronominal attribute suffixes are suffixed with

prenasalisation while the full forms are suppositioned

Ong manarang di boros dot ulun, monimpuun do “ka di kuvo” antava ong boros kondiri di

minimbulit-no manarang sid vokon

ka dit ulun speech of person, said he

kangku said I (me) kanu you said

ka dau said he kabo It was said

ka di tokou said we kanza we said (exclusive)

ka dikou your saying ka diolo (dioti) their saying

kanto we said ka bo (impersonal futuric) saying of them

kangku bo shall be my saying ka, and kaka it says (retelling legends)

d) pronomina possessiva and objectiva

1st singular dohon i dohon do valai the house which is mine

2nd " dikau i dikau do valai your house

3rd " dau i dau do valai / the one which is his

distant disau i disau do valai / the house which is his

1st pl. incl. di tokou i di tokou do valai /the house which is ours (excclusive).

dahai i dahai do valai

dikou i dikou do valai your house

3rd plural diolo it diolo do valai the house which is theirs

dioti it dioti dot valai (receproc.)

dual di kito i di kito dot valai the house which is ours


objective

mamatai iosido dohon he kills me

mamatai iosido dikau he kills you

mamatai iosido dau he kills him

mamatai iosido di tokou he kills us (inclusiv)

mamatai iosido dahai he kills us (exclusiv)

mamatai iosido dioti he kills them

2.622 demonstrative pronouns monuduk do ombo o barang, hal

iti this here

ino that there

ilo that over there

iri that then (temporal)

independent usage

iti-no i valai di NN this is NN's house

ino-po i valai di NN that too is a house of NN

ilo nga valai di NN that there too is a NN-house

Iri-no nga valai di kuvo The house already broken down

contracted with article

iti + it = itit ino + it = inot ilo + it = ilot

itit valai di NN ot dagangon-ku that (his house there) I shall buy

ilot karabau ot dagangon-ku that there buffalo I shall buy

irit sapi ot pinatai dau that very cow was killed by him

diti of this (close by) Mamanal i hal ko barang -osomok

dino of that (less close) osodu ngaran

dilo of that there (distant) osodu banal

diri at that time (past) otolibani

in combination with iti, ino, ilo, as apposition to substantive

iti valai diti ot dagangon-ku this house here I shall buy

ino valai dino ot dagangon-ku that house there)I shall buy

ilo valai dilo ot dagangon-ku that house over )there ...

iri kurita diri nga dohon do kurita that car was mine

contracted with article kopiamung tampat om katarangan

diti + it = ditit dino + it = dinot dilo + it = dilot diri+it =dirit

it valai ditit ulun ot dagangon-ku the house of this person I am buying

it valai dinot ulun ot ozi oku I like the house of that man

locative of these demonstrative pronouns hal-po do tampat

siti….. here….. sino……there……silo……over there……siri……past time

sori…..there….distant… hodi…….there in vicinity, still visible

nokorikot-oku siti…………………I have arrived here

"………………sino ……."……….there


" ……………...silo………" ……...there over there

" ……………...sori……... "……... there far away

" ………………siri diri …………..I have been there then

contracted with preposition sid to demonstrative markers

siti + sid = sitid sitid valai-ku at this house of mine

sino + sid = sinod sinod badi at the market there

silo + sid = sirid sirid tagad diri at that ricefield then

sori + sid = sorid soris Sandakan at Sandakan

hodi + sid = hodid hodid kadai at the shop there (visible)

These locatives are also root words and follow the affixation order of the verbal stems Ong apakai

iadko verb

siti here sumiti-oku I come here nokositi-oku I have been here

sino there sumino-oku I go there

positi ino barang bring the things here!

hodi there humodi it ulun the person goes here!

sori there far away sumori-oku diti I go now there far away

2.623 Interrogative pronouns, often occuring with question -ka ong mongoduat:

isai?..... who?..... isai iti?..... who is this?..... Isai-ka iti?

disai?.....whose?.....disai dot valai iti?..... whose house is this?

ombo?.... which?..... future ombo ot valai dagangon-nu?..... which house will you buy?

onggo?.... which?..... preteritum onggo i nanu dau?.....which one did he take?

sionggo?.... where?..... preteritum sionggo-ko antad?....where did you come from?

siombo?.... where?..... future siombo ot pakazan-nu?..... where do you go?

nunu?.... what?..... nunu-ka iti?.... what is this?.... kuro-ka?.... why?

kuozon?.... for what reason?.... nokokuro-ka?.... why?..... preteritum

kuran-ka?.... how?.... kuran-ka iti?.... how is this?

sera?….when?.... preteritum katalib-no at what time?

songira?....when? future when will it be?

impiro-ka?.... how often?

piro-ka?.... how many?.... piro-ka karong ot parai?.... how many bags of rice?

songkuro-ka?....how much?.... songkuro-ka ot parai-nu?.... how much is your rice?

(how much rice do you have?)

2.7O Preposition

There is only one preposition sid. It describes the place of state or motion. Before nomina propria

the personal article comes in between preposition and nomen proprium, while other substantives

follow directly after the preposition. Panarangan do siombo i hal, gama, tomodon

kumaa oku sid di Majimil I go to Majimil

but kumaa oku sid rahat I go to the sea

the exact position. Some ot these are

sid timpak do burul on top of the hill

sid tupak do bavang on the other side of the river


sid sunsud dot valai under the house

sid sampaping dot valai at the other side of te house

sid rinuvang dot valai inside the house

sid isan dot tagad along the boundaries of the ricefield

sid saralom dot tana in the ground

sid tombing dot rahat near the sea

sid timbang dot vaig along the water, on the riverside

sid natad dot valai around the house, outside the house

sid tinoguvangon dot ulun in front of a person others are

sid gulu in front, before, earlier

sid tohudi after, later on

sid vanan on the right hand side

sid gibang on the left hand side

Movements are indicated by the use of ong mongimbang

ponong sid in the direction towards

ponong sid Lajong towards Lajong

kumaa sid….. reaching…...mananau oku kumaa sid Lajong…..I go to Lajong

antad sid……………………………………………………….. from

antad sid Lajong ong ioku………………………………………from Lajong it is where I

come from

sampai sid arriving………………………………………………at / up tp

sampai sid Garau o nokorikot oku……………………………… until reaching Garau

2.8O Enclitics and interjections

2.81O enclitics are added to the words, to describe time of action

2.811 enclitics of realisation -no = already ong opongo

limo-no already five

nemot-ku-no already seen by me

nopongo-no already finished

2.812 enclitics of expectation -po = still more, not yet enough

limo-po………….five more…….Ong atag dot omungon-po

imatai-po………..see first

amu-po opongo………………….not yet finished

2.813 enclitics of continuation -nopo = already started, not yet completed, always

bahagi hal di varo-no laid om kakakali imomongo

limo-nopo always five

emot-nopo always visible

mangatag-nopo always repairing

2.814 enclitics of future continuation -nobo = shall always be engin do momongo

tokou-nobo it will be always us

ombo-nobo what ever it shall be, (it does not matter)


2.82 Interjections

of agreement …..o'…… yes ……..Mongoho

underlining speech…… ba……. so it is, really….. Mamanal

of surprise……. Adok…… no,fancy!..... Amu engat laid

of fear ……..adeh ……o dear!....... Tigogi, nga amu ozi!

of pain……. Akai…… o dear! ……Mamalang do koprimanan dot korualan

2.9O Numbers

2.91 cardinal numbers

the numbers with h- initial hopod and hatus change h to n by collective numbers: duvo-no hopod

becomes 2O duvo nopod

2.92 the ordinal numbers are formed by prefix ka- var. ko- before cardinal numbers with

assimilation of prefix vowel to first stem vowel, or contraction of prefix vowel to vowel initial

cardinal number

ko- + iso = keso koduvo kotolu kapat kisizam

2.93 multiplication is formed by prefix in- + nasal of same articulation point in- before s,d,z, ing-

before a,l,h and im- before v

inghatus hundred times

ingapat four times

imvalu eight times

induvo twice

also i nenganaman mintutuk the six times having gone round

2.94 the ordinals of the multiplicativa are formed by prefixation of k- with contraction ko+in-

= ken, var.kong,kem

2.91 cardinals 2.92 ordinals 2.93 multiplicativa

1. iso ....one keso…. first insan…. once

2. Duvo…. Two koduvo…. Second induvo…. twice

3. tolu…. three kotolu…. third intolu….. three x

4. apat…. Four kapat…. Fourth ingapat….. four x

5. limo…. Five kolimo…..fifth inglimo……five x

6. Onom…. Six konom …..sixth ingonom ….six x

7. turu ……seven koturu….. seventh inturu…. seven x

8. Valu….. eight kavalu….. eighth imvalu…. eight x

9. Sizam…. nine kosizam…. nineth insizam…. nine x

10.hopod…. ten kohopod…. tenth inghopod ten x….11 hopod om iso kohopod

om iso inghopod om iso

12. hopod om duvo

13. hopod om tolu

14. hopod om apat

20. duvo nopod koduvo nopod induvo nopod

21. duvo nopod om iso


22. duvo nopod om duvo

30 tolu nopod

99. sizam nopod om sizam

100. hatus kahatus inghatus

101. hatus om iso

111. hatus om hopod om iso

200. duvo natus koduvo natus induvo natus

211. duvo natus om hopod om iso

999. sizam natus om sizam nopod om sizam

1000. saribu kasaribu

1111. saribu om hatus om hopod om iso

10’000 salasa 1’000’000 sangjuta

2.94 ordinals of multiplicativa

kensan the first time

kenduvo the second time

kentolu the third time

kengapat the fourth time

kenglimo the fifth time

kengonom the sixth time

kenturu the seventh time

kenghopod the tenth time

2.95 Fractions are formed by affix combination pi-stem-on

piduvoon half of

pitoluvon third of

piapaton fourth of

pilimoon fifth of

iso pionomon one sixth of

2.96 to cause fraction affix combination 2.95 takes causative prefix

popopiduvoon divide by two !

popitoluvon divide by three !

popiapaton divide by four !

popilimoon divide by five !

popionomon divide by six !

