(TRANSPORT DEMAND MANAGEMENT/TDM)

PRESENTATION CONTENT:

Konsep Laporan Akhir 3

Kondisi Transportasi kita saat Kondisi Transportasi kita saat ini ???ini ???

Kondisi Transportasi kita saat Kondisi Transportasi kita saat ini ???ini ???

Spiral Permasalahan TransportasiSpiral Permasalahan TransportasiThe vicious circle of theThe vicious circle of the

provision of infrastructure forprovision of infrastructure for

motorised transportmotorised transport

If, to meet the needfor increasing caruse, we build moreroads and carfriendlyinfrastructure soincrease thesupply…whathappens to thedemand then?

More roads, more congestion!More roads have never solved the problem

anywhere inthe world!

And there isno end to thisinsanity

¡Los Angeles,¡Los Angeles,20 lanes!20 lanes!

Seoul

DEFINITION: What is Managing Travel Demand?DEFINITION: What is Managing Travel Demand?

Manajemen Permintaan Perjalanan (TDM):

Upaya Penyediaan Pilihan-Pilihan yang Efektif (Effective Choices) Bagi Para Pelaku Perjalanan Guna Meningkatkan Kehandalan Perjalanan (Reliability) Dalam Konteks Moda, Lokasi, Waktu, dan Rute Yang Digunakan.

* FHWA,

2006

MANAJEMEN DAN REKAYASA LALINMANAJEMEN DAN REKAYASA LALIN

TEKNIK-TEKNIK MANAJEMEN LALU LINTAS SUDAH TERINCI DAN DIBEDAKAN MENURUT PRIORITAS (ANGKUTAN MASSAL DENGAN LAJUR DAN JALUR, PEJALAN KAKI), PENYEDIAAN KEMUDAHAN (PENYANDANG CACAT), PEMISAHAN LALU LINTAS (SESUAI LAHAN, MOBILITAS, DAN AKSESIBILITAS), PEMADUAN MODA, BAGIAN-BAGIAN JALAN ( DAERAH PERSIMPANGAN, RUAS JALAN), DAN PERLINDUNGAN LINGKUNGAN.

(Pasal 93)

POKOK POKOK MATERI UU LLAJ NO 22

12

MANAJEMEN LALU LINTAS BUKAN HANYA MENGATUR PRASARANA (SUPPLY KAPASITAS LALU LINTAS) TETAPI DAPAT DILAKUKAN DENGAN MENGATUR PERMINTAAN LALU LINTAS.DI DALAM PENERAPANNYA, SELAIN MEMPERTIMBANGKAN KEMACETAN LALU LINTAS, JUGA MEMPERTIMBANGKAN KETERSEDIAAN JARINGAN DAN PELAYANAN ANGKUTAN UMUM, SERTA KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

(PASAL 133)

PELAKSANANAN MANAJEMEN KEBUTUHAN LALU LINTAS: a. PEMBATASAN PADA KORIDOR ATAU KAWASAN

TERTENTU PADA WAKTU DAN JALAN TERTENTU UNTUK KENDARAAN PERSEORANGAN, KENDARAAN BARANG, SEPEDA MOTOR, KENDARAN UMUM SESUAI DENGAN KLASIFIKASI FUNGSI JALAN;

b. PEMBATASAN RUANG PARKIR PADA KAWASAN TERTENTU DENGAN BATASAN RUANG PARKIR MAKSIMAL; DAN/ATAU

c. PEMBATASAN LALU LINTAS KENDARAAN TIDAK BERMOTOR UMUM PADA KORIDOR ATAU KAWASAN TERTENTU PADA WAKTU DAN JALAN TERTENTU.

DAPAT DILAKUKAN DENGAN PENGENAAN RETRIBUSI PENGENDALIAN LALU LINTAS YANG DIPERUNTUKKAN BAGI PENINGKATAN KINERJA LALU LINTAS DAN PENINGKATAN PELAYANAN ANGKUTAN UMUM

Sasaran & Manfaat TDMSasaran & Manfaat TDM

Equity

Efficiency Environ-mental

Protection

Land UsePlanning

Finance

Travel Demand Management

• Smooth Traffic Flow

• Save Travel Time

• Save Travel Cost

• Reduce AtmosphericPolution

• Reduce Noise & Vibration

• Reduce Visual Intrusion

• Revitalising City Center

• Reduce Urban Sprawl

• Increase Revenue

• Earmarking to Public Transport

• Redistribu-tion Costs & Benefits in Society

• Restraint Congestion Contributor

• Protect Residents & Pedestrians

ModeMode LocationLocation TimeTime RouteRoute

- Private Driving

- Car & Vanpool

- Shuttle Buses

- Mass Transit

- Bike/Walk

TRAVEL DEMAND STRATEGIES: ChoicesTRAVEL DEMAND STRATEGIES: Choices

- Telework- Transit Ori- ented Deve- lopment- Location-Effi- cient Morgage- Proximate Commute

