Taxonomy Review

• Explain the role of bacteria as decomposers.

• Bacteria break down dead organisms and recycle the nutrients back into the soil.

It’s the Great Circle of Life Simba!

How do archaebacteria differ from eubacteria?Archaebacteria• Live in harsh climates• Mostly autotrophic• Don’t have complex cell

walls– Methanogens– Halophiles– Thermophiles

Eubacteria• Live just about

everywhere• Can be either autotrophic

(cyanobacteria) or heterotrophic.

• Have complex cell walls

• Name two ways in which bacteria can be helpful to living things? Name two ways they can cause harm to living things?

Helpful:1.First line of defense against bad bacteria2.We use it in food (yogurt)3.Bacteria in our intestines helps to make vitamins and aids in digestion.4.Recycles nutrients in the environment.

Harmful:1.Bacteria can make you sick2.Bacteria can give off acids which are harmful to teeth and bones.3.Bacteria can give off gases which can harm the environment

• List 4 characteristics of bacteria.1. They’re small2. They reproduce quickly3. They live everywhere4. Prokaryotic5. They can move6. They can be either

autotrophic or heterotrophic7. They have cell walls made

of peptidoglycan.

What is used to fight bacterial infections? What is used to prevent viruses?

• Bacteria Antibiotic • Virus Vaccine

• An antibiotic is a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills bacterial microorganisms curing bacterial infections.

What is immunity?

• Immunity is the body's ability to fight off harmful micro-organisms –PATHOGENS- that invade it.

• The immune system produces antibodies or cells that can deactivate pathogens.

• Fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses are all potential pathogens.

What is an infectious disease?

• An infectious disease is one in which minute organisms, invisible to the naked eye, invade and multiply within the body.

• Many of these organisms are contagious, that is they spread between people in close contact.

•Active Immunity occurs when when one makes his/her own antibodies. This type of immunity is long term.

•Getting the disease : If you get an infectious disease (like Chicken Pox), often times, that stimulates the production of MEMORY cells which are then stored to prevent the infection in the future.

             

       

Vaccination: A vaccination is an injection of a weakened form of the actual antigen that causes the disease. The injection is too weak to make you sick, but your B lymphocytes will recognize the antigen and react as if it were the "real thing". Thus, you produce MEMORY cells for long term immunity. This provides acquired active immunity

Passive Immunity occurs when the antibodies come from some other source. This type of immunity is short term.

Breastmilk : Milk from a mother's breast contains antibodies. The baby is acquiring passive immunity. These antibodies will only last several weeks.

                

                         

Gamma Globulin: A Gamma Globulin injection provides passive immunity. It is purely an injection of antibodies that gives temporary immunity. You might receive an Gamma Globulin shot if you travel outside of the country.

Define autotrophic and heterotrophic. Define eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Define unicellular and multicellular.• Autotrophic – makes it’s own energy, Heterotrophic -

gets energy from someplace else.• Eukaryotic – has a nucleus, Prokaryotic – no nucleus.• Unicellular – 1 cell, Multicellular – many cells

Shapes of Bacteria:

What shapes do bacteria come in?

coccus

coccus

coccus

How do bacteria reproduce?

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or……………………….

• Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AnlhAYv_I0

36.4oC

• An experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the reproduction rate of some disease-causing viruses .

• The results are shown on the table below.

• At what temperature did the virus reach its highest reproduction rate?

Give three reasons why viruses are not considered living? What do viruses need in order to reproduce?

1. They have no cell parts.2. They are not made of

cells.3. They do not grow and

develop.4. They do not respond to

their environment.

• THEY NEED A HOST in order to reproduce!

Dead or weakened virus…

According to the passage, what is the major component of modern vaccines?

Correctly draw and label the stages of viral reproduction

The Lytic Cycle

The Lysogenic Cycle

Name something that both a living cell and a virus have in common?

• DNA or RNA

Influenza (Flu)• Viruses can be

transmitted in a variety of ways.