2.97 Iteration of the cardinal number forms collective numbers

iso-iso = iseso single

duvo-duvo ioti they two by themselves

ioti hopod-hopod all ten of them

2.98 distributive numbers formed by prefix to- var. tor- and tar- with iteration of cardinal

number

toriso-iso one by one

toduvo-duvo two by two

tarapat-apat four by four

tohopod-hopod ten by ten



13. Magandaha sid kamaman

Miupakat di Asun om i Arun magandaha sid pinsan dit idi di Asun. I Arun dino amu engkod iosido

moput di Asun, tu mianggai banal ioti.

Nokorikot-no ioti sid valai di kamaman di Asun. Amu katama i Arun, tu ogumu it ulun do

sumamung dioti. Oduruk om muli ioti. Nakatanga-po sid ralan, dodoron-no di Asun i Arun,Mogihad

i Arun, mongirak i Asun.

Korikot-po ioti sid valai, irongou-no di Arun sid idi dau. Humungot it idi di Arun linapos dara I

Asun. Amu alaid mianggai-no vagu ioti.

14. Kumudat

Miupakat di Asun om i Arun do mivozo sid Kudat, tu memot do ganavari. It ama di Asun dino amu

koho do movozo i Asun. It ama di Arun dino kohoi. I Asun dino mangakal mozo. Amu nelaan dit

ama dau.

Nokorikot-po sid Kudat, mokitahak-no do tambang i sanganu do baas. Aso siin di Asun. Onuvon

dara di di Kina i soval di Asun. I Arun dino kisiin, tu antad sid ama dau. I Arun o manahak do

tambang. I Arun o mangajamin di Asun. Baharu osinang i ginavo di Asun. Sid Kudat dino nga amu

mitadtak ioti.

15. Tumangkus sid padang

I Asun dino om i Arun gumavul dit anganak tumangkus sid padang. Alangkas-langkas i Asun

tumangkus-ko i Arun. I Asun dino rumbul satu. I Arun dino rumbul dua. Kotorima i Asun do tolu

ringgit. Kotorima i Arun do duvo ringgit. Otomon i Asun om i Arun.

Monginum ioti do kupi. I Asun o manahak do siin. Dumagang i Asun do soval om banat. I Arun

dino baiko banat ot dagangon dau.

Minsosodop-po, muli-noi ioti. Korikot-po ioti sid valai dau, oduhon-no dit ama dau. Monuturan-i

Arun do kisiin i Asun. Otomon-n oit idi di Asun, tu i Asun dino el-elo-no mongitung do kosukupan.

11. Lesson: The Syntax It onibak om amu aralom it ongopamarasan

3..10 Single morpheme sentence type

3.11 Exclamations, utterances as expressions of feelings i kopurimanan

ai…..well, I am caught ba….. well, that's it

adeh…..oh, (painfully) adok ….oh, (surprisingly)

akai…. (terribly painful) ginazo!.... (gazo) what a size

inubat!….(rubat) ….what a waste inaru! (naru)….what a length

3.111 repetitive exclamations Panarangan do kopuriman di lobipo avagat

adok-adok-adok-adok well I never, did

ai-ai-ai-ai-ai well, there is no way out

akai-akai-akai-akai what a terrible pain I have


3.12 Answers to Questions It ambat ong varo mongoduat

varo….. there is, there are aso (a-iso)….there aren't any, none

okon…. not like this, not this way vokon….the other one

o, …..oho yes…..Amu no

tau?.... I don't know moku…..I don't want to, I don't do it

banal-no…..that is right ogi, ogi-ma……that's true

bo, ba…. yes, I agree

3.13 Imperative utterances ong monuhu di vokon

kada, kadan don't

tiko (siti-ko) come here kada-po-to let's not do this yet

3.2O The simple sentence type (equational sentence type) gama poperad

3.21 Qualifiers as predicate P + S

agazo ialo he is big

osodu i pomogunan the land is far away

engin-oku I like

ekum-oku I am ashamed

3.211 with appositioned subject P + S + A mamalang do kobuatan

agazo-oku ot ulun I am a big person

anaru i valai diti this is al long house

3.212 with modified qualifier M + P + S poperad di kobuatan

banal-ko agazo ialo he is really big

banal-ko anaru i valai the house is really long

3.213 with negated qualifier moniag do kobuatano

amu agazo ialo he is not big

amu-po anaru i nizu the coconut is not yet long

3.214 comparison of qualifiers Monodiri di kobuatan

3.2141 agazo big agazo-gazo quite big (not too big)

alangkas….fast alangkas-langkas…..not really fast

3.2142 agagazo….. can be called big large, sizable

3.2143 agazo-mai….. impressive big

3.2144 agazo-mahi….. hardly to be called large

3.2145 ginazo……. of an impressive largeness

3.2146 agazo banal….. really large

3.2147 banalko agazo…..very large indeed

3.2148 agazo-nopo always large…..agazo-po mantad larger than / agazo-no already large or big

3.215 nomina actionis perfectae kapangaan

nagama i valai the made house/the house is made.

naratu it uva the fallen fruit/the fruit has fallen


3.215.1 with apposition manarang di kapangaan

nagama i valai dot anaru the long house is finished

3.216 nomina qualitativae comparationis as kapangaan i hal.

nolosuan it ulun the person is overheated

nohombilan i volit the boundary is violated

3.22O Nomina as predicate P + S pronoun om hal (subject)

ulun-oku I am a person

raja-oku I am king

3.221 with apposition P + S + A nakamung-po i panarangan

ulun-oku dot lumundu I am a rich person

valai dot anaru iti this is a long house

3.222 with modifier Negation + P + S + A Mangamu-po

okon-ko ulun-oku dot lumundu I am not a rich person

okon-ko valai dot anaru iti this is not a long house

3.223 kivagas-oku diti there is rice with me

kivalai it ama-ku my father has a house

3.23O pronoun as predicate P + S Pronoun om subject

3.231 demonstative pronoum

diti-oku this is me

siti-oku here am I

3.232 personal pronoun

ioku-no iti it is I (me)

ialo ino (iti) he is the one

3.233 with apposition P + S + A pavalang dot ombo ot oboros

iti-no it ulun dino this is the person in question

iti-no it ulun di minangagama this is the person who made it

3.234 with interrogative personal pronoun mongoduat

isai-ko-ka? answer I Manjil oku diti

who are you? I am Manjil

isai o minangagama? ioku o minangagama who made it? I have made it

3.235 interrogative possesive pronoun Mongoduat ombo i sanganu

disai-ko iti ? answer dang ulun iti

whose is this? it belongs to the people

disai-ka o valai? dohon do valai iti

whose house is this? it is my house


3.236 interrogative pronoun of choice mongoduat o hal

ombo-ka i kazu? which one is the tree?

onggo-ka i nokogulu? which is the first one?

answer

iti-no i kazu dino this is the tree

iti-no i nokogulu this is the first one

3.237 interrogative pronouns of place i siombo?

siombo-ko-ka? where are you off to?

sionggo-ka it asu? where has the dog been?

answer

sumori-oku diti I am off to there (that place)

antad sid sunsud it asu the dog came from underneath

3.238 interrogative pronouns of time i sera?

sera-ka korikot? when the arrival?

sera-ka kapanau it ulun? when the going off the man

songira-ka i badi? when will the market be?

answer

korikot-ku-no dino my arrival is just now

kapanau-no it ulun he has already gone

suvab-no i badi tomorrow is the market

3.2391 interrogative pronouns of way and reason i kokuroon

kuro-ko-ka? why are you like this?

nokokuro-ko-ka? why have you been like this?

answer

sabap anaru iti because it is long

sabap osopung iti because it is early

3.2392 interrogative pronoun of quality mongoduat dit ombo

songkuro-ka osodu i valai? how far is the house away?

songkuro-ka koledo? how long is (length of time)

answer

duvo vatu o kosodu dino valai, two miles the distance to the house

kotoluvan iti biano three days until today

3.2393 interrogative pronoun of quantity Mongudat di kogumuai

piro-ka o nizu dino? how many coconuts are there?

piro-ka it ulun o nokorikot? how many people arrived?

answer

hopod om limo iti nizu diti, these coconuts are 15

sizam-no o nokorikot nine people have arrived

3.2393 interrogative pronoun of recurrence of action It impiro-ka?

impiro-ka nakapanau-no it ulun? how often has the man gone

impiro-ka nokebo it ulun? how many times did he go to work in the ricefield

answer


inhopod nakapanau it ulun, he went ten times

a-insan nikebo it ulun, he didn't go once to the field

3.30 The verbal predicate sentence type V = P

There are three subgroups of verbal predicate sentences in which the utterance is either

monodiri dot isai, ko ponong ombo ko ombo it aapakaii

Subjective…….. posssive…… objective…….. predicate

3.301 The personal and possesive pronouns, used in these utterances indicate and clarify relations

between topic and actor. In the following description of the various sentence types, the personal

pronouns are referred to as Class A,

the possessive pronouns are referred to as Class B

the objective pronouns are referred to as Class C.

3.302 Class A…… Class B……. Class C

suffixed ong osuput sid subject

I…… ioku gumama-oku valai-ku my house…. dohon do valai

You…. ikau gumama-ko valai-nu your house…. dikau do valai

He…. ialo gumama ialo valai dau his house…. Dau do valai

I…..zau, remote he dizau

We…. iokoi gumama-okoi valai-za our house…. dahai do valai

We….i tokou (incl.) tokou valai di tokou our house di tokou do valai

You….. ikou gumama-kou (plural)

They….. iolo gum iolo valai diolo their house

3.310 Subjective predicate sentences

The subjective predicate sentence indicates, that the subject is the doer of the action.