- Traveler Info- Travel Time Prediction- Event Sche- duling- Flex-Time- Staggered Working/Act- ivity Hours

- Traveler Info - Active Traffic Management

- HOV Lanes

- Congestion Pricing

TDM Guidelines CriteriaTDM Guidelines Criteria

TDM

EffectiveNo Adverse Impact

Flexible

Selective

Obeyed

Simple

- Reduce Congestion- Reduce Environmental Intrusion- Targeted to Major Problem Contributors

- Allow for Fine-Tuning - Effect Can Be Intensified- Effect Can Be Reduced- Adverse Effects Can Be Alleviated

- Minimum Effect to Non-Contributors- Maximum Benefits for Residents &Pedestrians

- Easy Implementation- Simple Operation- Easy To Understand by Motorists- Accepted by Society

- Rigidly Enforced- Create Deterent Effect- Uneasy Fraud & Violation- Aimed for Self Enforce- ment

- No Congestion Transfer- No Environment Intrusion to Other Areas / Times- No Greater Problems to Other Modes

KRITERIA YANG DIPERHATIKAN DALAM PEMILIHAN JENIS TDM PER KATEGORI UKURAN KOTAKRITERIA YANG DIPERHATIKAN DALAM PEMILIHAN JENIS TDM PER KATEGORI UKURAN KOTA

Resident Population vs Supporting Population Workforce/ Attraction Type Private Vehicle (Car & Motorcycle) Ownership Public Transport Type and Availability Pollution Level (Emission & Noise) Fiscal :

Income per Capita Level Transportation Expenditure Parking Charge

Hierarchy (Traffic Effectiveness Based)Hierarchy (Traffic Effectiveness Based)

1. Congestion Pricing2. Evens & Odds3. HOV Lanes4. Active Traffic Management5. Shuttle Buses6. Mass Transit 7. Car & Vanpool8. Traveler Info9. Prox. Commute Travel Time Prediction10. Event Scheduling11. Flex-Time12. Staggered Working / Activity Hours13. Transit Oriented Development14. Bike/Walk15. Telework16. Location-Efficient Morgage

Effective as long private vehiclesare still favorite modes

Increasing Supply as well as providing ChoiceHowever, attachment to pvt vehicle must be reduced first

Increasing Information optimize network slightly

Road Sharing Concept by time dimension,effective as long there are full cooperation from all stakeholders

Effective as long sustainable

Can be realized after there are good pedestrian facilities and low pollution

Social Engineering Related

???

REFERENCE & BENCHMARKREFERENCE & BENCHMARK

TDMMeasures

Combinations of Controls

Ownership Control

Parking Control

Physical Control

Delay Based Control

Regulatory Control

Fiscal Control

Combinations of ControlsCombinations of Controls

MEASURES AVAILABLE FOR TDMMEASURES AVAILABLE FOR TDM

MEASURES AVAILABLE FOR TDMMEASURES AVAILABLE FOR TDM

TDMMeasures

OwC

Bermuda:1 Small Car / HouseholdJapanese Cities: 1 Off-street Parking Space For Owning 1 CarHongkong: Double Car Purchase TaxValletta (Malta): Higher Car Tax in Urban than Rural AreasIndonesian Cities: Progressive Tax (Plan)

PkC

UK Cities (London,Cambridge, Southampton): Banning 2/3 On-Street Parking; Increase Charges; Limits Off-Street Parking (Maximum Provision Scheme)Other European Cities: Limits Spaces, High Parking Charges (eur. 2-4 / hr)

PsC

USA Cities:Pedestrian Streets; Car Restricted Zones; Mazes (One-Way System); Speed Humps

UK & European Cities:Speed Humps for Through Movements

Ownership Control

Parking Control

Physical Control

DbC

MEASURES AVAILABLE FOR TDM (Cont.)MEASURES AVAILABLE FOR TDM (Cont.)

