Its not Just a Train, Its the Future

15 2555

Thailand Creative and Design Center (TCDC)

1: 1.1 VS. 1.2 1.3

2: 2.1 SMEs 2.2 E-Commerce

3: 3.1 3.2

4: 4.1 4.2 4.3

1

3456

91122

282933

41424550

58

?:

! 250 ./ . (Shinkansen) - . . 1964 TGV - .. 1981 1980! 2000 , , , , , 1 ! . . 2012 3,200 . 3,000 . , , , 2

! , 3 !

1

1 Daniel Albalate and Germa Bel, The Economics and Politics of High-Speed Rail: Lessons from Experiences Abroad (Lanham and Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2012), 3-8, Terry Gourvish, The High Speed Rail Revolution: History and Prospects (London: HS2, 2011), http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/HS2_TheHighSpeedRailRevolutionHistoryAndProspects2010.pdf (accessed 13 Aug 2012).

2 Daniel Albalate and Germa Bel, The Economics and Politics of High-Speed Rail: Lessons from Experiences Abroad, 3-5.

3 Ibid., 21-32.

(Multiplier Effect) 4 ! 5

..........................................................................................

! , , 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 , ,

2

4 Roger Vickerman, Recent Evolution of Research into the Wider Economic Benefits of Transport Infrastructure Investments, OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Center Discussion Papers 2007-9 (OECD Publishing, 2007), 7.

5 Roger Vickerman and Andreu Ulied, Indirect and Wider Economic Impacts of High Speed Rail, in Economic Analysis of High Speed Rail in Europe, ed. Gines de Rus (Madrid: Fundacion BBVA, 2009), 89-118.

1

3

!!! 95 6 !! !! !! ! !

1.1 VS. 20 2 1860-2000 60 1980-20007

1.1: , .. 1860-20008

50 The International Energy Agency (IEA)

4

6 Richard Gilbert and Anthony Perl, Transport Revolutions: Moving People and Freight Without Oil (Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers, 2010), 1.

7 Ibid., 111-112.

8 Ibid., 112.

. . 2004-2030 52 15.4 / 2004 23.4 / 20309! Transport Revolutions: Moving People and Freight Without Oil Richard Gilbert Anthony Perl 3 10

1.2: 11

1.2 12 !

5

9 Ibid., 114-115.

10 Ibid., 116-117.

11 Ibid., 117.

12 Ibid., 6.

!! 21 Gilbert Perl (Internal Combustion Engine, ICE) 2-3 13 , (Renewable Resources) , ,

1.3 !! !! (Greenhouse Gases, GHG) 23 73 14

1.3: ( .. 2007)15

6

13 Ibid., 146.

14 Aurelie Jehanno, Derek Palmer and Ceri James, High Speed Rail and Sustainability, (Paris: UIC, 2011), http://www.uic.org/IMG/pdf/hsr_sustainability_main_study_final.pdf (accessed 25 Aug 2012), 14-15.

15 Ibid., 15.

1.4: ( .. 2005)16

!! 200 . 800 .17

!! 6.8 9 18

1.5: 19

7

16 Ibid., 15.

17 Ibid., 16, , (: , 2553), 8-9 - 8-12.

18 Aurelie Jehanno, Derek Palmer and Ceri James, High Speed Rail and Sustainability, 16.

19 Ibid., 16.

!! AVE - (Madrid-Seville) 30,000 / LGV Mediterranee 237,000 /20 !! International Union of Railways 21 !

!! 21 22

!! !!! !!! !!

8

20 Ibid., 16.

21 Ibid., 18-19.

22 Richard Gilbert and Anthony Perl, Transport Revolutions: Moving People and Freight Without Oil, 168.

2

9

! (South-South Trade) (Greater Mekong Subregion, GMS) - - ! (Multimodal Transport) ! 83 2.2 . . 2551 18.6 (GDP) GDP 10.5, 9.5, 11 7 GDP 13 1423

! (Competitive Advantage) ! E-Commerce !

10

23 , 2554 (: , 2554), 22.