Manarang dot i S nga A di mangagama. Tasantanid prefixes monodiri di gamaon

Subject = Actor = Topic. The verb takes the following affixes

m- (-in- if past tense forms) -um- ( + -in-)

mo + Nasalierung-, var. ma+ N.- ( + -in-)

mog- var- mag- ( + -in-)

noko- var. nakanokopo

+ N. var. nakapa + N.

also: St + o-no (or -ai-no) as imperative and : secondary affixes: k-stem and kopi-

The subject takes markers i (it before vowel initial nouns) or is a Pronoun Class A

It ulun ko ioku

the object takes marker di (dit) for specified and do (dot) for unspecified objects

or is a pronoun Class C

3.311 P + S (simple sentence) predicate ko action S subject

mamanau it ulun The person goes

nakakun-no i Kurudong K. has agreed (to it)

3.312 P + S + O ( O - Object -panagan ko tomodon)

mangagama i tukang do meja the workman makes a table

momobog-ko dialo you hit him


mangatag-oku di jiip-ku I repair my Jeep

mininum-oku do vaig I drank water

nakapangakan-oku di pazas-nu I have eaten your popo-fruit

kopiakan-oku do runti I have tried eating yams

manangon tokou di Kurudong we tell Kurudongs story

3.313 with question indicator P + S + Q + O Q mongodaut dit ombo ajadi

mogodu-ko-ka dohon? do you want to quarrel with me?

kumiboros-ko-ka di dokutol? did you speak to the doctor?

3.314 with locator P + S + L (P + S + O + L) L= tampat -location

mamanau-oku sid alun-alun I walk along the road

sumiti-oku didino I am coming now

mangakan-oku dot ampalam sid R. I eat manggas in R.

3.315 with addressee Vocative + NN + P + S NN = ngaran

Adeh, Ahad, mihukum tokou-no Listen, boy, the marriage agreement is to be arranged

pinsan, garaso-no i sapi-ku Listen, brother in law, kill my cow

3.22O The objective predicate sentence has as its topic the aim of the action word (the object)

= T. The objective predicate takes either suffix-on or the infix -in- in the past forms

(without -on)

The subject as actor takes marker di (dit) or pronoun Class B

The object (topic) takes marker i (it) or pronoun Class A

3.321 P + T + S Action + topic + subject

duaton-oku dikau my being asked by you

dinuat-oku dit ulun my having been asked by people

bobogon-oku dikau my being beaten by you

binobog-oku I was beaten by you

3.322 P + S + O Action - subject - object

duaton-ku izau my asking him = I shall ask him

bobogon-ku izau my beating him = I shall beat him

binobog-ku ialo I hit him (past)

also bambangan dau i kambing his having hit the goat

dinuat dau i mata mata diri him having asked the police then

3.323 with further object P + S + O + T + i panangan do gama

polombuson-ku i barang sid kampong my passing on the things to the village

pongoviton-ku dit ulun i surat-nu my making the person take your letter

3.33O Referential predicative utterances

where the topic only indirectly receives the action, or is the location of action or the recipient

of benefaction. (=T) The verb takes suffix -an

the topic takes the marker i (it) or o (ot) or Class A pronoun

the actor takes Class B pronouns or marker di (dit) or do (dot)

the object takes Class C pronouns or maker do (dot)


3.331 P + T + O

Tinahakan-oku do tinggol, I was given necklaces

3.332 P + T + A + O

Tinahakan-oku di pinsan-ku do tinggol, my having been given a neckless. By my cousin

3.333 P + A + T + O

Tinahakan it ulun dino dit pinsan dau do tinggol

the person having been given a n.by his cousin

P + T + A + O

gamaon-oku dot ulun di tagad-ku my ricefield has been made for me by people

For reading praxis read a little story: Arun and Asun in the kampong

16. It ongomolohing di Arun

It ama di Arun dino i Maraun. It idi dau dino i

Mina. It anak di Mina dino apat koviai. Keso

di Arun, ino-no o kotuaan. I koduvo i Alima,

ondu. Kotolu di Karim, ino dino kusai. Kaapat

di Alisa, ondu-no vagu. Ino-no o komulakan.

Hopod-ogi om onom vulan ot umul, nga

banalk samadan di Alima, tu olobpung-po om

osorongot-poo i Alisa dino. Ong i Karim dino

banalko mulau-ulau, aso gamaon dau vokon.

Momobog-n opo dit ongobpinai dau om

banalko oguvali do tiagon dit ongomolohing.

Bang i Alima dino elo-no banal iadko i Arun.

Kaharati-no monulung di gagamaon sid valai.

Nunu-nopo it isuhut dit idi, nga monumbozoi

iosido. I Maraun dino osukod do valai.

17. I valai dioti dino

I valai diMaraun dino banalko agazo.

Napasagi dot onom mituvis o taap. Rininding

do kazang. I pinuvalaazan dit osukod dino sid

timpak do burul Tosogit. Ino natad do valai

dino banalko oluvas om nozuzuhan do bunga

do boginisan: opurak, aragang, osilou om

ogumu-po ot tonomon do paranggi, punti,

tobu, runti, palavanom guol. Totodukon nga

ogumui sid sodu-sudo di valai. Manuk dino

nga ogumui, tu banalko apangit manaud do

manuk it anganak di Maraun dino. I valai dioti

dino osibak i rinantai, apat-no kaki. Papan i

palampag, tolu it ongkob. Isi i di Maraun om

di Mina, i koduvo di Alima, i kotolu di Arun.

I harati di burul dot osogit, tana do banalko

oruvak. Nunu-nopo o tonomon, nga tumunda

banal. Ino valai dino banalko avantang, tu i

ropuhan dino nakatanidi. Kijambatan sid

pialatan di ropuhan om i valai. Ino valai dino

tosongminggu-minggu om vougan-no dit

ongopalampag. I arun-no om i Alima o

tumabang dit idi momoug di valai. Ong i

Karim dino baiko mongihas di rapag sid

palampag.. I tukad dino, nga vougan kavi dioti

om i sunsud dino, nga vuhavoni di Arun om i

Alima. It ongoikam dino nga isidang om it

ongobantal dino, nga isdangi dioti. I sid

ropuhan dino varo parit di pomurulanan do

vaig sid ontok do pomougan om varo-pot

ongkob do popodsuon

12. Lesson: Kakali onibak it ongopamarasan om oribau o harati

3.40 Further simple sentence types

3.41 Varo -there is = P Aso -there is none P +T

varo vaig aso vaig there is water /no water

varo sumaap there is an opponent

kivagas there is rice

aso vagas there is no rice


3.42 with apposition or location marker A or L

varo vaig dot alasu there is hot water

varo vagas dot aragang there is red rice on the table

with enclitics

aso-no vaig there is no more water

aso-po vaig there is not yet any water

3.43 Imperative sentences P (+S)

imatai-no! look!

gamao-no dikou! work you people!

3.44 Prohibition - demand

kada mamatai! don't kill!

kada-no mamatai! don't kill now!

kada lumombus! don't go on further!

3.50 Compound sentence types with conjunctions

3.51 (C) + T + P (English in cursive writing)

Ioti dino turu songobpinai, limo it ongokusai om duvo it ongondu

They (were) seven, five male and two female brothers/sisters

note: obpinai can be either brother or sister

Manjadi i binatang sino dino banalko anaru……… now that longhouse was very long

Na ioti dino inturu-kopiinturu ……………now those were seven times seven-seven

3.52 with Locator C + T + p + L = omungon i sumiombo

aso kerad di tokou siti ponong

there was none equal to us this way

Na adau di kinoulian di Bakaka nga kinoulian di Kurudong sid govuton

Now the day of the B.'s return was also the return of from the jungle

Na i Kurudong kotoluvan sid himbaan

Now Kurudong was three days in the primary forest

3.53 with time marker (M)

3.531 Kinam Continously

Kinam-no mogihim dot inumon, sampai nokorikot sid livotung

Continously he looks for water until he reaches the lake

Kinam-no mansahari, sampai linumundu

He works continously until he gets rich

Kinam lumogod i barat sampai notogob it alud

The storm got stronger and stronger until the boat capsized

3.532 Kinam-kinam more and more, gradually

Kinam-kinam humungot ialo sampai nokobobog dot ulun

He got angrier and angrier until he hit people

Kinam-kinam muraha sampai notitisan do raha

the bleeding became stronger and stronger until everything was covered with blood

Kinam-kinam monginsada ialo sampai noponu it alud

he got more and more fish until the boat was full of them


3.533 Kodori gima, For in olden times

Kodori gima kodung varo-no koronu

For in olden times, as soon as somebody was renowned

ong kodori gima…… as in olden times

3.534 Mazad-po At the time of

Mazad-po dit anak vagu-no banal i Kurudong,

At the time of K. being a teen-ager..

3.535 Varo-po there also is to indicate action or being

Varo-po it ongondu di banalko avasih

There also are the very beautiful women

3.536 Na toun-po diri In that year

Susuvab-po diri the next day

Na sid kotolu-po't adau di badi

On the third day after the market

Mantad di tanga sumakai

As from midday..

Mantad di tanga sumakai, muli-pulid-po it adau pilombus-no i K.

As from midday, towards evening K. moved on again..

3.537 Kananganko Concerning taking up a particular topic

Kananganko i valai dau, nijuval-no sid ombuvoi

What his house concerns, he sold it to a stranger

3.538 Other time markers

Biano today, now

Didino at this moment, presently (forward looking)

Dino-no just now (looking back)

I hiza diri at that time

I toun last year

I toun diri two years ago

I toun vagu next year

I kosinaan time of birth

I kopisavaan time of marriage

I kokotu time of harvest koinsakod, kaasakai, kosukodo, kolohingo,

I kolingo dit aso dangol time of death

3.54 with enumeration

Keso, anaru banal it unturu dau First, he has very long fingers

Koduvo, banalko odoot iosido Secondly, he is very greedy

Pengavi, arampus banal ong humungot iosido lastly he gets very rough if he is angry


3.60 Conjunctions to open sentences Monimpuun do panarangan

3.61 Manjadi when, then expressing or stating facts and proceedings in a story or tale.

Manangon tokou di Kurudong.

Lets hear the story of K.

Manjadi i Kurudong dino opodok-po iosido, sinamadan laid dit ama.

When Kurudong was still little, he was his father's favourite.

G. om P. o nokosup di B. manakau. Manjadi aso-no tinganan dialo mongolim dino bungou dau

dino.

G. and P. have caught B. stealing. There was no chance for him to deny his silliness

3.62 Na after, as soon as expressing completion of action as starting point for follow up Ong

nopongo it iso hal, iri-ogi varo-po

Na nosingkop-po i tolu toun, minuli-no iosido sid kampong dau

After three years he went back to his village

Na korongou-po, tinumangkus-no iosido sid himbaan

After hearing it, he ran to the jungle

Na koimot-po, minonimbak-no ialo di tambang

After seeing the dear, he shot the deer.