FsCSingapore: Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)

London, Durham: Congestion Charge

Stockholm: Road Pricing

Germany: Toll Autobahn Trucks (GPS Based)

RgCSingapore: Area Licensing Scheme (ALS)

Athens, Lagos, Beijing: Odds & Evens

Bogota: “Pico Y Placa” Number Plate Restraint

Jakarta & US Cities: HOV (3-in-1) Scheme; Staggered Working Hours

Southampton: Arterial Gating; Time Penalties

Nottingham: Nottingham Zone; Collar Scheme of 10 minutes Delay on Private Traffic at Signals entering City Center

Delay Based Control

Regulatory Control

Fiscal Control

Operation 2002 (Durham) & 2003 (London)Congestion Charging menggunakan sistem Kamera dan Central Account

Charge Rate: £ 5,00 (2003); £ 8,00 (2005)

Operation: 2005 (Jerman), 2004 (Austria)Seluruh Autobahn (Motorway) 12.000 km, melibatkan 800.000 TruksCentral AccountCharge Rate: Eur 0.09 – Eur 0,14

Operation: 1989Operation: 1989Perapan pada Jalan TolPerapan pada Jalan TolCentral Account - DSRCCentral Account - DSRC

Charge Rate: Eur 0.09 – Eur 0,14Charge Rate: Eur 0.09 – Eur 0,14

SingapuraSingapura

In-Vehicle Unit (IU)

Teknik Pembatasan Lalu LintasTeknik Pembatasan Lalu Lintas

Teknik Pembatasan Lalu Lintas (Lanjutan)Teknik Pembatasan Lalu Lintas (Lanjutan)

Pos Monitoring

Penggunaan perangkat elektronik di dalam Penegakan Hukum (enforcement)

Meningkatkan kapasitas dan kemampuan aparat dalam melakukan penegakan hukumMengurangi penyimpangan yang mungkin terjadi di dalam proses penegakan hukumMeningkatkan efisiensi di dalam proses penegakan hukum

AVID AVID ControllerController

Comms. Comms. ControllerController

CentralComputerSystem

Pelat Nomor PelanggarPelat Nomor Pelanggar

Back End – Jangka PendekFront End – Jangka Panjang

Why should Economic Instruments be used?Why should Economic Instruments be used?

Revenue generation.. Market-economy compatibility. Enforcing the user-pays-principle. Incentive-based transport policy approach. High effectiveness. Dynamic incentives. Greater flexibility.

Type of Road PricingType of Road Pricing

Target section

Cordon line

All vehicles passing/driving

in the restricted area

are charged

Area Pricing

Vehicles entering the

restricted area

are charged

Cordon Pricing

Vehicles passing certain

Trunk roads are charged

Road Pricing

DescriptionType

Toll gate

Check point

1

• Mengurangi Kemacetan

• Sumber Pendapatan Baru dari Lalu Lintas

• Mempermudah Penerapan Pembatasan Lalu Lintas

• Peralihan Moda Kendaraan Pribadi ke Angkutan Umum

• Meningkatkan Efektifitas dan Efisiensi dari Manajemen Permintaan

PEMERINTAH 2

• Kenyamanan Berkendara

• Perjalanan Menjadi L:ebih Tepat Waktu

• Kemudahan Pembayaran

• Kemudahan Berpindah Moda ke Angkutan Umum

PENGENDARA 3

• Mengurangi Kebisingan yang dihasilkan kendaraan

• Menurunkan Tingkat Polusi Udara yang Berasal dari Asap Kendaraan

• Minimalisasi Kerugian Ekonomi Akibat Kemacetan Lalu Lintas

MASYARAKAT

Tahapan Strategis Pembatasan Penggunaan Kendaraan

Parking Policy

Vehicle Ownership & Age Policies

1st Step

Main Measures

Complementary Measures

2nd Step 3rd Step

Staggered Activity Hours

Ownership ControlProgressive Tax – Indonesia (UU PDRD)Ownership ControlProgressive Tax – Indonesia (UU PDRD)

Jenis Kendaraan (%) Berlaku

Kepemilikan pertama 1-2 1 Jan. 2010

Kepemilikan kedua dan selanjutnya

2-10

Kendaraan khusus* 0.5-1

Alat berat dan besar 0.1-0.2

Penyerahan pertama Maksimal 20

Penyerahan kedua dan seterusnya

Maksimal 1

Alat berat dan besar yang tidak menggunakan jalan umum (penyerahan pertama)

Maksimal 0.75

Alat berat dan besar yang tidak menggunakan jalan umum (penyerahan kedua dan seterusnya)

Maksimal 0.075

Maksimal 30

Kendaraan pribadi Maksimal 10 1 Jan. 2012

Kendaraan umum Maksimal 5

* Kendaraan umum, ambulans, pemadam kebakaran, lembaga sosial dan keagamaan, pemerintah, TNI, Polri, pemerintah daerah, dan kendaraan lainnya yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan daerah