• The virus that causes the common cold can be transmitted when an infected person cough or sneezes.

• This virus is transmitted in a manner most similar to what other viral disease?

• People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of dying from secondary infections.

• Explain how HIV increases the danger of secondary infections?

HIV causes the immune system to lose it’s ability to fight off infection.

People with AIDS often get sick from simple things like a cold or a cough that can turn into something worse because there is no immune system to fight it off.

• HIV doesn’t target just any cell, it goes right for the cells that want to kill it. “Helper" T cells are HIV's primary target. These cells help direct the immune system's response to various pathogens.

Biology March 20

• Shark Key

• Taxonomy Quiz II

• Micro Lab

• Small but deadly Bacteria notes

• Define taxonomy. • The science of naming organisms based on similar

characteristics.• Explain binomial nomenclature. • The 2-name naming system created by Linneus • Give an example of a scientific name (make sure you

write it correctly). • Felis concolor• Why do we use scientific names instead of common

names? • So that scientists from around with world have one

name to identify an organism. There are A LOT of common names; but only 1 scientific name.

Correctly label the following pictures • Prokaryote/ Bacteria• Virus

• Plant Cell/ Eukaryote

• Animal Cell/ Eukaryote

Which organism in the chart below is the least related to the other organisms? Which organisms are the most closely related?

Least Related? Most Closely Related?

A and everyone else… B and C

• The scientific name of the a mountain lion is Felis concolor and a house cat is Felis catus. Based on the names, you can tell that these two animals belong to the same…

• Same genus, different species.

From broadest to most specific, what are the 8 taxon groups?

List the Six Kingdoms• Know the basic characteristics of each of the six kingdoms.

•multicellular, •true nucleus, •possess cell walls, •must obtain food, •representative organisms •include mushrooms and yeast?

•Example: Correctly identify the kingdom whose members exhibit these traits:

•Multicellular eukaryotes that are usually mobile and obtain food from other organisms probably belong to what kingdom?

The 6 Kingdoms

Archaebacteria• Organisms: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles, • Environment: Extreme or Harsh places• Cell Type: Prokaryotic • Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide,

sulfur, sulfide may be needed for metabolism.• Nutrition : Depending on species - nutrition intake may by absorption, or

chemosynthesis.• Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission• Cell walls WITHOUT Peptidoglycan• Mobility: mobile with cilia and flagella

Eubacteria• Organisms: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria(blue-green algae),

Actinobacteria• Environment – everywhere!• Cell Type: Prokaryotic • Metabolism: Depending on species - oxygen may be toxic,

tolerated, or needed for metabolism.• Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake may

by absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis.• Reproduction: Asexual reproduction, binary fission and

conjugation.• Cell Walls with PEPTIDOGLYCAN• Mobility: mobile with cilia and flagella

Protista• Organisms: Amoebae, green algae, brown

algae, diatoms, euglena, slime molds• Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for

metabolism.• Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species -

nutrition intake may be by absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestion.

• Reproduction: Mostly asexual reproduction. Meiosis occurs in some species.

• Mobility: Mobile with cilia, flagella and cytoplasmic streaming.

Fungi• Organisms: Mushrooms, yeast, molds• Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for

metabolism.• Nutrition : Absorption – dead or

decomposing matter• Reproduction: Asexual or sexual

reproduction occur.• Cell walls with CHITIN• Mobility: Sessile

Plant• Organisms: Mosses, angiosperms

(flowering plants), gymnosperms, liverworts, ferns

• Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for

metabolism.• Nutrition : Photosynthesis/autotrophic• Reproduction: Some species

reproduce asexually by mitosis. Other species exhibit sexual reproduction.

• Cell Walls with CELLULOSE• Mobility: Sessile

Animal• Organisms: Mammals, amphibians,

sponges, insects, worms• Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for

metabolism.• Nutrition : Ingestion/heterotrophic• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction • Movement: mobile and sessile species