Na tu, After, if

Amu-oku engin dara mamanau. Na, tu norongou, araat dot amu korikot

I don't really want to go. After having heard it would be wrong if I don't come.

Amu dara korikot. Na, tu inongoi, mamanau-nobo.

I wasn't coming. But after being fetched, I had to go.

Amu dara kumioduw. Na tu noholian, sinumaap-nobo.

I didn't want to quarrel. After it was too much, I had to fight back

3.63 Ong When expressing follow up when state comes up

Ong korikot, obohogizan

whenever one arrives, sharing follows

Ong miginavo, kopisavo

when they love each other, they shall be married

Ong abanakau, kotorungku

when he is thief, he must be arrested

3.631 Okuro ong Even if

Okuro ong tuduk-tudukan-no, amui kotolunung

Even if you keep on showing him, he will not find the way

Okuro ong timbakon, amui rumosi

Even shooting frightens him

Okuro ong mad kapatai dau, amu-no monurubis (mongitung)

Even if it nearly kills him, he doesn't care (mind)

Nokuro ong notopuan dot damat nga amui matai koduruk

Even covered with wounds he didn't die quickly


3.632 Kaluto ong in case that

Ihimo-no banal, kaluto ong emot-po

search properly in case you find

Barasai banal, kaluto ong mangasip-po.

speak hard, in case he believes

Indamo banal, kaluto ong tahakan-ko-po

Ask really, in case you are given

3.633 Dolupo ong .. minsan-ko whether ..or not

Dolupo ong abanal, minsan-ogi ko amu, borosoni.

Whether it is right, even if not, tell it

Dolupo ong iad-to-no, minsanko ulun kihukum, amui mangasip.

Whether it is only us, even people with more wisdom don't believe it

Dolupo ong varoi, minsan-ogi aso, ong kenginan-no, ihimoni.

Whether there is anything or not, if one has it in mind, one looks for it

3.634 Vokon-no ong Sometimes

I panau do mongimpori, vokon-no ong kiovit, vokon-no ong aso.

Going hunting, sometimes one has to bring home, sometimes not.

It ongopitounan, vokon-no ong mongopud, vokon-no ong amu.

Some years have a good harvest, some not.

it ongopakakas di kuvo, vokon-no ong dangol, vokon-no ong kapak

The tool of NN is sometimes a jungle knife, sometimes an axe

3.635 Ogi-no ong, minsanko Whether few or much

Ogi-no ong okudik, minsanko ogumu, kakali moguhang ialo

Whether there is little or a lot, he ist still moody

Ogi-no ong onibak, minsanko anaru, kakali dot amu kotulai

Whether it is short or even long, it will still not protrude

Ogi-no ong opian, minsanko ologod, kakali dot amu orongou.

Whether quiet or very noisy, it cannot be heard

3.64 Bang If In case expressing possibility for follow up

Bang itahak, onuvon

If it is given, it should be taken

Bang engin-ko, ombo-ko ikau

If you want it, it is up to you

Bang osin o taduk, banalko kotuliou

If the food is salty, one gets very thirsty

Bang okonko tinarik-ku ialo, tantu aratu-no sid pansung

If I hadn't pulled him over, he would certainly have fallen down

3.65 Contitional conjunctions

3.651 Baiko Only

Baiko umpakai do valai ino bunga dino, asoi kosusaan ong aso.

Only to make the house look better are these flowers. If there were none it wouldn't matter.

Ong baiko amu kosigup, aso-pot ikoruol do ginavo

If one does only not smoke, one will not be sad about it


Ong baiko ialo ot amu kovozo, amu korungoi do panau ino

If only he doesn't come along, the journey will not be in vain

3.652 Suvaiko Only if expressing condition for success against failure

Suvaiko magavi-ko banal dino om kapaasan-nu.

Only if you really work hard you will pass your examination

Suvaiko isesoon banal o ginavo om varo rikoton-nu

Only if you set your mind to it you will reach your goal

Suvaiko ontokon-no banal, ong ialo dino om amu-ogi kohungot

Only if he tries hard, will he not get angry

3.653 Kodungko As soon as Conditional clause

Na kodung nagazo-gazo-no, boros dit ama, Ikau-nobo dino

As soon as he was grown up, his father said: You....

Kodungko korikot, turus gumama

As soon as he arrived, he started work

Kodungko manambarat-no, banalko misok it ongopolitaan

As soon as the storm comes, all lamps will get exstinguished

Kodungko amu-no kenginan, kadan-no torimoon.

If you do not want it, don't accept it.

3.66 Osuhul ko better than

Okudik-po-ma, kakali dot osuhul ko aso.

Better a little than nothing at all

Ialo ma dino-oi osuhul ko ioku

Better him than myself

Kolingi ong ialo do nokotokin, osuhul ko bansa kondiri

Better to have an Indian as son in law than from the own folk

Osuhul-no sumuhut-ko dilo dohon do kenginan

You better follow my wishes

Manjadi osuhul-no om mangandu i tokou-no

Then we better look for a woman

3.67 Iri-ogi then, Further, also, too

Nopongo-no kavi monuturan om iri-ogi rinotuan-no dit osukod

When everything had been told, then the elder made the decision

Noumpug-no i sokoviai om iri-ogi miniuupakat-no do kurozon

When all were there, then they agreed what was to be done

Kotutuk-no om iri-ogi tumimpuun vagu

Having done the round, then the start begins again

3.70 Conjunctions joining clauses

3.71 om and joining two simple sentences of action together

Nopongo-po it alud om nokoudan-no i barang, minunsud-no

Having finished the boot and loaded it, we left the place

Notohos-po i darun om notimung-no it ongoulun, minamanau-no i baas

When the rain stopped and all people where together, the bus went.

Nopudung-po i kazu om nalaas-no, niudan-no sid kurita.


When the tree was cut and split it was loaded onto the lorry.

3.72 sampai until, and

Mogihim iosido dot inumon sampai nokorikot sid livotung

He looks for water until he has reached the lake

3.73 supaya until, in order to, that

Habarai-no ioti, supaya elaan do noumpug-no it ongoulun

Tell them, that they know that people have come together

Pampangai-no koduruk, supaya oluvas i ralan.

Clear quickly the paths that the way is open

Rikot-no sid dahai, supaya kikoruhang-okoi.

Come to us, so that we have company

3.74 tu for, because

Linapos dit ama ino, tu oguvail

he was hit by his father because he was stubborn

Inanu dau i dangol, tu dau

He took the jungle knive because it was his

Otuvong ong pukul lapan, tu sodop

it is dark at eight o clock, because it is night

Nakakun-nopo i K. tu agazo-no banal iosido

He agreed, for he was very strong

3.741 Gima, tu Because expressing reason for following action

Gima, tu osilat, nokosurat kavi i norongou

Because he was clever, he wrote everything down he heard

Gima, tu obungou, nokotorungku

Because he was silly, he got imprisoned

Gima, tu aparu, amu akama o tizan

Because he was working hard, he had enough to live on

3.742 Sabap, tu Because expressing cause for follow up, which is contra one's own inclination

Amu-oku dara otibang. Sabap, tu upakat-no sokoviai, minozo-okui.

It didn't suit me. But because everybody agreed, I went also along

Amu-oku dara engin. Sabap, tu kenginan-no dot molohing, tinorima-ku-no.

I didn't really want. Because it was the wish of the parents, I accepted.

Okon dara-ko sino o kenginan. Sabap, tu nagaratan-no do kinoruhangan, minozo nobo.

It wasn't there he wanted to go. Because his friends pressed him, that he went along

3.75 nga concerning, as far as

Kasamung sori, nga asoi guna

concerning meeting there it is of no use

Ioku, nga ino-no o kenginan

concerning myself, this is what I want

Ioti, nga aso nemot do karabau

concerning them, they didn't find the buffalo


3.80 Quotation of direct or indirect speech

Where English and other languages mark quotations in writing, the oral tradition of Momogun

indicate direct speech as well as indirect with appropriate quotation markers, previous to the

quotation and closing the quotation (see 2.621 c)

3.81 reported speech

boros-ku diri, Anaru banal i binatang dioti, kangku diri.

I said then, their longhouse is very long, said I.

I boros dau, Nokoling-no i savo dau, ka dit ulun dino

He/she said, his/her partner is away, said that person.

boros dit ama, Adeh, Ahat mihukum tokou-no, ka di ama.

said father, Boy, lets get married, said father.

3.82 futuric speech

boroson-ku dara dot, amu-oku otibang diti, kangku dara.

I shall probably say then that I have no time for it, shall I say.

Ong korikot-kou sino, boroson-no dikou dot, Amu otibang ialo, ka bo.

When you arrive there, say then that he couldn't come,

3.83 enumeration in reporting

varo't akansang, ka, varo kinabalan-po, ka, varo kiansamung-po, ka.

There were strong ones, also giants and bewitched ones.

For reading praxis read a little story: Arun and Asun in the kampong

18. It odu

I Muna dino lumohing-no, baiko mogobi-obi-

po sid valai. I muna dino odu di Arun, tu idi di

Mina. Magazaqu iosido tumabang mangagama

dot ongokakanan. Sasarap, tanga hari

minsosodop, nga iosidoi o magazau. Bang

otoron i Mina antava it anganak, nga kitabang

iosido minggama-gama do kakanan. Bang

amu otoron i Mina antava it anganak, nga aso

koruhang dau minggamga-gama di kakanan.

I mangagama dit ongokakakan dino

mitatabang-n o ioti. It odu o manaduk sid

ropuhan. Ino-no I todukan dit odu dino,

soguntung, inavahan di sinonginan. Vokon-

nobo ong balatung, vokon-no ong labuk,

vokon-no ong kulumbu, vokon-no ong

tavadak, vokon-no ong sangup. Vokan-no ong

guol. Amu osusa ioti dino do dumagang do

totodukan, tu banalko ogumu o tanom dioti

dino sid natad do valai, boginis-ginisan. Bang

ahangat-no ioti dit ongototodukon dino,

manaduk-no do lomiding antad sid tampak.