2.1 SMEs! .. 2554 10 , , 20 60-70 SMEs 30 GDP 24!! SMEs SMEs SMEs ! , , SMEs SMEs ! SMEs (.) . . 2553 (GDP) SMEs 42.35 SMEs 28.40 SMEs 77.86 25

2.1.1 ! SMEs Perishable Goods

11

24 , 2554, 46.

25 , 3 (.. 2555-2559) (: , 2554), -1.

! . . 2553 12.39 GDP GDP 35.6226 ! (Productivity) (Approaching Zero) (Cold Chain)

1) ! ! Rosa S. Rolle (Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO) SMEs 27 ! Asian Productivity Organization (APO) 17 3528 29

! (Supply Chain) ! FAO

12

26 , 2554: 410 (: , 2554), 1.

27 Rosa S. Rolle, Processing of Fruits and Vegetables for Reducing Postharvest Losses and Adding Value, in Postharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific Region, ed. Rosa S. Rolle (Asian Productivity Organization, 2006), 32-42.

28 Rosa S. Rolle, Improving Postharvest Management and Marketing in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues and Challenges, in Postharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific Region, 26.

29 Sungcom Techawongstien, Thailand (1), in Postharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific Region, 276.

50 30

! !

2.1-2.3:

13

30 , , 16 2555. http://www.csri.or.th/directory/csr-showcase/1251 (accessed 31 Aug 2012).

2.4-2.5:

2) , , , FAO , , 40 31 30 32

33 !

14

31 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Present and Future Markets for Fish and Fish Products from Small-Scale Fisheries: Case Studies from Asia, Africa and Latin America (Rome: FAO, 2008), 3, 22.

32 , , 1 2555.

33 Ibid.

34

2.6-2.9:

3) ! 35 !

15

34 Ibid.

35 Subash Dasgupta and N.K. Dadlani, Expert Consultation on Floriculture Development in Asia (Bangkok: FAO, 2011), 24 Headventure, An Overview of the Floricultural Sector in China, Vietnam and Thailand (Kunming: NABSO Kunming, 2008), http://nabsokunming.nlmission.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/kunming/reports/overview-of-the-the-floricultural-sector-in-china-vietnam-and-thailand.pdf (accessed 31 Aug 2012).

! .. 2551 Headventure ! ! 36 99 37 ! , , 38 39

2.10-2.11:

!

16

36 Headventure, An Overview of the Floricultural Sector in China, Vietnam and Thailand, 39, 85.

37 Subash Dasgupta and N.K. Dadlani, Expert Consultation on Floriculture Development in Asia, 23.

38 , , 17 2555.

39 , .. 2554-2559, http://www.agriman.doae.go.th/home/agri1/agri1.3/strategics_2554/06_orchid2554-2559.pdf (accessed 31 Aug 2012), 9.

2.1.2 !! 21 Railex Euro Carex .. 2558!1) 1: Railex, USA V! Railex . . 2549 Ampco Distribution Service Railex 80 ./ . Railex Railex !! Railex - - 200 Perishable Goods Railex ! Railex Perishable Goods Railex Railex Forbes 210 [ 7,770 ] Per Se 3 Michelin Thomas Keller 40

! Railex 4,500-6,000 Railex 4,000 41 !! .. 2552 Railex Perishable Goods 300 (Pallet) 42 Railex LTL (Less Than Truckload) FTL (Full Truckload) Railex Subway Railex

17

40 Jonathan Fahey, Join the Cold Train, Forbes, 11 March 2006, http://www.forbes.com/2006/11/02/cold-train-railex-produce-biz-logistics-cx_jf_1103cold.html (accessed 28 Jun. 2012).

41 Roy Blanchard, A Fresh Approach: How Two Railroads and a Shipper Put Perishables Traffic Back on the Menu, Trains Magazine, February 2010,http://trn.trains.com/en/sitecore/content/Magazine%20Issues/2010/February%202010.aspx (accessed 28 Jun 2012).

42 Ibid.

Railex 43 !

2.12-2.15: Perishable Goods Railex

2) 2: Euro Carex! Euro Carex .. 2552 - .. 2555 .. 2558 , , , ! Euro Carex Euro Carex 35

18

43 http://www.railexusa.com/site/ (accessed 28 Jun 2012).