Jenis Pajak

Pajak kendaraan bermotor

Bea balik nama kendaraan bermotor

Pajak parkir

Pajak bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor

Jenis Kendaraan (%) Berlaku

Kepemilikan pertama 1-2 1 Jan. 2010

Kepemilikan kedua dan selanjutnya

2-10

Kendaraan khusus* 0.5-1

Alat berat dan besar 0.1-0.2

Penyerahan pertama Maksimal 20

Penyerahan kedua dan seterusnya

Maksimal 1

Alat berat dan besar yang tidak menggunakan jalan umum (penyerahan pertama)

Maksimal 0.75

Alat berat dan besar yang tidak menggunakan jalan umum (penyerahan kedua dan seterusnya)

Maksimal 0.075

Maksimal 30

Kendaraan pribadi Maksimal 10 1 Jan. 2012

Kendaraan umum Maksimal 5

* Kendaraan umum, ambulans, pemadam kebakaran, lembaga sosial dan keagamaan, pemerintah, TNI, Polri, pemerintah daerah, dan kendaraan lainnya yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan daerah

Jenis Pajak

Pajak kendaraan bermotor

Bea balik nama kendaraan bermotor

Pajak parkir

Pajak bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor

Incr

ease

Up to 5

00%

PENGEMBANGAN PEDOMAN TDM DI INDONESIA

PENGEMBANGAN PEDOMAN TDM DI INDONESIA

Struktur Pendapatan PendudukStruktur Pendapatan Penduduk

Captive Private Riders

Captive Private Riders

Choice Riders

Captive Public Transport Riders

Captive Public Transport Riders

VeryVeryHighHigh

High IncomeHigh IncomeGroupGroup

Medium Income GroupMedium Income Group

Low Income GroupLow Income Group

Very Low Income GroupVery Low Income Group

Trend MenjadiChoice Riders(Sepeda Motor)

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Perilaku Pemilihan ModaPertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Perilaku Pemilihan Moda

Group A Group B

Group C Group D Group EBus / RailUser

Car User

Low Middle High

Car Driven Society

Environmental Friendly Society

Shift 2

Sh

ift 5Shift 1

Sh

ift 7

Shift 6

Shift 3 Shift 4

TDM Focus & HierarchyTDM Focus & Hierarchy

Land Use & Pop. Manag.

Mobility Management

Mode Management

Traffic Management

Very High Mobility

High Mobility

Medium Mobility

Low Mobility

TDM MEASURESTDM MEASURES

Measures Type

Main Purpose

StrategyExpected Results

Measures Example

Land Use & Population Management

Control Generated Trip from Zones

• Mixed Use Development• Support Development with

Adequate Public Transport

• Time Shift• Mode Shift• Location Shift• Route Shift

• Transit Oriented Development

Mobility Management

Reduce Needs of Long Range Mobility

• Use Road Network Alternately

• Promote Technology for Activity

• Time Shift• Location Shift

• Compact Development• Teleworking• Staggered Activity Hours• Flexible Activity Hours• Compressed Workdays

Mode Management

Encourage Road User to use alternative transport mode

• Limit Ownership of Private Vehicles

• Increase Quality (& Quantity) of Public Transport

• Mode Shift • Promote MRT• Park and Ride• Promote Walking and Cycling

(inc . pedestrianization) • Ownership Control• Progressive Vehicle Tax

Traffic Management

Optimizing Network

• Limit Movement of Certain (or All) Private Vehicle

• Route Shift • Delay Based Control• Physical Control• Parking Control• HOV Lanes• Plate Restraint• Congestion Charging• Reduce Fuel Subsidy

FOKUS PENERAPAN TDMUNTUK MASING-MASING JENIS KOTAFOKUS PENERAPAN TDMUNTUK MASING-MASING JENIS KOTA

Small Medium Big Metro

Land Use & Population Management

Mobility Management

Mode Management

Traffic Management

KRITERIA YANG DIPERHATIKAN DALAM PEMILIHAN JENIS TDM PER KATEGORI UKURAN KOTAKRITERIA YANG DIPERHATIKAN DALAM PEMILIHAN JENIS TDM PER KATEGORI UKURAN KOTA

Resident Population vs Supporting Population Workforce/ Attraction Type Private Vehicle (Car & Motorcycle) Ownership Public Transport Type and Availability Pollution Level (Emission & Noise) Fiscal :

Income per Capita Level Transportation Expenditure Parking Charge

Hierarchy (Traffic Effectiveness Based)Hierarchy (Traffic Effectiveness Based)

TDM Measures vs City SizesTDM Measures vs City Sizes

Metro

Big

Medium

Small