19. Monginakan

Sid valai dit agazo nga varo meja. Sid ropuhan

nga varoi meja do ponginakanan. Kodungko

mamangakan-no ioti dino, neikd do pinggan

om sikang om sangkil. In-po di Karim do

pangakanan, pinggan do rizau om i sangkil

dau diono nga sangkil do rizau, tu rumosi-ko

ababak.

Bang opongo-no ioti monginakan, i Arun om i

Alima o tumabang dit idi momoug dit

pinonginakananan. Lingkosuan-po laid

momoug om pihidon-ogi monuu dit ozopos.

Opongo-po momoug, itahu-no sid kaban.

20. Manaud do manuk

I Arun om i Alima dino okonko baiko ino o

gamaon dioti dino, tu manaud do manuk nga

gaamani dioti. Sangadau induvo ioti

mongupan. It ongoontolu dino nga ogumu ot

ompon dioti, tu banalko ogumu o punan do

momogontolu. Sangadau varo hopod, varo

hopod om limo ot ontolu dit ongomanuk dioti.


It ongopizak dino nga banalko ogumu. Varo

ponuvangan dioti dit ongopizak dino, ong

kodungko mongupan , tu amu-nopo itanid it

ongopizak, amu kotinduk dit upan, tu banalk

ogumu o punan di misosolod-no ong

kodungko upanan-no. It ongomanuk dino

banalko ongololomu, tu banalko ataud it

anganak.

4.3 Abbreviations:

A = actor

L = locator

M = Marker of time

N = Nasalisation

= object

P = predicate

Q = question indicator

S = subject

T = topic

St = stem

var = varying

vl = voiceless

vd = voiced

pl. = plural

sing. singular

cf. = compare with (confere)

s. = see >

= stem initial position

m. = stem medial position

f. = stem final position

Pogihiman LIST OF CONTENTS:

0.1 Introduction

1.0 Phonology

1.1O The alphabet

1.11 The phonemes

1.12 place and description

1.13 Glottal stop

1.14 non syllabic vowels

1.20 The contraction of vowels

1.3O assimilation of vowel

1.4O assimilation of consonants

1.5O The phoneme pattern of the word

stems

1.6O The stress

1.7O Borrowed words

1.8O The Gonsomon dialect

2.O Morphology

2.1O The stem morphemes

2.11 the simple stem

2.12 compound stems

2.2O Produktive affix-

morphemes:group A prefix

2.2l intransitive prefixes

2.22 transitive prefixes

2.23 prefixes with prefix-vowel

2.24 prefix misi- + nasal + stem

2.25-9 prefix miri,mag, mana,

mad,moki

2.3O Suffix morphemes

2.4O Affix combinations ka- var.ko +

pa- var.po

2.43 Qualifying affixations

2.44-5 Infix -in-

2.46 Plural affixes

2.5O Iteration and reduplication

2.6O Articles and pronouns

2.61 The articles

2.62 The pronouns

2.7O Preposition

2.8O Enclitics and interjections

2.9O Numbers

3.O Syntax

3.1O Single morpheme sentence type

3.2O The simple sentence type

3.3O The verbal predicate sentence

type

3.4O Further simple sentence types

3.50 Compound sentence types with

conjunction

3.60 Conjunctions to open sentences

(clauses)

3.70 Conjunctions joining various

clauses together

3.80 Quotation markers

4.0 Tables

List of contents

Kapangaan di tudukan


4.O TABLES

4.1 VERBAL FLECTION

Tense Actor transitiv Actor intrans. Object Reference

not completed mong-stem m-stem stem - on stem -an

action moki-stem

present tense mi-stem

mog-stem

didino mirim-stem

past action, m-in-ong-stem min -stem stem -in stem-an

imperfect tense minoki-stem

mini-stem -inum-

diri minog-stem

mrim-stem

completed action nokopong -stem noko-stem no-stem

perfect tense

nopongo-no

intended action ti- stem

gamaon dara

desirous action mokipopokots

stem

imperative ponng - stem stem stem-o stem-ai

immediate pi-st. Pog-stem

monuhu

imperative mong-stem stem stem -on st -an

non imediate

4.2 Table of affixation of the nouns for abstraction

present past

simple st. stem Stem cons.. - in-stem

valai v-initial cons. +-in- st. vinalai

time of doing ko- + st + -an kino- +st+ -an

kovosihan kinovosihan

with dual kopi- st -an kinopi- st -an

kopivosihan kinopivosihan

causation of kopong- st -an kinopong- st -an

kopongimatan kinopngimatan

with dual kopipong- st -an kinopipong-st-an

kopipongogontian kinopipongogontian

place of doing post. -an pino- st. -an

palabangan pinalabangan

with dual popi- st -an pinopi- st. -an

pogontizan pinogontizan

desiribility poki- st -an pinoki- st. -an

pokigontizan pinokigontizan


Buuk Projekt: MAMA VAGU

Kuran ong mangagama tokou-po do buuk do MAMASA VAGU, isuhut di nagama-ku-no laid i

Pangajaran Mamasa bahagi kotolu, ino-no i tuturan di duvo anganak sid kampong, i Asun om i

Arun, di manarang di 20 ongogama om situasi sid kampong om binatang i hiza dit omulok-po i

Ama-nu. Ino buuk dino, nisurat-za di Inai hiza do varo kursus do ponginjil sid Sikuati, dot it

anganak dit ongoponulung, azazau dara, tu aso gamaon ko komomozon sid station. Iri-ogi i Inai

tinumimpuun do mongoumpg dioti Ayun om Sinahazin om i Uli di Osuman om it opodok-po do

monuduk dioti mamasa om monurat, dot i Pangajaran keso minonuduk di bai i buatano dit

ongohurup om kuran kadapat popisuput dit ongohurup iadko o+m = om, a+m+a= ama, a+m+u=

amu, i+b+u = ibu om i iadino. Varo on ongolukis di pembulai di buatan dit ongohurup. Sid buuk

koduvo, okonko bai toriso-iso boros kopiamungi, inoi nga it ongopamarasan di manarang do gama

ko kobuatano do hal. Na ikid pamarasan, varo-po lukisan di pemot di harati.

Sid pangajaran kotolu diri, pinakai-za i tuturan di duvo anganak do kusai, ino-no i Asun om i Arun,

ino-no ngaran do kobasan dot anganak diri. (Aso-po Rico om Jo om i iadino). Ioti Diyun om

Majimil om Angkangon o minonurat dinot ongotuturan dino dot aso’t ongosuput do iadko, gamko,

iri-ko ombo-nopo om i vokon. Inoi-nga kakali alus-no it ongopamarasan. Iri-ogi varo-po nakamung

dot a-ko piro tangon dot onibak.

(I mongimbulit-oku mamasa vagu dinot ongotuturan dino, mad varo kopurimanan dot amu

arantang banal it vaza dot momoros. Topot i tomodon diri, oruhazan it anganak mongintutun om

rumamit om mamalang dit noghorup sid buuk di kopisusuput-nopo do jumadi do boros om

pongoretan. Iti-no o sabap, ong posurut do pobuuk dino, ombo it amu arantang, ogontian-no om

iatag-no-po, supaya alus it ongokapamarasan sino)

Na ong biano, ino-no it apagon, mongonsug dit ongopodok do mamasa sid Momogun, tu sid sikul,

bai BM apakai sid ongobuuk di nunu-nopo. Topot ong varo dara buuk di manarik di ginavo dit

ongopopodok do maamaakai di boros di molohing om it angaki om ongodu, kaluto oruhai agazad

ioti sid tinungkusan di boros Momogun. Ino buuk dino, suvai i kogozoo, A4 dot otimpadang dot

torikit nalad varo surat om kopiamung i lukisan di pembulai di tuturan. Minsanko i ssoribau do

buuk, varo lukisan do kivarna miabal di Majalah do PCS do 50 toun PCS. Ong it ongolukisan sid

saralom iadino kivarna antava iadko i lukisan di sid Tangon do Rungus.

Na i dohon dot palad kadapat monodia-no vagu dit ongosurat om tuturan sid saralom dot a-ko piro

minggu. Ong i dikou do gama: mogihim dot anganak ko osukod dit otibang om elo do mongolukis

dinot ongotuturan di atalad-no sid tuturan kopiruzod dit toriso-iso nalad. (Varna ko lukisan dot bai

etom). Bai ponong sid ongotangon kadapat do pongudikon ko mangalai dot okon ko ensanan it

ongotangon varo-po gambal....Kaluto, ong varo guru dit engin do posurut dino projekt, iosido o

mongimbulai do kotondingan dot isai i randavi mongolukis om i iadino dot sino kadapat mom ili

ombo i kopionong di tuturan sid buuk dino.

Kiroon-ku ong iadino, oruhai mimbulai dot iso buuk bahagi dit Anganak Momogun di mongonsug

dit ongopopodok do mamasa om misisingilo di boros Momogun. Sid Semenanjung varo iso

pongolukis, i ngaran dau i LOW, iosido minonurat om minongimbulai dot a-ko piro piro ongobuuk

di iadino. Ong opirin ino buuk MAMASA VAGU - anganak sid kampong -, kiroon-ku banalko

alaku ino buuk, tu mongonsug di molohing om it anganak do manaud vagu di dikou do tinungkusan,

ino-no i boros dikou


Varo duvo ot anak sompi kusai. I ngaran di keso dino i Asun. I ngaran di koduvo dino i Arun. I

Asun om i Arun dino banalko mianggai. I Asun dino agazo-no. I Arun dino opodok-po. Sumako i

Asun sid karabau. Miombutul i Arun. Rumikot i karabau sid buvatan. Mintoron i karabau sid

buvatan. I karabau dino ozi mangakan do sakot. Ovizau-po i karabau, mobul-no sid lolobuhon.

(Oruhai do ponoruvon ino tuturan dit onibak-iti bai suntuan- ko posurat dit ongopamarasan iadko

tukad, ino-no)

Varo duvo ot anak sompi kusai.

I ngaran di keso dino i Asun.

I ngaran di koduvo dino i Arun.

I Asun om i Arun dino banalko mianggai.

I Asun dino agazo-no. I Arun dino opodok-po.

Sumako i Asun sid karabau. Miombutul i Arun.

Rumikot i karabau sid buvatan. Mintoron i karabau sid buvatan.

I karabau dino ozi mangakan do sakot.