! Euro Carex 300 ./ . 100 Boeing 747 1 Airbus 310 3 Perishable Goods Euro Carex 3 ! Express (Lead Time) ! Rapid Express ! Differed 1-3 44

2.16: Euro Carex

19

44 Project of High-Speed European Rail Freight Service Connected to Airports and Logistics Areas, http://www.eurocarex.com/pdf/pressreview/100103240178_carex-pressreview.pdf (accessed 28 Jun 2012).

2.17-.2.19: Euro Carex

Lyon-Saint Exupery TGV Station

Cargo PortZone

Selected location for freight stationof the Carex project

2.20:

20

2.21-2.23: Euro Carex

21

2.2 E-Commerce ! E-Commerce 2554 E-Commerce 608,587 (Business to Business, B2B) 41.4, (Business to Consumer, B2C) 13.9, (Business to Government, B2G) 44.745

! 68.5 E-Commerce ( 5 ) 73.3 B2C46 E-Commerce 30 47

! E-Commerce JP Morgan E-Commerce . . 2553-2556 19.4 - 27.5 E-Commerce SMEs 48 ! E-Commerce E-Commerce Just-in-Time E-Commerce - - 200-800 . (Economy of Scale) ! (OECD) E-Commerce 49

! E-Commerce

22

45 , 19 2555, http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1334841911&grpid=03&catid=03 (accessed 29 Jun 2012).

46 Ibid.

47 Opportunities without boarders, Bangkokpost, 29 February 2012, http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/telecom/282114/opportunities-withoutborders (accessed 17 June. 2012).

48 Ibid.

49 The OECD Secretariat, E-Commerce-A Stock-Take (paper presented at the Joint OECD/EMCT Seminar, The Impact of E-Commerce on Transportation, Paris, 5-6 June 2001).

E-Commerce B2C 50

! E-Commerce E-Commerce ! LTL (Less than Full Truckload) LTL 51

2.2.1 ! 21 LTL E-Commerce ! 24 . 24 .! OTOP SMEs ! 6 . !

23

50 Ibid.

51 Toshinori Nemoto, Impacts of Information and Communication Technology on Urban Logistics System, (paper presented at the Joint OECD/EMCT Seminar, The Impact of E-Commerce on Transportation, Paris, 5-6 June 2001).

52

!2.2.2 OTOP ! OTOP E-Commerce ! OTOP E-Commerce OTOP (http://www.thaitambon.com) OTOP 5 . . 2547 56.1 39.1 53

! OTOP OTOP 100 OTOP Midyear 2012 39 16 () 8 ! OTOP E-Commerce OTOP 15 100 , , 54

! OTOP E-Commerce Just-in-Time55

24

52 , , 6 2555.

53 Sakuna Vanichvisuttikul and Chamnong Jungthirapanich, "A Model of E-Commerce for The Highly Valuable Traditional Products in Thailand (paper presented at IADIS International Conference WWW/Internet, Madrid, 6-9 Oct 2004), 278-279.

54 (Thailand Creative and Design Center, TCDC) OTOP 100 22-23 2555.

55 Masahisa Fujita, Spurring Economic Development by Capitalizing on Brand Agriculture: Turning Development Strategy on Its Head, in Rethinking Infrastructure for Development, eds. Francois Bourguignon and Boris Pleskovic (Washington, DC: the World Bank, 2008), 205-229.

2.2.3 3: Flet GV! La Poste TGV La Poste 28 . . 2552 TGV La Poste Flet GV .. 2555 Flet GV

! Flet GV Flet GV Just-in-Time

Flet GV 56,000 Flet GV 8 300 Flet GV 1 Flet GV 25 56

2.24-2.26:

25

56 Mathias Emmerich, Flet GV: Rail High Speed Cargo in France and Europe (paper presented at UIC High Speed 2008, Amsterdam, 17-18 March 2008).

! ! Logistics Performance Index (LPI) . . 2555 38 5 3.18 5 , , , , 4.13, 4.12, 4.05, 4.03, 4.02 ! Upper Middle Income 6 5 , , , , 3.67, 3.52, 3.51, 3.49, 3.21, 3.18 57

! LPI 58 ( 2.27)

2.27: Percentage Change in LPI Components as Measured Against the Highest Performer, 2007-2012 59

26

57 Jean-Francios Arvis et al., Connecting to Compete 2012, Trade Logistics in the Global Economy: Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators (Washington, DC: The Wold Bank, 2012)

58 Ibid., 2-3.

59 Ibid., 2.

! SMEs OTOP ! E-Commerce ! 60!!! !!