Ovizau-po i karabau, mobul-no sid lolobuhon.

2. Modsu sid bavang

I Asun om i Arun tumuhun antad sid karabau.

I Asun om i Arun kumaa sid bavang. Rumikot

ioti sid bavang. Mongidu-no ioti do soval, tu

modsu sid bavang. I Asun om i Arun dino

banalko otomon. Ogorot ioti dino

misingkavaro. Elo i asun tumosog. Tumolong

i Asun sid saralom. Mongingut i Asun di

Arun. Rumosi i Arun, tu amu milo tumosog.

Lumusu i Asun, tu manabpo di hakod di Arun.

Mongogizak i Arun. Tumindal i Arun.

Gumusa i Asun di Arun.

3. Mindakod sid nizu

Kemot i Asun do nizu. Migusa ioti tuman

gkus rumikot sid puun do nizu. Mindakod i

Asun sid nizu. I Arun dino minud sid puun do

nizu. Amu milo i Arun mindakod, tu amu

opinit iosido. Asapou it uva do nizu. Mongupu

i Asun dot uva. Mindahu vagu i Asun. Ogorot

ioti mangakan do nizui dot omulok. Opongo-

po mangakan, orualan do tizan i Arun om i

Asun.

4. Mangagama do kurita

I Asun om i Arun miupakat mamanau sid

govuton. Mogihim ioti di gamaon do kurita. I

Asun om i Arun nokemot do kazu do kidalid

dot alaab. Mitabang ioti momudung. Manganu

ioti do hakod do kurita. Nopongo-po,

mongovit i Arun om i Asun di kurita sid

takad. Sumako ioti sid kurita. Alangkas i

kurita dino rumuhuk. Kodondtol i kurita sid

kazu. Kotubpo ioti sid sibak. Mogihad ioti.

Nokinis i soval di Arun. Obutak i Asun, tu

naratu sid lolobuhon do karabau.

I Asun om i Arun mirimpanau sid kabun om

sid govuton. M ogihim ioti do kouvaan.

Ampalam, burungan, lansat, ratu, pulutan,

imadang, bundu, koliabas, bongkurungan,

matan, bonsiku, mogiton, rangalau,

bambangan ko puvak.

I Asun dino om i Arun mogihim-nopo do

kouvaan o tomodon dioti. Ogorot ioti

mangakan do kouvaan. Oginisan o kouvaan ot

ihimon dioti. Assot engkod dioti mivozo-vozo.

Nakatanga ioti sid himbaan. Kemot ioti do

rangalau. Mindankod i Arun. I asu-nopo om

sid tana. Manahau iosido dit uva. Tutuon di

Arun i raan do rangalau. Ogumu o rumato it

uva. I rangalau dino mansak-no banal. Asapau

it uva. Noponu it obubut di Asun om i di

Arun. Avagat it obubut. Muli-no ioti sid valai.

Otomon-no it idi om it ama di Asun om i di

Arun. Mangakan ioti sokoviai.


8. Mongimpori

Mangagama i Arun do simbubut. Mangagamai

i Asun do paana. Minonong ioti mamana om

monimbubut sid kazu. Oubas-po ioti,

mogihim-no dot ombolog.

Mamana i Asun, monimbubut-no i Arun.

Konong i Asun dot ongkukul. Konong i Arun

do tubuvan. Aratu-opo, sopulan–no dioti it

ombolog. Banalko otomon i Arun, tu agazo i

tobuvan. Amu otomon banal i Asun, tu baiko

ongkukul i dau.

I Asun om i Arun ogumu ot elaaan

mongimpori. Ioti dino sompi kiasu dot

avantang. I di Asun dot aso aragang, i di Arun

buris. I ngaran dit asu di Arun i Buris im i

ngaran dit aso di Asun i Bugog. Bang

mamanau-no ioti sid himbaan, kukuon-no di

Asun om i Arun i Bugog om i Burris, nga

gumusa-no mozo.

Korikot-po ioti sid himbaan, kugad-no it asu

dioti dino. >I Asun om i Arun dino miuvas

nga amu songkuro om anu. Inot asu diAsun

om iArun banalko musig om orongit-po.

Olimbozo banall inot asu di vAsun om i di

Arun. Siombo-n opo o paamaanahan, ngfa

mozoi. I Asun om i Arun ong miuvas-no,

misogulu mitohudi ioti dino, tu miradi

kalangkaso tumangkus.

9. Mongolou do pozudu

I Asun om i Arun dino kaharati-no mongitung.

Kiontok-n o ioti. Ogumu-no ot elaan

mangagama monulung di molohing.

Mivozo ioti sid govuton do tagad, tu

mongolou. I Asun o mongumpug, i Arun o

momudung. Opongo-poo, uludon-no di Arun i

kazu. I Asun-no o mongohongkos. Olombon i

ddi Asun do kazu. Otiniu i di Arun do kazu.

Ahakang i Asun, amu ahakang i Arun. Muli-n

o ioti sid valai patod di kazu. Emot-po ioti dit

ama om it idi, otomon-no it ama om it idi

dioti.

10. I modzupu

I Asun om i Arun dino manau-panau-nopo.

Kumaa ioti sid sombol, tu memot dot ulun do

odzupu do dangol.Mongovit iAsun do dangol,

tu mokitotop iosido. Mon govit i Arun do

pupud do bilok, tu ipototop dau. Asot isuul

dioti, baiko monulung mogkuruvut.

I Asun dino elo mogkuruvut om ahanut-opo

kagi iosido. I Arun dsino amu ela bonal om

obinglupuhon-po kagi iosido. Opongo-po,

muli-no ioti sid valai.

Om asaon-no dioti, i Asun-no o mangasa. I

Arun-no o mogihim dot ipongulu. I Asun dino

elo-no mangagama dot angkap. I Arun dino

elo-no mongulu.

11. Mangagama do dundung.

I Asun dino om i Arun otomon-no, tu sompi

kidangol-no. Migazad ioti sid govuton, tu

mangagama do dundung. Misinganak ioti do

toduvo-duvo. Manatas i Asun dot origi.

Maanataqs i Arun do suluv om tumpok.

Osibak i rinantai, kulit o palampag.

I Asun o manaso do pipit. I Arun o mamatuv.

Opodok i dundung dioti dino, rontob duvo ioti

o kosuvang. Aso rinding i dundung dino,

baiko bambalan o varo. Misingkavaro-nopo di

Asun om i Arun, tu banalko otomon di

nopongi-no i dundung. Adau-adau nga sino

ioti dino.

12. Modop sid himbaan

I Asun dino om i Arun amu mikotoron, sid

govuton-nopo. Vokon-n o ong modop ioti sid

govuton,m tu ozi ioti do varo dundung dot

intoronon sid himbaaan. Humongkob it idi

diAsun om i di Arun. Ioti dino asadapan dot

amu muli sid valai.

Okurongko muli i Arun nga amui koho i Asun

do muli sid valai. I Asun dino ozi banal

modop sid govuton. I Arun dino abasan-no

ong alaid-no. Mongingut-no iosido di Asun

muli. Mongirak i Asun do mongingut i Arun


muli sid valai. Humungot-no i Arun

vukokoon-no sid govuton dit amu kouli-uli.

Sodop diri, varo-not orongou dioti do

mongindorosi. Ttopot amu nelaan do nunu.

Inotorongou, tumingarak i kazu om varo-pot

orongouo do moko-hoko. I Arun dino iadko

ovunusan iosido. Banalko rumosi i Arun. Amu

alaid nengkod-no i moko-hoko. Topot

osuvaban-no dot amu kodop i Arun dino.

13. Magandaha sid kamaman

Miupakat di Asun om i Arun magandaha sid

pinsan dit idi di Asun. I Arun dino amu

engkod iosido moput di Asun, tu mianggai

banal ioti.

Nokorikot-nno ioti sid valai di kamaaaman di

Asun. Amu katama i Arun, tu ogumu it ulun

do sumamung dioti. Oduruk om muli ioti.

Nakatanga-po sid ralan, dodoron-no di Asun i

Arun,

Mogihad i Arun, mongoriak i Asun. Korikot-

po ioti sid valai, irongou-no di Arunsid idi

dau. Humungot it idi di Arun lkinapos dara i

Asun. Amu aalaid mianggai-no vagu ioti.

Miupakat di Asun om i Arun do mivozo sid

Kudat, tu memot do ganavari. It ama di Asun

dino amu koho do movozo i Asun. It ama

diArun dino kohoi. I Asun dino

mangakalmozo. Amu nelaan dit ama dau.

Nokorikotr-po sid Kudat, mokitahak-no do

tambang i sanganu do baas. Aso siin di Asun.

Onuvon dara di di Kina i soval di Asun. I

Arun dino kisiin, tu antad sid ama dau. I Arun

o manahak do tambang. I Arun o mangajamin

di Asun. Baharu osinang i ginavo di Asun.

Sid Kudat dino nga mu mitadtak ioti. Siombo-

siombo nga miolunungi ioti dino memot di

msingkavaro sid padang.

15. Tumangkus sid padang

I Asun dino om i Arun gumavul dit anganak

tumangkus sid padang. Alangkas-langkas i

Asun tumangkus-ko i Arun. I Asun dino

rumbul satu. I Arun dino rumbul dua.

Kotorima i Asun do tolu ringgit. Kotorima i

Arun do duvo ringgit. Otomon i Asun om i

Arun.

Monginum ioti do kupi. I Asun o man ahak do

siin. Dumagang i Asun do soval om banat. I

arun dino baiko banat ot dagangon dau.

Minsosodop-po, muli-noi ioti. Korikot-po ioti

sid valai dau, oduhon-n o dit ama dau.

Monuturan-i Arun do kisiin i Asun. Otomon-n

oit idi di Asun, tu i Asun dino el-elo-no

mongitung do kosukupan.

16. It ongomolohing di Arun

It ama di Arun dino i Maraun. It idi dau dino i

Mina. It anak di Mina dino apat koviai. Keso

di Arun, ino-no o kotuaan. I koduvo i Alima,

ondu. Kotolu di Karim , ino dino kusai.

Kaapat di Alisa, ondu-no vagu. Ino-no o

komulakan. Hopod-ogi om onom vulan ot

umul, nga banalk samadan di Alima, tu

olobpung-po om osorongot-poo i Alisa dino.