27

60 , 3 2555, http://www.thairath.co.th/content/eco/278594 (accessed 4 Sep 2012).

3

!

28

! 2 3 ! ! ! Peter M.J. Pol Maximum Acceptable Transportation Distance (MATD) 250 ./ . 61

! 2 (Facilitating Role) (Catalyzing Role) 62!

3.1 ! 63

29

61 Peter M.J. Pol, The Economic Impact of the High-Speed Train on Urban Regions, (paper presented at ERSA conference, 2006), http://www-sre.wu-wien.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa03/cdrom/papers/397.pdf (accessed 7 Sep 2012), 1-7.

62 Ibid., 11-15.

63 Paul Krugman, Trains, Planes, and Automobiles, The New York Times, 2 March 2011, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/trains-planes-and-automobiles/ (accessed 7 Sep 2012).

! 3.1

3.1.1 ! ! (Fukuoka) (Sanyo Shinakansen) 1970 - (Shin-Osaka) (Hakata) 8 30 4 40 ! 15 25 - 13 34 1-2 44 45! (Kyushu) (Yamaguchi) 64

3.1: Sanyo Shinkansen

30

64 Sadao Okabe, Impact of the Sanyo-Shinkansen on Local Communities, in The Shinkansen High-Speed Rail Network of Japan: Proceedings of an IIASA Conference, June 27-30, 1977, eds. A. Straszak and R. Tuch. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980), 105-129.

3.2: Influx of visitors to the prefectures along the Shinkansen after its opening in 197565

3.3: Shinkansen

31

65 Ibid., 116.

3.1.2 ! . . 2549 - (Taipei-Kaohsiung) 350 ./ . 345 . 90 ! ! - !! Feeder ! 66

3.4:

32

66 Wei-Ching Wang, Ling-Shang Chou and Chung-Chi Wu, Impacts of New Transportation Technology on Tourism-Related Industries: the Taiwan High Speed Rail World Leisure Journal, Vol. 52 (2010), 14-19.

3.2 ! ! (Economic Corridor) (Proximity) ! 3

1)

2)

3) 67

! ! TGV - (Paris-Lyon) 68

! TGV - 3.2 !

33

67 Ulrich Blum, Kingsley E. Haynes, and Charlie Karlsson, The Regional and Urban Effects of High-Speed Trains, The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1997), 13-16.

68 Sevara Melibaeva, Joseph Sussman, and Travis Dunn, Comparative Study of High-Speed Passenger Rail Deployment in Megaregion Corridors: Current Experiences and Future Opportunities (paper presented at the ASME/ASCE/IEEE 2011 Joint Rail Conference, 2011), 10.

3.2.1 The Small Intermediate City: Ciudad RealV (Ciudad Real) (Castile La Mancha) (Madrid) (Seville) ! 180 50 ! 51 104 75,000 1 ! ! . . 2535 3 39 33 ! 30 ! 10 69

34

69 2.5 13.5 Maddi Garmendia, et al., Urban Residential Development in Isolated Small Cities that are Partially Integrated in Metropolitan Areas by High Speed Train, European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 15 No. 249. (2008), 249-264.

Building permit between 1986-1987(Before the existence of the high speed train, HST)

Building permit between 1988-1992(When it was known that the HST would arrive)

Building permit between 1997-2003(The period of consolidation of the HST)

Building permit between 1993-1996(The first years of operation of the HST)

3.5: 70

35

70 Ibid., 256.

3.2.2 The Big Intermediate Cities: Cordoba, Zaragoza, & Lille V Big Intermediate City (BIC) 3 BIC 2 (Cordoba) , , (Malaga) (Zaragoza) BIC 1 (Lille) , , ! (Locational Advantages) BIC BIC ( 3.6)

Air transport between metropolises High speed rail between metropolises passing through big intermediate cities

Metropolis Big Intermediate City Small Regional City

3.6: 71

! BIC 50 .. 2551 , , 1.25, 0.75, 3.2 ( 3.7)

36

71 Jose M. Urena, et al. The High-Speed Rail Challenge for Big Intermediate Cities: A National, Regional and Local Perspective Cities, Vol. 26 (2009), 270.

Big Intermediate

City

New inter-metropolitan high speed

rails passengers

through intermediate

cities

Intermetropolitan high speed rail servicesIntermetropolitan high speed rail servicesIntermetropolitan high speed rail servicesIntermetropolitan high speed rail servicesIntermetropolitan high speed rail services

Big Intermediate

City

New inter-metropolitan high speed

rails passengers

through intermediate

cities

High speed rail services

Travel time of direct services

Travel time stopping at

intermediate city

Percentage stopping at

intermediate city

Intermetro-politan

passengers on high

speed rail stopping at

intermediate city

Cordoba 1,760,000 Madrid-Seville 2 h 20 m 2 h 30 m 80% 1,250,000

Madrid-Malaga 2 h 40 m 3 h 00 m 55%

Lille 1,760,000 Paris-London 2 h 20 m - 0% 3,200,000

London-Brussels 1 h 50 m 2 h 06 m 66%

Paris-Brussels 1 h 22 m - 0%

Zaragoza 3,160,000 Madrid-Barcelona

2 h 43 m 3 h 00 m 25% 750,000

3.7: Cordoba, Lille, Zaragoza .. 255172

! BIC

1) , , - BIC

2) BIC

3) BIC International Expo . . 2551 Flower Expo .. 2557

4) BIC 73

37

72 Ibid., 273.

73 Ibid., 266-279.

3.2.3 : Big Intermediate Cities! Big Intermediate City . . 2554 851,357 27 74 ! V (.) , , (ICT), , 75 ! 76

! - (North-South Economic Corridor) - (East-West Economic Corridor) 77

! BIC 78

38

74 ,

75 , et al., SMEs : , (: , 2553).

76 , 2:729 (2555), 8-11. 77 , (2551), 17.

78 spill over effect

! (Transport Corridor) (Economic Corridor) (Proximity) ! , , ! (Catalyzing Role) (Facilitating Role) 79

! . . 2555 , , , , ! , , , , SMEs . . 2555 20-30 10,000 80

! Community Mall Community Mall 3 81 19 , , , , 82

39

79 , 1267, 18-20 2555, http://www.siamturakij.com/home/news/display_news.php?news_id=413357386 (accessed 29 June 2012).

80 , 29 2555.

81 , 25 2555.

82 Community Mall: (: ), , http://www.sme.go.th/Lists/EditorInput/DispF.aspx?List=15dca7fb-bf2e-464e-97e5-440321040570&ID=1778 (accessed 21 June 2012).

!

!

40

4

41

! , , , ! , , !

4.1 ! 800 (Tsubame Series 800) .. 2547 (JR Kyushu) 20 800 6 83 ! 800 OTOP 4.1 800 800

4.1.1 ! Eiji Mitooka Done Design Research Laboratory 800 .. 2554 Mitooka Mitooka

42

83 Michie Masubuchi and Seiji Iwakura, Design Strategy for Interior Space in HIgh Speed Rail: A Case Study of the Kyushu Shinkansen Tsubame, The Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 8 (2011), 1-2.

Mitooka ! Mitooka Mitooka Mitooka 84 ! 800 Mitooka Mitooka Mitooka 800 85

4.1: 800 .. 2547

43

84 Toshio Matsubara, Traveling at Speed in High Style, Highlighting Japan, August 2011, http://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/201108/201108_08.html (accessed 25 Jul. 2012).

85 Michie Masubuchi and Seiji Iwakura, Design Strategy for Interior Space in HIgh Speed Rail, 5.

4.2-4.5: 800 Eiji Mitooka

4.1.2 ! 800 , , 86 ! 800 !! 87

44

86 Ibid, 6.

87 ibid., 9.