Ong i Karim dino banalko mulau-ulau, aso

gamaon dau vokon. Momobog-n opo dit

ongobpinai dau om banalko oguvali do tiagon

dit ongomolohing. Bang i Alima dino elo-no

banal iadko i Arun. Kaharati-no monulung di

gagamaon sid valai. Nunu-nopo it isuhut dit

idi, nga monumbozoi iosido. I Maraun dino

osukod do valai.

17. I valai dioti dino

I valai di Maraun dino banalko agazo.

Napasagi dot onom mituvis o taap. Rininding

do kazang. I pinuvalaazan dit osukod dino sid

timpak do burul Tosogit. Ino natad do valai

dino banalko oluvas om nozuzuhan do bunga

do boginisan: opurak, aragang, osilou om

ogumu-po ot tonomon do paranggi, punti,

tobu, runti, palavanom guol. Totodukon nga

ogumui sid sodu-sudo di valai. Manuk dino

nga ogumui, tu banalko apangit manaud do

manuk it anganak di Maraun dino.


I valai dioti dino osibak i rinantai, apat-no

kaki. Papan i palampag, tolu it ongkob. Isi i di

Maraun om di Mina, i koduvo di Alima, i

kotolu di Arun.

I harati di burul dot osogit, tana do banalko

oruvak. Nunu-nopo o tonomon, nga tumunda

banal. Ino valai dino banalko avantang, tu i

ropuhan dino nakatanidi. Kijambatan sid

pialatan di ropuhan om i valai. Ino valai dino

tosongminggu-minggu om vougan-no dit

ongopalampag. Iarun-no om i Alima o

tumabang dit idi momoug di valai. Ong i

Karim dino baiko mongihas di rapag sid

palampag.. I tukad dino, nga vougan kavi dioti

om i sunsud dino, nga vuhavoni di Arun om i

Alima. It ongoikam dino nga isidang om it

ongobantal dino, nga isdangi dioti. I sid

ropuhan dino varo parit di pomurulanan do

vaig sid ontok do pomougan om varo-pot

ongkob do popodsuon.

18. It odu

I Muna dino lumohing-no, baiko mogobi-obi-

po sid valai. I muna dino odu di Arun, tu idi di

Mina. Magazaqu iosido tumabang mangagama

dot ongokakanan. Sasarap, tanga hari

minsosodop, nga iosidoi o magazau. Bang

otoron i Mina antava it anganak, nga kitabang

iosido minggama-gama do kakanan. Bang

amu otoron i Mina antava it anganak, nga aso

koruhang dau minggamga-gama di kakanan.

I mangagama dit ongokakakan dino

mitatabang-n o ioti. It odu o manaduk sid

ropuhan. Ino-no I todukan dit odu dino,

soguntung, inavahan di sinonginan. Vokon-

nobo ong balatung, vokon-no ong labuk,

vokon-no ong kulumbu, vokon-no ong

tavadak, vokon-no ong sangup. Vokan-no ong

guol. Amu osusa ioti dino do dumagang do

totodukan, tu banalko ogumu o tanom dioti

dino sid natad do valai, boginis-ginisan. Bang

ahangat-no ioti dit ongototodukon dino,

manaduk-no do lomiding antad sid tampak.

19. Monginakan

Sid valai dit agazo nga varo meja. Sid ropuhan

nga varoi meja do ponginakanan. Kodungko

mamangakan-no ioti dino, neikd do pinggan

om sikang om sangkil. In-po di Karim do

pangakanan, pinggan do rizau om i sangkil

dau diono nga sangkil do rizau, tu rumosi-ko

ababak. Bang opongo-no ioti monginakan, i

Arun om i Alima o tumabang dit idi momoug

dit pinonginakananan. Lingkosuan-po laid

momoug om pihidon-ogi monuu dit ozopos.

Opongo-po momoug, itahu-no sid kaban.

20. Manaud do manuk

I Arun omi Alima dino okonko baiko ino o

gamaon dioti dino, tu manaud do manuk nga

gaamani dioti. Sangadau induvo ioti

mongupan. It ongoontolu dino nga ogumu ot

ompon dioti, tu banalko ogumu o punan do

momogontolu. Sangadau varo hopod, varo

hopod om limo ot ontolu dit ongomanuk dioti.

It ongopizak dino nga banalko ogumu. Varo

ponuvangan dioti dit ongopizak dino, ong

kodungko mongupan , tu amu-nopo itanid it

ongopizak, amu kotinduk dit upan, tu banalk

ogumu o punan di misosolod-no ong

kodungko upanan-no. It ongomanuk dino

banalko ongololomu, tu banalko ataud it

anganak.

21. Mutanom

I Mina dino aparu adau adau nga mutanom.

Boginisan o totonomon. Ino pinitanaman dino

inansal do davai, tu ogumu o manuk do

moninduk dot ongotanom. I Arun om i Alima

dino banalko tumabang dit idi mutanom.

Kodungko sasarap-no om minsosodop,

mitabango-no di Arun om i Alima monuntug

dit ongotanaman.It ongobalatung din, ong

kodungko kirinoloi-no, ondirizonno dioti. It

ongosangup dino ,nga kiongoondiri kavi.

22- Mukabun

I maraun dino tumimpuun-ogi momuka do

kabun do nizu. Tumimpuun-ogi mananom do

nizu. Inono i gama dioti momuka, rilikon-po

laid. Orilik-po om tutudan-no om tanaman-ogi


do nizu. I gama dioti maananom dino

pansangaon-po laid. Totolu-tolunopod om tolu

kaki kosoduo o pialatan di puun do nizu. I

luvang dino duvo kaki karalom om

kosongoho. I Marain-no om i Mina o

mongoluvang. It anganak o patanom di nizu.

Ioti dino banalko mitatabang. I Arun omi

Alima dino banalko apangit, asso kamaahalan.

Nunu-nopo ot isuhu dit idi om it ama,

monumbozo ioti.

23. Mananom do dalai

I Mina dino ong opongo-no mananom do nizu,

taanaman-no dau do dalai. Ino tana dino

banalko avantang, to oruvak. I kosoduo di

pialatan di pananom di Mina do dalai, totolu-

tulu kai. Na banalko orombung i suni do dalai

dino. I Arun om i Alima dino nga banalko

otomon, tu ino tana dino kopirazat-no di tana

do ranau. Ino puun dot ongonizu dino,

nongokosuni-po, piningsongkulan-no dioti do

talu kaki mintutuk. Notikid-no manangkul om

pinguntunai-ogi do sakot it ongopuun dino.

24. Mangasok

Nokosuni-po it ongodalai, inassakan-no dioti

do parai. Onom gantang o nakasok. Koduvaan

ioti mangasok om notongkop-ogi. I Maraun o

monindok. I Mina om i Alima om i Arun o

monumpos. I parai di niasok dioti dino

kolomuan. I Maraun dino banalko

alangkasmonindok, tolu imonumpos nga amui

okosupan. I Arun dino elono monumpos. I

Alima dino amu-po elo, baiko isuvu sid

luvang, tu ong amu isuvu, banalko ogumu ot

abil.

25. Sid tagad

I Arun dino om i Alimam sisino-nopo sid

tagad. Nokosuni-po i parai, momodsuni-no it

ongovalahan. Nongokosuni-po, tumimpuun-

no ioti monginsakot. Mitatabanbg-no ioti, tu

banalko toudon dioti ino kabun dino, tu aso-po

gima kabun dioti do tanid. I paraidino banalko

ahakang. Ohigak i Maraun om i Mina om i

Arun om i Alima dit emot i iadino i suni do

parai om dalai om nizu. Nokoumbangan ioti

do tana. Nokonong do banalko avantang,.

Alaid om navi-ogi dioti i sakot, tu banalko

ahakang i sakot sid tagad dioti dino.

26. Mangagama do tinakang

Noula-po i dalai, mangagama do tinakang i

Maraun dino. Mokibabaal iosido sid himbaan.

I Mar4aun dino inasa-po laid i dangol dau om

i di Arun om pamanau-ogi ioti dino sid

himbaan. Tinatas-po laid dioti it ongoorigi.

Nopompon-po it origi, panatas-ogi ioti dot

ongoponumpakan om ongovahat om

ongosuluv om ongokorokod om

ongobambalan om ongoimburulu om

ongokasau. Manaso i Maraun om i Arun do

pagung om manganu-ogi ioti do sosorut om

bangkavan. Nokoulipo ioti, sinorut-no i taap.

Poturug ioti di tinakang. Mamanau ioti sid

himbaan managad do kazu. Oniton dioti i kulit

dot ipongorinding di tinakang. Tumimpuun-no

ioti dino monguvak, tu lumonot-no i dalai.

Ino-no imonguvak dino, i Maraun om i Mina

om i Arun om i Alima. Ino dalai dioti dino

banalko ongolombon. I Maraun dino o

mangakut di dalai pouli sid tinakang.

Nopongo-po monguvak, noponu-no i tinakang

dioti dino.

27. Mangagama do sulap

I parai dioti dino nga mansak-no. Mokibabaal-

no vagu ioti. Aso-po laid di Maraun i dangol

dau om asao-ogi i di Arun. Mivozo-no ioti sid

himbaan dino manatas dot origi. Nopompon-p

it origi dino , inumpug-n o dioti om panatas-

po vagu doit ongobabaal vokon. Nopompon-

po dioti, inakut-no sid tagad.

Maanaso-no vagu ioti do pagung. Nokouli-po,

sinorut-no vagu dioti om poturugo-no om

panganitno vagu ioti do kulit dot ipongojoropi.

Mihang it inanit dioti. Nojoropian-no om

nataapan-no nopongo-no.

28. Mongomot

I parai dioti dino mansak-no banal, varo-no

rumudtu. Ioti dino banalko aahago mongomot,

tu rumosi-ko orudtuan banal. Patalad-po ioti

dot ulun, tu banalko apapag i parai dioti dino.


Suvabsuvab ngaopompon ioti mibo sid tagad.

I Maraun dino mangakut-nopo o gamaon. I

Arun dino nga tumabangi dit ama dau

mongolikahan. Nopongo-po ioti dino mon

gomot, noponu- i sulap. Otomon-no banal ioti.