4.2 ! 19 88

! 1980 (Station Renaissance) 89 , , 90

! 4.2 (Context Sensitive Design for Railways, CSDR)

4.2.1 Context Sensitive Design for Railway!! Ewa Maria Kido (Landscape Design of Transportation Infrastructure) CSDR ! Kido , , , , , 91! ! , ,

45

88 Ewa Maria Kido, Aesthetic Aspects of Railway Stations in Japan and Europe, As a Part of Context Sensitive Design for Railway, Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6 (2005), 4384.

89 Ewa Maria Kido, Railway Landscape Design and Relationship with Form, Function and Aesthetic, Japan Railway and Transport Review, Vol. 45 (Aug. 2006), 30.

90 Ewa Maria Kido, Aesthetic Aspects of Railway Stations in Japan and Europe, 4381.

91 Ibid., 4384.

Kido 92

4.2.2 Leipzig Haupbahnhof, Germany ! CSDR Deutsche Bahn Station and Service DB 3 , , , , DB Forum Station ! Leipzig Hauptbahnhof (Cologne) (Hanover) Promenaden93

4.6: Promenaden Leipzig Hauptbahnhof

46

92 Ibid., 4382-4384.

93 Ibid., 4387-4388.

4.2.3 St Pancras International, the United Kingdom ! (Euston) St Pancras International (Eurostar) -, - , - ! , , concourse (The English Heritage) 94

4.7-4.11: St Pancras International

4.12-4.14: St Pancras International

47

94 Chris van Uffelen, Stations (Braun Publishing AG: 2010), 44-47.

4.2.4 Satolas, France! Autonomous Operator of Parisian Transports RATP RATP RATP ! SNCF Satolas Santiago Calatrava V 95

4.15-4.17: Satolas Santiago Calatrava

48

95 Ewa Maria Kido, Aesthetic Aspects of Railway Stations in Japan and Europe, 4388-4389.

4.2.5 Museum Station, Canada! Museum Station Hypostyle ! Museum Station Royal Ontario Gardiner 96 ! ! !

4.18-4.21: Museum Station

49

96 Chris van Uffelen, Stations (Braun Publishing AG: 2010), 24-27.

4.3 ! 97

! 98 4.3

4.3.1 Node VS. Place

(Node) (Place) 99 ! - 100 (non-transport related activity)

50

97 Luca Bertolini and Tejo Spit, Cities on Rails: The Redevelopment of Railway Station Areas (London and New York: E & FN Spon, 1998), 4.

98 Ibid., 210-214.

99 Ibid., 9.

100 Ibid., 21-35.

101 102 ! , , , ! Luca Bertolini Tejo Spit 103

4.3.2 Euralille, France! . . 2537 , 700,000 Euralille Rem Koolhaas , , , , , , ! Euralille Lille-Flandres Lille-Europe Euralille ! 168,000 -- .. 2563 (.. 2020) ! Euralille , , 104 !

51

101 Ibid., 15-16.

102 Ibid., 36-43.

103 Ibid., 212-214.

104 Ibid., 67-85.

4.22: Euralille .. 2537

! 4.23: Euralille .. 2553

52

4.24-4.25: Euralille

4.26: Lille Grand Palais,

4.3.3 ! California High Speed Rail Authority . . 2554 ! ! (Node) (Place) (a high density of population and economic activities without congestion)

53

V , , , (multiple destinations at the one-stop location) Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) (Place Making) TOD ! Atocha TOD Atocha AVE Reina Sofia, Real Jardin Botanico, Parque del Retiro ! Atocha . . 2528 Rafael Moneo .. 2545 , , ,

4.27-4.29: Atocha

54

! (CSDR) , , ! ! Hara Hiroshi 105

4.30-4.33: Kyoto

55

105 PBs PlaceMaking Group, Urban Design Guidelines: California High-Speed Train Project, California High-Speed Rail Authority, March 2011, http://www.cahighspeedrail.ca.gov/assets/0/152/269/a89ed24f-b312-4cf4-b7d1-059541bb57f1.pdf (accessed 5 Sep 2012).

! ! , ! ! ! Kings Cross-St Pancras ! Kings Cross-St Pancras .. 2530 Kings Cross-St Pancras (British Rail) .. 2537 106 ! OTOP

56

106 Luca Bertolini and Tejo Spit, Cities on Rails, 180-205.

! ! ! ! , , , , !

57

! 21 ! ! !! ! ! !

58

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