29. Manganu do lingkut

Inasa-no di >Maraun i vazoi dino om

pivozono dit anak dau mamaanau sid

himbaan. Ioti dino managad do malapi, tu

oniton do lingkut. Amu katagad banal i Arun,

tu amu-po milo. Nahaba-po dioti, sudzurai-no.

Tanga hari ioti monudzul om opongo-ogi.

Labaan tolu-no ropo kolombono i lingkut.

Kaapatan ioti manansag om nopongo-ogi.

Apat i nasansag dioti do banalko

ongololombon i lingkut.

30. Mongulok

ioti dino monimpuun-no mongulok di parai. I

Maraun dino mokitulung iosido dot ulun, tu

banalko ogumu i parai dau dino. It ongoulun

vokon dino enginmonulung dioti. I Maraun

omiMina sampai it anganak dino nga banalko

osuau dot ongoulun. Koduvaan ioti mongulok

om nopong-ogi. Limo ioti o minongoulok.

Apat i lingkut dot ongololombon o nosuhan.

Onom nopod om limo bandu o kosuvang dit

iso i lingkut. Kovi-oviai duvo natus om onom

nopod binonduan.

31. Gumopu.

I Mina dino banalk aparu. Nokoulok-po,

timpuun-no iosido gumopu. I sakot dino

iuntun kavi di Mina sid puun do nizu. I Alima

dino nga banalko tumabang dit idi dau. Elo-no

banal i Alima dino mokimamaha.

Suvab-suvab iotidino opomponmibo. Vokon-

no ong apat ioti do kebo, vokon-vokon-no ong

tolu. Sampai nolungkib dioti gumopu i

govuton do tagad dau dino. Tinanaman vagu

dioti do dalai om ongorunti om palavan.

Ongototodukon nga ogumui.

32. Elo mangagama i Maraun.

I Maraun dino ogumu ot elaan dau do gamaon.

Raza, bakul, saging, gantang, buus, likahan,

barazit, rolibu, sisizud, bubu, kkurungan,

onsusng, nga mangagamai iosido.

Sungkolingan o tinagad dau, vazoi o

nipangagama. Elo banal iosido dino do nunu-

nopo o gagamaon. Gohulu dino nga eloi

iosido monondugu. Tanid-poo it idagang dau

sid ongoulun. Alaku banal it onsung dau dino,

tu avantang i pangagama.

33. Ongopamarasan

Mibo-oku sid tagad. Tumabang-oku

monginsakot. Mamanau-oku sid govuton.

Managad-oku do kazu. Tumalob-oku sid badi.

Mongolou-oku sid Sinimbulan. Mongolugu-

oku do dalai sid tagad. Mirimpanau-oku sid

govuton-za. Mongomot-oku do parai.

Kumudat-oku diti. Mintindak-oku diti.

Monizud-oku dot urongou sid himbaan.

Mongorilik-oku do paananaman-ku do guol.

Mongoluvas oku do sunsud do valai. Mongoi-

oku do parai sid tagad. Tumupak-oku sid

bavang. Mudan-oku sid alud. Rumikot-oku sid

badi do Nangko. Mamalampak-oku do sulap.

Patangkus-oku do karabau. Sumombo-oku sid

di Majimil. Monutud-oku do tavun.

Mamasa-oku do surat. Monumad-oku do

vogok. Mogihim-oku do sogo sid isasn dit

Ambasa. Madtaan-oku do bubu sid ranau di

Mogosing. Managad-oku do punti sid govuton

diolo. Mangarabut-oku do guol sid tagad di

Boriyan.

Maangagandal-oku do parai di Sompa.

Padagang-ooku do manuk diMarasun.

Mongulok-oku do parai biano sid tagad.

Mamanau-oku-no biano sidkabun di Asun.

Mongolombus-oku sid kadai. Dumagang-oku

dot umau. Muli-oku sid valai.

34. Mangagama do valai

Siombo-ma o puvalazaan-ku diti dot avantang

banal. Kiroon-ku siti-no ot avantang, tu kivaig

dot ozou banal. Manjadi manatas-oku-pop dot

origi. Ong opompon-ku-no, baharu-ogi om

manatasßoku do sulu om lombiu om tontom

om uludon om paamahatan om ipangabai om

ponikagang om imburulu om kasau.


Manjadi bang opompon-ku-no kavi i babaal

dino, baharu-ogi om iturug-ku. Manjadi bang

kotonduk-po it ongoorigi, kakalan-ku-no om

lombihan-ku-no om suluhan-ku-no om

tantaman-kuno. Manjadi bang karantai-ku-no,

tumpokon-ku-no, ipongogos-ku-nopo om

togung, okonko nga rinangkai.

Manjadi kakalan-ku-no i pangabazan om

tompokon-ku-no i potimpakan do rolos, bang

kabai-no, kisokoon-no momonikagang om

mongimburulu om mangasau. Manjadi bang

kakasau-po, mongintaap–oku-no. Kemot-no

do taap om taapan-ogi. Manjadi bang otoub-

po manaap, rindingon-ku-no om palampagan-

ku-no om ropuhanan-ku-ogi sampai gamanku-

no do paha do duvo misungkad. Manjadi bang

opongo-po i paha dino, rumangkat-okoi-no, tu

gamaani do rongobon ong kezon-no.

Manjadi ong karangkat-okoi-po dino,

banalkko osinang, tu kavavalai-po om varo-po

vosoi dot osomok sampai ozou. Manjadi

sogohon nga varo. Podsuon nga varo,

pangalahan nga varo sid somok, tu kavavalai

gima.

35. Mangagama dot alud

Bang mangagama dot alud, banalko osusa, tu

suvaiko kipakas do koburo, ino-no suvaiko

kisangkap om kivasoi om kikinulung.

Ioti ditimangasa-oku do daangol om kapak om

vasoi, tu managad-oku do kazu do gamaon-ku

dot alun biano. Manjadi bang atagad-ku-no,

pudungon-ku-no do kapak. Topot ong

mangagama dot alud, suvaiko kidundung om

osinang-ogi mangagama, tu oluhub

mangagama.

Topot ong alud, ino-no o keso dot apagon

mangagama, ino-no mongoluvang sampai ino

manabas do dulung om komudi, tu iruson

miombutul, om ino-no-ogi monginizo do

konipiso nga banalko apagon, tu suvaiko

pingususan it obik om taradas, tu ponukungan

di kakapalo. Tu bangokonko iadino, bang

kotolong-no sid vaig, tantu linggin i gama

lumantaung dit alud. Manjadi bang enizo

konipiso, tantu otimbang dot ilantung sid vaig.

Om iri-og’t uhubon-no, tu mongohontol di

kabang dot alud sampai monuu di vonod do

kazu.

36. Mongomot do parai ong Momogun

Ong Momogun o mongomot, linggaman o

kovidan. Ino linggaman dino amu agazo, tu

rontob ohinggaman. Kiro-kiro tolu-no insi o

kazu kononoruvo om songinsi ot tompok

kolombono ot ipongoulu. I gama mongotu

okonko ihambil i tulang, inoi nga baiko sid

pumpuvak o pongotuan. I pumpuvak dino

songgolon kumavid. Asaang-po i palad,

isuvang-no sid bakul ong osomok sid sulap o

pamgamatan.

Bang osodu sid sulap o pangamatan, nga igili-

po laid sid harami. Suvaiko okuton ong

minsosodop.Likahan o kovidan mangakut

pouli sid sulap. Bang opongo-no mongomot,

inudan-po do songvulan om ladtakan-ogi.

Gamaan dot inongkob sid sunsud do sulap do

porotuan dit urung. Avi-no paratu, indakod-no

i lingkut sid rinantai om tokongon-no i kabang

dot ikogos sid tontom, nga amu-no kumakat i

busul do lingkut. Kogom-po i lingkut sid

rinantai, indakod-no vagu i parai do dokutan o

ponukatan pendakod. I dokutan dino bandu

dot agazo o harati. Manjadi bang ogumu o

parai dit ulun, apat natus binonduan. Limo-no

nopod binonduan songlingkut. Topot amu

natapan om amu nokosidang, tu amu kavasa

dot otilib i hogod ong amu otoliban-po

mongulok. Tu kotilib sid koruhang i

Bambarazon dau, ka.

37. I kavazao do parai

I parai ong kodungko kasok-no, suvaiko

kolimaan antad kinasakan om emot-ogi do

gumiras-no. Orikot-poo o koturuan, otoliban-

no i gumiras, tu lumuvas-no.Otoliban-po i

lumuvas dino, mongiku pirit-no. Otoliban-po

imongiku pirit, sumisiit-no. Om iri-ogi runduk

ngasok-no. Oim iri-ogi tavun sunsulit-no om

iri-ogi pasong tapi-no om iri-ogi tavun vatang-

no om iri-ogi kipundu-no, tu givad-no do


pogontizanan om tumimpuun-no mogontizan i

parai.

Kodung baiko amu-po kosilau i ravo do parai,

retan do moningkaran-no om iri-ogi monilau i

parai. Kodungko okudik-po i ravo do parai,

retan do tuntudukon-ogi om iri-ogi kumutad-

no om iri-ogi sumalut-no om iri-ogi rumantai-

no. Om iri-ogi varo monilau pompod om iri-

ogi manggat-no do minsosodop om iri-ogi

tumimpangadau-no, om iri-ogi

mongoropuhan-no om iri-ogi mansak-no banal

sampai miuma dot omoton. Bang amu omot

koduruk, rumudtu i parai dino. Ombo-nopo it

ulun dot ogumu o parai nga ino-no it orudtuan

dot omoton, tu kotohudi mongo

Antad siti bai ongotangon do Rungus nitandon-no sid buuk laid diri: Tangon do Rungus

1992 Kudat

38. I Kara om i Sonit

39. I Sonit om i Mondou

40. I tambang om i kambing om it orimau

41. I tangon di Usan-usan om i Sarip

42. I tangon di palanuk om i kogiu

43. I tangon di mirnirumpak do gabu om kolibambang

om ombo dit engin-po omungon antad dit ongotangon dit amu anaru banal.

teach yourself rungustudukai-no i kondiri do rungus · b) diphtongs -piuni, two vowels (kiuni) are...

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